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49-618: One of the beyliks , that of the Osmanoğlu of the Kayı branch of Oghuz Turks , from its capital in Bursa completed its incorporation of the other beyliks to form the Ottoman Empire by the late 15th century. The word beylik denotes a territory under the jurisdiction of a bey , equivalent to a duchy or principality in other parts of Europe. Following the 1071 Seljuk victory over

98-675: A Turkish term that denotes a border or frontier territory equivalent to marches , with the similar term margrave used in other parts of Europe. These clans, led by beys , would receive military and financial support from the Seljuks in return for their fealty. However, Mongol invasions from the East saw a decline in Seljuk power which gradually deteriorated. The Ilkhanate commanders in Anatolia then gained strength and authority which encouraged

147-587: A period of about 25 years. The final blow to the Beylik of Karaman was struck by Mehmed II , who conquered their lands and re-assured a homogeneous rule in Anatolia. The further steps towards a single rule by the Ottomans were taken by Selim I who conquered territories of the Beylik of Ramadan and the Beylik of Dulkadir in 1515 during his campaign against the Mamluk Sultanate , and his son Süleyman

196-627: A result of the intrigues of the chancellor Mu'in al-Din Suleyman, the Pervane , Karaman Bey and his two brothers, Zeynül-Hac and Bunsuz, marched toward Konya , the Seljuq capital, with 20,000 men. A combined Seljuq and Mongol army, led by the Pervane, defeated the Karamanid army and captured Karaman Bey's two brothers. After Karaman Bey died in 1262, his older son, Mehmet I of Karaman , became

245-583: Is Devletlu Necabetlu Şehzade Sultan (given name) Hazretleri Efendi , i.e. Sultan Imperial Prince (given name). According to genealogies of the House of Osman, had the Sultanate not been abolished, there would be twenty-seven Imperial Princes in the line of succession after Dundar Ali Osman (2017-2021), the late head of the family. The succession law used is agnatic seniority , with the succession passing to eldest male dynast. The formal way of addressing

294-579: Is a family belonging to the historical Ottoman dynasty , which was the ruling house of the Ottoman Empire from 1299 until the abolition of the Ottoman sultanate in 1922, and the Ottoman Caliphate from 1517 until the abolition of the caliphate in 1924. In 1924, members of the Osmanoğlu family were forced into exile. Their descendants now live in many countries throughout Europe, as well as in

343-562: The beys , who had until then been vassals to the Sultanate of Rum , to declare sovereignty over their dominions. With the fall of Seljuk centralized power in Konya, many beys joined forces with the atabegs (former Seljuk leaders), and other religious Muslim leaders, in addition to employing Ghazi warriors from Persia and Turkestan, who also fled the Mongols. The ghazis fought under

392-627: The Byzantine Empire at the Battle of Manzikert and the subsequent conquest of Anatolia, Oghuz Turkic clans began settling in present-day Turkey . The Seljuk Sultanate of Rum 's central power established in Konya was largely as a result of using these clans under appointed beys called uç bey or uj begi (especially in border areas to ensure safety against the Byzantines); uç is

441-821: The Byzantines , the Genoese , the Knights Templar , as well as between each other. By 1300, the Turks had reached the Aegean coastline, held momentarily two centuries before. In the beginning, the most powerful states were the Karamanids and the Germiyanids in the central area. The Beylik of Osmanoğlu , who would later go on to become the Ottoman Empire , was situated in the northwest, around Söğüt , and

490-542: The 14th century, the Ottomans advanced further into Anatolia either through the acquisition of towns or by cementing marriage alliances. Meanwhile, wary of an increase in Ottoman regional power, the Karamanids repeatedly engaged in conflict with the Ottomans with the help of other beyliks, Mamluks , Aq Qoyunlu ("White Sheep Turkomans"), Byzantines , Pontics and Hungarians , failing and losing power every time. By

539-594: The Anatolian mainland, the Anatolian beyliks spread the Turkic language and Islamic culture in Anatolia. Unlike the Seljuks, whose administrative language was Persian , the Anatolian beyliks adopted spoken Turkic as their formal literary language. The Turkish language thus achieved widespread use in these principalities and reached its highest sophistication during the Ottoman era. In spite of their limited sources and

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588-509: The Beylik of Osman expanded at Byzantine expense westwards and southwards of the Sea of Marmara in the first decades of the 14th century. With their annexation of the neighboring Beylik of Karasi and their advance into Rumelia starting in 1354, they soon gained strength to emerge as the principal rivals of the Beylik of Karaman , who at the time were thought to be the strongest. Towards the end of

637-665: The Egyptian sultan Sayf ad-Din Inal sent an army to retake Tarsus from the Karamanids. The Egyptian Mamluks damaged Konya after defeating the Karamanids, and Mehmet Bey retreated from Konya . Ramazanoğlu Ali Bey pursued and captured him; according to an agreement between the two leaders, Mehmet Bey was exiled to Egypt for the rest of his life. During the Crusade of Varna against the Ottomans in 1443–44, Karamanid İbrahim Bey marched on Ankara and Kütahya , destroying both cities. In

686-545: The French Government and succeeded in obtaining courtesy passports for them. The French Government also issued passports to the children of the members of the family who were born in exile. In the years since the exile was lifted in 1973, many members of the Ottoman family have obtained Turkish citizenship and hold Turkish passports. The formal way of addressing the male descendants of the Ottoman Sultans

735-649: The Imperial Ottoman family were exiled in 1924. Most had never left their homeland before, and all were forced to make a new life abroad. The family departed from Sirkeