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88-492: The Antonio Narro Agrarian Autonomous University (UAAAN) was founded on March 4, 1923, after the philanthropist Antonio Narro Rodríguez donated his Buenavista Estate for a public agricultural university, which became the "Regional School of Agriculture Antonio Narro". The main objective of this university consisted of preparing young people in a professional discipline of agricultural work in the field. Two months before dying on September 24, 1912, Antonio Narro Rodriguez had bequeathed

176-469: A botanical garden , featuring mainly desert plant species ( cacti , agaves ) and trees. The UAAAN has several agricultural experimental fields across Mexico, encompassing climates from the wet tropics ( Veracruz ) to the Chihuahuan desert : Ocampo, Coahuila state; Matehuala , San Luis Potosi state (cactus botanical garden); Noria de Guadalupe, Zacatecas state; Cuencamé , Durango state. Also, in

264-487: A $ 20 note, since it would gradually be replaced by a coin, but a $ 20 note to commemorate the bicentennial of Mexican independence was issued in September 2021. The 20, 50, and 100-peso notes are produced in polymer, while the other banknotes are printed on paper. Should there be a need, Banco de México will introduce a $ 2,000 note. Torre%C3%B3n Torreón ( Spanish pronunciation: [toreˈon] )

352-496: A 15% devaluation by 20 December 1994 and a lack of clear announcements on how the Mexican government was going to handle the crisis. In one day, Banco de Mexico lost USD 4 billion in holdings. The 1994 crisis was more devastating as it was released on a new peso currency. The adoption of MXN in 1993 was meant to balance the economy, and MXP 1000 was the same as MXN 1 upon its 1993 introduction. The MXN crisis let investors in 1995 see

440-421: A 2.4% increase, due to the resulting inflation of prices. MXN finally started to see a stabilization between 1996 and 1998, once the Mexican government had enacted banking rescue packages to prevent further collapse, resulting in state control over a large majority of the Mexican financial sector, which led to a renewed growth in the economy that saw more stability by the turn of the millennium. Coins issued from

528-487: A commemorative series was issued which was based on Series D with the additional text "75 aniversario 1925-2000" under the bank title, which refers to the 75th anniversary of the establishment of the Bank. Starting from 2001, each denomination in the series was updated. MXN $ 50, $ 100, $ 200, and $ 500 were the first to be upgraded starting from October 15, 2001; in an effort to combat counterfeiting, these notes were modified with

616-538: A common origin in the 16th–19th century Spanish dollar , most continuing to use its sign, "$ " . The current ISO 4217 code for the peso is MXN ; the "N" refers to the "new peso". Prior to the 1993 revaluation , the code MXP was used. The Mexican peso is the 16th most traded currency in the world, the third most traded currency from the Americas (after the United States dollar and Canadian dollar ), and

704-476: A deal between the rebellious armies. The city is 56 km (35 mi) southwest of historic San Pedro de las Colonias , where some of the Mexican Revolution battles occurred. After the Mexican Revolution, the city continued to develop economically; during the first years of the 20th century, the primary industry of the city was farming, although other industries later formed or were established in

792-726: A failure of Mexican authorities to act with a lack of preparation to soften the devaluation with a more substantial commitment to maintaining the stability of the exchange rates and questioning further investment in the economy. As the GNP fell by 9.2% in 1995, the panic of the MXN devaluation was significant to Mexican citizens, as the peso depreciated against the USD by 82.9%, while the interest rates rose from 10.5 to 42.7%. The unemployment rates of married male employees increased significantly in urban areas of Mexico, resulting in married women and teenagers from

880-450: A large amount of money in a single coin. Although the Bank has tried to encourage users to collect full sets of these coins, issuing special display folders for this purpose, the high cost involved has worked against them. Bullion versions of these coins are also available, with the outer ring made of gold instead of aluminum bronze . The first C1-type coins were issued in 2020; in general, these are commemorative $ 20 coins. As of 2020 ,

968-467: A modified version of Series C with the word "nuevos" dropped, the bank title changed from "El Banco de México" to "Banco de México" and the clause "pagará a la vista al portador" ( Pay at sight to the bearer ) removed. While series D includes the $ 10 note and is still legal tender, they are no longer printed, are seldom seen, and the coin is more common. $ 10 notes are rarely found in circulation. There are several printed dates for each denomination. In 2000,

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1056-538: A new issue of silver coins was struck, with the 50 centavo and 1 peso in .500 fineness and a new 5-peso coin in .900 fineness. A portrait of José María Morelos appeared on the 1 peso, with Cuauhtémoc appearing on the 5-peso; and this was to remain a feature of the 1 peso coin until its demise. The silver content of this series was 5.4 g to the peso. This was reduced to 4 g in 1950, when .300 fineness 25 and 50 centavo, and 1 peso coins were minted alongside .720 fineness 5 pesos. A new portrait of Morelos appeared on

1144-459: A new peso coin was issued, the famous Caballito, considered one of the most beautiful of Mexican coins. The obverse had the Mexican official coat of arms (an eagle with a snake in its beak, standing on a cactus plant) and the legends "Estados Unidos Mexicanos" and "Un Peso". The reverse showed a woman riding a horse, her hand lifted high in exhortation holding a torch, and the date. These were minted in .903 fineness silver from 1910 to 1914. In 1947,

1232-483: A new series of banknotes (Series AA) including 1-peso notes and, from 1945, 10,000 pesos. These notes were printed by the American Bank Note Company . The banknote of 10,000 pesos was kept in circulation between 1945 and 1956 and was put into circulation again in 1979, being replaced by the 10,000 banknotes that would come into circulation in 1982. A new series of notes were printed and issued by

1320-472: A plastic clipboard was distributed free of charge starting in November 2012, which included raised measurement marks and Braille characters to assist the visually impaired. A revised $ 50 note, with improved security features, was released on May 6, 2013, and is known as Type F1. On September 29, 2009, The Bank of Mexico unveiled a set of commemorative banknotes. The 100-peso denomination note commemorates

1408-566: A radio station, XESAL-AM 1220. The emblem that carries the Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro expresses the ancestral eagle of Mexico, holding in its talons the spike of wheat as a symbol of life and bread. Climate at the main (Saltillo) campus of the UAAAN is dry semicalid; there are occasional freezes. Temperatures seldom drop below −2 °C (28 °F) (once in some years). Annual rainfall

1496-454: A recession in 1983, stabilizing only in the early 1990s at above 3,000 MXP/USD when a government economic strategy called the "Stability and Economic Growth Pact" (Pacto de estabilidad y crecimiento económico, PECE) was adopted under President Carlos Salinas . On January 1, 1993, the Bank of Mexico introduced a new currency, the nuevo peso ("new peso", or MXN), written "N$ " followed by

1584-538: A substantial part of its personal fortune: his property in Buenavista and $ 22,000 Mexican pesos , the value of six urban properties in the city of Saltillo , for constituting a school of agriculture. Over the years, the university college changed its name several times. In 1938, it became the Superior School of Agriculture ( Escuela Superior de Agricultura ); by 1957, then became a founding institution of

1672-618: Is a Torreón native. The main annual festival in Torreón is the Cotton and Grape Fair (Feria del Algodón y La Uva) which takes place in September. It contains cultural events, music, food and amusement rides. It takes place on September 15 and 16. There are celebrations all around the city, but the most important is the one celebrated in the Plaza Mayor. People wear traditional Mexican clothes, eat traditional dishes and "Antojitos". At night

1760-598: Is a city and seat of Torreón Municipality in the Mexican state of Coahuila . As of 2021, the city's population was 735,340. The metropolitan population as of 2015 was 1,497,734, making it the ninth-biggest metropolitan area in the country and the largest metropolitan area in the state of Coahuila , as well as one of Mexico's most important economic and industrial centers. The cities of Torreón; Gómez Palacio, Durango; Lerdo, Durango; Matamoros; Francisco I. Madero; San Pedro; Bermejillo, Durango; and Tlahualilo, Durango form

1848-408: Is about 300 mm (12 in). Natural vegetation is short, Chihuahuan desert brush of several species of Acacia ; there are also Yucca spp., lechuguilla ( Agave lechuguilla ), creosotebush ( Larrea tridentata ), mesquite ( Prosopis ), and granjeno ( Celtis ). The main ( Saltillo ) campus of the UAAAN occupies more than 4 square kilometres in a fertile valley a few kilometres south of

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1936-533: Is also a trend for supermarkets to ask customers to round up the total to the nearest 50¢ or 1 peso to automatically donate the difference to charities. Series D coins, introduced in 2009, replace the prior 10-, 20-, and 50-centavo coins from Series B and C; compared to the prior coinage, the Series D counterparts are made from the punched out cores of the rings used to make the 1-, 2- and 5-peso coins, hence their smaller size and stainless steel composition. This measure

2024-433: Is designed to save money and resources in production. The edge of each denomination is different to aid in distinguishing them by touch. The first banknotes issued by the Mexican state were produced in 1823 by Emperor Agustin de Iturbide in denominations of 1, 2 and 10 pesos. Similar issues were made by the republican government later that same year. Ten-pesos notes were also issued by Emperor Maximilian in 1866 but, until

2112-427: Is no dryland agriculture. The university also includes animal production facilities (barns for intensive rearing of pigs, cows, goats, and dairy cows, mainly) including fistulated cattle . There is also has a cattle ranch (Rancho Los Angeles) (extensively colonized by the endangered Mexican prairie dog, Cynomys mexicanus ); a reforestation woodland occupying more than 4 km (1.5 sq mi) of pines ; and

2200-599: Is the third tallest statue of Christ in Latin America , only smaller than the statue of Christ The Redeemer in Brazil and Cristo de la Concordia in Cochabamba , Bolivia . Situated on the top of a hill, this image of Jesus with extended arms symbolises protection for the inhabitants of Torreon. The hilltop has a Catholic church and offers a view of the entire city. There are also several shopping centers in

2288-686: The University of Coahuila . In 1975, it became Antonio Narro Agrarian Autonomous University by a decree of the Coahuila state congress. Finally, in 2006, UAAAN was recognized as a Federal University, through a decree approved by the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate and published in the federal register by the President of Mexico, April 26, 2006. In the 1990s, the university built and signed on

2376-720: The Bank of Mexico , starting in 1969 (again as Series AA) with 10 pesos, followed by 5 pesos in 1971, 20 and 50 pesos in 1973, 100 pesos in 1975, 1,000 pesos in 1978, 500 pesos in 1979 and 10,000 pesos in 1982. These were the first notes to be printed directly by Banco de México. Production of 1-peso notes ceased in 1970, followed by 5 pesos in 1972, 10 and 20 pesos in 1977, 50 pesos in 1984, 100 pesos in 1985, 500 pesos in 1987 and 1,000 pesos in 1988. A new series (Series A) were issued starting from 1980: 5,000-pesos notes were introduced in 1980, followed by 2,000 pesos in 1983, 20,000 pesos in 1985, 50,000 pesos in 1986 and 100,000 pesos in 1991. [REDACTED] In 1993, notes were introduced in

2464-743: The Chamber of Deputies approved an initiative to demand that the Bank of Mexico produce by January 1, 2006, notes and coins that are identifiable by the blind population (estimated at more than 750,000 visually impaired citizens, including 250,000 who are completely blind). On December 19, 2005, $ 100, $ 200, and $ 500 MXN banknotes in Series D1 were printed, including raised, tactile patterns, meant to make them distinguishable for people with vision incapacities. This system has been questioned and many demand that it be replaced by actual Braille so it can be used by foreign visitors to Mexico not used to these symbols. The Banco de México said will continue issuing

2552-649: The Mexican League . They play at Estadio Revolución . Torreón's professional basketball team, Jefes de Fuerza Lagunera , play in the Municipal Auditorium, which seats approximately 3,000 people. They are members of the LNBP ( Liga Nacional de Baloncesto Profesional ) which is considered to be the top basketball league in Mexico. Former NFL placekicker and Super Bowl XXI champion, Raul Allegre ,

2640-472: The Mexican Revolution (1910–1920), the city was taken more than once; the most prominent character ever to take the city was the revolutionary general Pancho Villa . It was also the location of the 1911 Torreón massacre , where 303 Chinese immigrants were killed by the revolutionaries over a ten-hour period. During the revolution, Torreón was also the site of an important convention that led to

2728-533: The gold standard in the 1870s the gold peso substantially rose in value against the silver peso, until it became 2 silver pesos to a gold peso or a gold peso dollar by 1900. In 1905 the peso was solely defined as 0.75 g fine gold. From 1918 onward the weight and fineness of all the silver coins declined, until 1979, when the last silver 100-peso coins were minted. The U.S. dollar was worth 2.00 silver pesos from 1905 to 1929, rising afterward until it stabilized at 12.50 pesos from 1954 to 1976. Throughout most of

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2816-448: The peso , Mexican peso , or colloquially varo ) is the official currency of Mexico . The peso was first introduced in 1863, replacing the old Spanish colonial real. The Mexican peso is subdivided into 100 centavos , represented by " ¢ ". Mexican banknotes are issued by the Bank of Mexico in various denominations and feature vibrant colors and imagery representing Mexican culture and history. Modern peso and dollar currencies have

2904-439: The "Museo Arocena" (Arocena Museum) that holds art collections from the pre-Hispanic times to the present, was opened; it also has a section dedicated to Mexico's and Torreón's history. There are also temporal expositions, conferences, book fairs, movies, and activities for children. The area was originally a center for ranching. With irrigation the city became an important center for support for farming and processing of cotton. In

2992-586: The "N$ " prefix on the MXN$ 1, N$ 5, N$ 10, N$ 20, and N$ 50 coins) were circulated starting in 1996 following the withdrawal of Series A and AA coins. Series B and C coins in uncommon denominations (10-centavo and MXN$ 20 and greater) are gradually being withdrawn from circulation. Although they remain legal tender, they are set aside when they arrive at commercial banks. The most commonly circulated coins in Mexico are MXN$ 10 and below in Series C and D. The government's operational balances had been predicted to remain stable as

3080-420: The "nuevo peso" was simply renamed to "peso", and new Series D banknotes were issued identical to Series C except for the word "nuevo" dropped. The ISO 4217 code remained unchanged as MXN. Series A and AA banknotes were demonetized and no longer legal tender as of January 1, 1996. Although they remain legal tender, Series B, C, D, and D1 banknotes are in the process of being withdrawn from circulation; in addition,

3168-679: The 1 peso, with Cuauhtemoc now on the 50 centavo and Miguel Hidalgo on the 5 peso coins. No reference was made to the silver content except on the 5 peso coin. During this period 5 peso, and to a lesser extent, 10 peso coins were also used as vehicles for occasional commemorative strikings. Between 1960 and 1971, new coinage was introduced, consisting of brass 1 and 5 centavos, cupro-nickel 10, 25, and 50 centavos, 1, 5, and 10 pesos, and silver 25 pesos (only issued 1968 and 1972). In 1977, silver 100 pesos were issued for circulation. In 1980, smaller 5 peso coins were introduced alongside 20 pesos and (from 1982) 50-pesos in cupro-nickel. Between 1978 and 1982,

3256-483: The 16th to 19th centuries under the Spanish American system of reales and escudos included Additionally, Mexico issued copper coins denominated in tlacos or 1 ⁄ 8 real ( 1 ⁄ 64 peso). Post-independence silver coins were of the cap and ray design showing a radiant Phrygian cap marked "Libertad" (liberty), which became familiar to East Asian traders. This design ended in 1872 with

3344-479: The 1920s, banknote production lay entirely in the hands of private banks and local authorities. In 1920, the Monetary Commission ( Comisión Monetaria ) issued 50-centavos and 1-peso notes whilst the Bank of Mexico ( Banco de México ) issued 2-pesos notes. From 1925, the Bank issued notes for 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 pesos, with 500 and 1000 pesos following in 1931. From 1935, the Bank also began issuing

3432-553: The 19th century the silver real weighed 3.383 g, fineness 65 ⁄ 72 = 90.3%, while the gold escudo's fineness was reduced to 21 karats or 21 ⁄ 24 , or 87.5% fine. 15 or 16 silver reales were worth a gold escudo , and eight-real coins of 24.44 g fine silver were widely called pesos in Spanish America and dollars in Britain and its American colonies. These pesos or dollars were minted from

3520-699: The 20th century, the Mexican peso remained one of the more stable currencies in Latin America, since the economy did not experience periods of hyperinflation common to other countries in the region. The U.S. dollar leapt from 12.50 to 19.40 pesos in 1976. After the oil crisis of the late 1970s, Mexico defaulted on its external debt in 1982, causing severe capital flight and several years of inflation and devaluation. The dollar again rose from 23 to 150 pesos that year, causing any company with loans in USD and contracts in MXP to have their financial position weakened by

3608-556: The Bank of Mexico's Autonomy from the Federal Government. In August 2018 a new series of notes started circulating. New anti-counterfeiting measures were implemented. The obverse of the notes portrays important historical eras and individuals. The reverse of the notes portrays the various ecosystems of the country through one of the World Heritage sites of Mexico . This series was not originally intended to include

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3696-490: The MXN$ 1000 Series F banknote is being withdrawn. The most commonly circulated banknotes in Mexico are MXN$ 20 and above in Series F and G. Similarly, Series B coins in nuevo peso denominations were circulated starting from 1993 and Series A and AA coins were demonetized starting from November 15, 1995. Unlike the notes, Series B coins differed in size and design from the Series A coins. Series C coins (which dropped

3784-676: The Professional Master's in Seed Technology, and the Master's and Doctorates in Plant Breeding, Agrarian Sciences, Production Systems Engineering, Animal Sciences, and Plant Protection or Agricultural Parasitology. International student presence at the university has been steady. In recent years [when?], students from Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Panama, France, Ghana, Japan, Taiwan, Thailand, Nicaragua and

3872-922: The Sierra Madre Oriental valleys: Navidad, Nuevo Leon (potato), and Los Lirios, Coahuila state (apple). The Dirección de Licenciatura (Undergraduate Office) manages the 4-5 year undergraduate majors, including Ingeniero Agrónomo and majors in Horticultura , Producción , Parasitólogía , Forestal , Agrobiología , Zootecnia , Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos , Administración Agrícola , Desarrollo Rural , Mecánico Agrícola , Irrigación , Agrícola y Ambiental , Procesos Ambientales , Agroecología , Economia Agrícola y Agronegiocios , Medicina Veterinaria , and others. [1] . The Direccion General Academica [2] oversees international student programs, exchanges and stays. The Dirección de Posgrado (Graduate Office) directs graduate programs, including

3960-537: The United States have attended the school. The Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro counts with different groups like cultural, civic, and artistics. UAAAN currently [when?] has the following sports disciplines: The UAAAN Laguna Unit (UAAAN-UL) is located in the city of Torreón , Coahuila, Mexico, in the heart of the Laguna Region, on the peripheral road leading to Gomez Palacio, Durango, and

4048-595: The United States until 1857 and in China until 1935. The first Mexican mint to produce pesos was established in 1535. While the United States divided their dollar into 100 cents early on from 1793, post-independence Mexico retained the peso of 8 reales until 1863 when the Second Mexican Empire under Emperor Maximillan commenced the minting of pesos divided into 100 centavos. The restored Mexican republic under Benito Juárez and Porfirio Díaz continued

4136-631: The United States. Migration in 1995 was 40% higher than the average level of the rest of the 1990s, with 200,000 to 300,000 more Mexicans immigrating over the border, increasing a labour shock in Mexico that also affected parts of the southwestern United States. There was a significant decline in Mexican household expenditure during this time, where durable and semidurable commodities like televisions, glassware, clothing, and other goods that could be postponed fell between 1996 and 1998, while household food expenditure increased, with lower income households seeing an increase of 3.5% and middle-class households seeing

4224-557: The addition of an iridescent strip. On notes of 100 pesos and greater, the denomination is printed in color-shifting ink in the top right corner. On September 30, 2002, a new $ 20 note was introduced. The new $ 20 is printed on longer-lasting polymer plastic rather than paper, and lacks the iridescent strip, but includes a clear window. A new $ 1000 note was issued on November 15, 2004, which was worth about US$ 88 upon introduction. The Bank of Mexico refers to these upgraded banknotes during this wave of change as "Series D1". On April 5, 2004,

4312-759: The area of La Laguna or the Comarca Lagunera , a basin within the Chihuahuan Desert . The area was originally a center for ranching. With irrigation, the city became an important center for farming and the processing of cotton. In the middle of the 20th century, it became an industrial city. The cities (i.e. the metropolitan area) have industries in textiles, clothing and metals processing. Some important industries and companies have business here, like Peñoles , Motores John Deere , Grupo Lala , Yura Corporation, as well as stores like Soriana , Cimaco , and Extra. There are also several shopping malls in

4400-631: The area. On September 15, 2007, Torreón celebrated its first 100 years as a chartered city. It held a series of cultural events from September 15, 2006, to September 15, 2007, culminating on the day that the city turned 100 years old. Torreón is near the southwest border of the state of Coahuila, within the Laguna region of the state. The border is delineated by the Nazas River that separates it from Gómez Palacio, Durango. The municipality covers 1,947.7 km (752.0 sq mi), including much of

4488-406: The bill is moved up and down, for instance. Series F included the tactile patterns created by intaglio printing from Series D to distinguish denominations starting at 100 pesos; the 20 and 50-peso notes had the value embossed directly in the clear windows. In addition, Series F denominations are distinguishable by length. Each denomination is longer than the lower by 7 mm (0.28 in), and

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4576-538: The centennial of the Beginning of the Mexican Revolution (1910–1920). The 200-peso denomination note commemorates the bicentennial of the start of the Mexican War for Independence which began in 1810. There was a printing error in the $ 100 notes, in the small letters (almost unnoticeable, as they are very small and the same color as the waving lines), near the top right corner, just above the transparent corn, from

4664-451: The city developed only in the independent Mexican era, around a Torreón ("Big Tower") built to monitor Río Nazas's floods, in conjunction with the creation of a railroad connecting to the US border city of El Paso , which gave an economic boom to the city and therefore a population boom as well. The population grew from 200 in 1892 to 34,000 in 1910. Torreón received city status in 1907. During

4752-568: The city of Saltillo on the Zacatecas highway. A substantial amount of this land is occupied by experimental and demonstrative plots, including annual and perennial crops like: corn, wheat, triticale; vegetables, such as temperate (Cruciferae: broccoli , cabbage ), warm-season (Solanaceae: peppers , tomatoes), and others ( squash , cilantro , onions , garlic , etc.); pecan and pistachio orchards; greenhouses (growing vegetables and ornamentals ). All agriculture must use irrigation ; there

4840-468: The city, including Galerias Laguna, Almanara, Plaza Cuatro Caminos, and InterMall. Torreón is served by Francisco Sarabia International Airport , an airport with flights to several cities in Mexico and the United States . According to archaeological findings, the area of Torreón was populated around the 10th millennium BC. The first Spanish mission arrived in 1566, led by Fr. Pedro Espinareda. However,

4928-563: The city, including Galerias Laguna, Plaza Cuatro Caminos, and Intermall. The "Canal de la Perla" (the Pearl Watercourse), an underground watercourse built in the 19th century to drive the Nazas' river water to the fields near the city, was re-discovered in 2003 and re-opened in 2014. It now passes under the oldest part of the city and it can be visited and walked through. It is also used for cultural and artistic exhibitions. In 2006,

5016-427: The coins most commonly encountered in circulation have face values of 50¢, $ 1, $ 2, $ 5 and $ 10. Commemorative $ 20 coins are less commonly encountered than $ 20 notes. The 5¢ coin has been withdrawn from circulation in 2002, while the 10¢ and 20¢ coins have gradually dropped out of circulation due to their low value. Some commodities are priced in multiples of 10¢, but stores may choose to round the total prices to 50¢. There

5104-494: The country was operating in a surplus between 1990 and 1994. This crisis was seen as the fault of the Mexican government in its signing of NAFTA at the beginning of 1994. The volatility of MXN increased after the ratification of NAFTA, when the annualized standard deviations seem to be highest post-1994, especially in terms of USD, compared to the United States, which experienced the lowest annualized standard deviation during that same period. Still, several contemporary economists of

5192-400: The date December 10, 1993, but they were not issued until October 1994. The word "nuevos" remained, and banknotes in denominations of 200 and 500 nuevos pesos were added. The 500 nuevos pesos note was worth more than US$ 100 when it was introduced, but its value dropped to almost equal to $ 100 by the end of 1994. The next series of banknotes, designated Series D, was introduced in 1996. It is

5280-452: The devaluation, the result becoming high unemployment and pressure on remaining employees to pick up the increased workloads and putting strain on economic hardships. Government attempts to fix the economy with an inward-looking industrialization strategy were only sustainable with severe economic imbalances that needed large inward capital flows that could not be maintained, and an abrupt process of stabilization and adjustment followed that saw

5368-478: The equivalent nuevo peso face value was 1 ⁄ 1000 of the old peso face value for Series A. For example, the Series A old peso MXP$ 20,000 and the Series B nuevo peso MXN$ 20 banknotes share the same design, aside from the updated face value. Old and new pesos circulated simultaneously between 1993 and 1995, but old peso Series A banknotes were gradually retired at this time, and newly designed Series C "nuevo peso" banknotes commenced in 1994. From January 1, 1996,

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5456-519: The government's inability to remain liquid in its international debt repayments. The international outlook, particularly in Wall Street, on the MXN peso crisis was affected by the lack of information on Mexico's financial reserves from the Banco de Mexico, which only released information on Mexico's reserves three times a year, and the speed of reserve depletion to stabilize the MXN finally resulted in

5544-415: The imperial arms of the short-lived empire on the reverse. The Restored Mexican republic of 1867 continued the minting of coins in pesos and centavos. The copper 1-centavo coin was continued; silver (.9027 fine) coins of 5, 10, 20, 25 and 50 centavos and 1 peso commenced in 1867; and gold coins of 1, 2 + 1 ⁄ 2 , 5, 10 and 20 pesos commenced in 1870. The obverses featured the Mexican 'eagle' and

5632-514: The legend "Republica Mexicana". The reverses of the larger coins showed a pair of scales; those of the smaller coins, the denomination. In 1882, cupro-nickel 1, 2 and 5 centavos coins were issued but they were only minted for two years. Despite the discontinuation of the newly designed silver peso in 1873, in 1898 the denomination on the "cap-and-ray" coin was successfully revised from "8 reales" to "1 peso" without being rejected in China; this continued to be minted as trade coinage until 1909. From 1900

5720-401: The market value of the gold coins have approximately doubled versus their face values. In 1905 a monetary reform was carried out in which the gold content of the peso was reduced by 49.36% and the silver coins were (with the exception of the 1-peso) reduced to token issues. Bronze 1 and 2 centavos, nickel 5 centavos, silver 10, 20, and 50 centavos and gold 5 and 10 pesos were issued. In 1910,

5808-486: The middle of the 20th century, it became an industrial city. The city has industries in textiles, clothing and metals processing. Some important industries and companies that have business here, like Peñoles , an important Mexican mining group, and Motores John Deere , Lala, an important dairy products company, Yura Corporation, stores like Soriana, Cimaco, Extra, among others. Torreón and the surrounding comarca are served by several public and private universities. Some of

5896-408: The minting of "centavo" coins except for the silver 8-reales which was revived as a trade coin from 1873 to 1897. The Second Mexican Empire of 1863-1867 commenced the minting of coins denominated in pesos and centavos, minting the copper 1-centavo, silver 5, 10 and 50 centavos, the silver 1-peso and the gold 20-peso. The last two coins featured the portrait of Emperor Maximilian on the obverse, and

5984-497: The minting of centavo coins in base metal or silver, as well as gold coins in pesos, but it had to revert the silver 1-peso coin to the old eight reales "cap-and-ray design" from 1873 to 1897 after East Asian merchants rejected or discounted the newly designed peso coins. The post-independence silver peso contained 27.07 grams of 90.3% fine silver (24.44 g fine) while the gold peso or half escudo contained 1.6915 grams of 87.5% fine gold (1.48 g fine). After most of Europe switched to

6072-617: The most recognized institutions in the area are: Torreón has a football team in the Liga MX named Santos Laguna . The team won championships in 1996, 2001, 2008, 2012, 2015, and 2018. It used to play in Estadio Corona , until 2009 when it moved to the Territorio Santos Modelo to meet the growing demands of its fan base. The city is also home to a baseball team called " Vaqueros Laguna " (Laguna Cowboys) of

6160-520: The most traded currency from Latin America . As of 6 November 2024 , the peso's exchange rate was $ 21.65 per euro , $ 20.19 per U.S. dollar, and $ 14.49 per Canadian dollar . The name was first used in reference to pesos oro ('gold weights') or pesos plata ('silver weights'). The Spanish word peso means “weight”. (Compare the British pound sterling .) Other countries that use

6248-428: The nation's 31 states , plus Mexico City . While the obverse of these coins bears the traditional coat of arms of Mexico , their reverses show the individual coats of arms of the component states. The first states to be celebrated in this fashion were Zacatecas , Yucatán , Veracruz , and Tlaxcala . In circulation, they are extraordinarily rare, but their novelty value offsets the unease most users feel at having such

6336-422: The new currency for 10, 20, 50, and 100 nuevos pesos. These notes are designated series B by the Bank of Mexico ( Banco de México ). (This series designation is not the 1 or 2 letter series label printed on the banknotes themselves.) All were printed with the date July 31, 1992. The designs were carried over from the corresponding notes of the old peso. All Series C notes had brand new designs and were printed with

6424-514: The notes were going to continue in circulation, and that they would retain their value. Likewise, a 100-peso banknote that commemorates the 100th anniversary of the enactment of the Constitution of Mexico was unveiled and issued in 2017. In 2019, the Bank of Mexico issued a new 200-peso banknote of the Series G issues, but containing a special overprint referencing the 25th Anniversary of

6512-478: The numerical amount. One new peso, or N$ 1.00, was equal to 1,000 of the obsolete MXP pesos. The transition was done with minimal confusion by issuing the Series B "nuevo peso" banknotes in N$ 10, $ 20, $ 50, and $ 100 denominations with designs nearly identical to the corresponding banknote in the preceding Series A, which were labelled in old pesos (MXP $ 10,000, $ 20,000, $ 50,000, and $ 100,000, respectively); for Series B,

6600-535: The old ones. The prior coins, issued in the 1970s and 1980s, were designated A-type or AA-type and are no longer valid. Coins of the new currency (dated 1992) were introduced in 1993 as the B-type or Series B in the following denominations: In 1996, the word nuevo was removed from the coins, which are designated as the C-type or Series C. In 1997 regular-issue 10-peso coins were minted with base metal replacing

6688-505: The rich silver mine outputs of modern-day Mexico and Bolivia and exported in large quantities to Europe and Asia. These pesos served as a global silver standard reserve currency until the start of the 20th century, and became the model for the various pesos of Spanish America as well as (among others) the United States dollar , Chinese yuan and the Japanese yen . Mexican silver pesos of original cap-and-ray design were legal tender in

6776-526: The road to Santa Fe has an area of 37 ha (91 acres) of which about 2.5 are used in university facilities and the rest for agricultural activities and research practice. It consists of 42 classrooms, 20 laboratories, cubicles for teachers, sports facilities, dining room, a central library and an auditorium with capacity for 150 people. Student support services are available as internship, residency feminine, dining, transportation, nursing, language center, computer center and sports The UAAAN-UL emerged from what

6864-414: The rural area south of the city. The city's elevation is 1,120 m (3,670 ft), which is low for the Mexican interior. The terrain where the urban area is spread is generally flat, with somewhat prominent relief formations (up to 1,600 m (5,249 ft) south and southwest of the city, thus visible at well-nigh any given point in the city. Higher mountains, over 3,000 m (9,843 ft), are on

6952-451: The same households finding employment to prevent the financial collapse of domestic quality of life. Married women with an unemployed husband experienced an employment rate of 33.84% and an unemployment rate of 1.62% compared with unmarried women during this period. The unexpected increase in Mexican immigration, both legal and illegal, in 1995 resulted from the MXN devaluation, pushing Mexican citizens to seek better employment opportunities in

7040-405: The side of the "La Revolución contra la dictadura Porfiriana", it is written: "Sufragio electivo y no reelección" (Elective suffrage and no reelection), this supposed to be a quote to Francisco I. Madero's famous phrase, but he said "Sufragio efectivo no reelección" (Valid Suffrage, No Reelection). President Felipe Calderón made a newspaper announcement in which he apologized for this, and said that

7128-514: The silver center. In 2000 commemorative 20-peso coins also began to be minted without silver. Though the 50- and 100-peso coins are the only currently circulating coinage in the world to contain any silver, they rarely circulate because their silver content of 1/2 troy ounce have exceeded 100 pesos in value since around 2010. In 2003 the Banco de México began the gradual launch of a new series of bimetallic $ 100 coins. These number 32 – one for each of

7216-412: The sizes of the coins for 20 centavos and above were reduced. Base metal 100, 200, 500, 1,000, and 5,000 peso coins were introduced between 1984 and 1988. As noted above , the nuevo peso ("new peso") was the result of elevated rates of inflation in Mexico during the 1980s. In 1993, President Carlos Salinas de Gortari stripped three zeros from the peso, creating a parity of 1 new peso for 1,000 of

7304-654: The southern, mostly uninhabited section of the Municipality, the most prominent being El Picacho. The city features a desert climate (in the Köppen climate classification BWh ). Rainfall is scarce but more prominent in the summer, whilst temperatures are very hot by day and cool at night, although the urban heat island effect causes temperatures on summer nights to be considerably warmer than nearby areas. Flora and fauna are those common to semidesert habitats. Cristo de las Noas , at 21.80 m (71.5 ft),

7392-513: The symbol bills. The tactile patterns would be continued for Series F and a fourth pattern was added to the MXN $ 1,000 note. In September 2006, the gradual introduction of a new family of banknotes (known as Series F or Type-F) was announced. The 50-peso denomination was launched in November 2006. The 20-peso note was launched in August 2007. The 1,000-peso note was launched in March 2008. The $ 200

7480-539: The term pesos for the currency include: Argentina , Chile , Colombia , Cuba , Dominican Republic , the Philippines , and Uruguay . The currency system in use in Spanish America from the 16th to 19th centuries consisted of silver reales , weight 3.433 grams and fineness 67 ⁄ 72 = 93.1%, as well as gold escudos , weight 3.383 g and fineness 11 ⁄ 12 = 91.7%. By

7568-429: The time noted the unexpected shocks to the economy during 1994, which exacerbated the situation, starting with the assassination of presidential candidate Luis Donaldo Colosio, causing a ripple effect on the exchange rate and interest rates that resulted in increased capital leaving the country. The result was the devaluation of MXN because of a domestic recession and an avalanche of investor withdrawals due to concern about

7656-922: Was School of Veterinary Medicine of the Laguna, A. C., established in April 1975. This school emerged, in turn, from the merger of the schools of Veterinary Medicine of San Pedro de las Colonias and Torreón , Coahuila. The Doctor of Veterinary Medicine or DVM Program ( Medico Veterinario Zootecnista in Spanish) In the Laguna Region ( Torreón Municipality , Gómez Palacio Municipality , Lerdo Municipality ), there are major food companies, such as: 25°23′36″N 101°00′02″W  /  25.3934°N 101.0005°W  / 25.3934; -101.0005 Mexican peso The Mexican peso ( symbol : $ ; currency code : MXN ; also abbreviated Mex$ to distinguish it from other peso-denominated currencies ; referred to as

7744-426: Was issued in 2008, and the $ 100 and $ 500 notes were released in August 2010. In Series F, the 20 and 50-peso notes are printed on polymer and include clear windows; all denominations include a color-shifting element. For 100-peso notes and greater, a 3D/dynamic thread is included; this thread has holographic images of snails which shift orthogonally relative to the motion of the note, so they will move side to side if

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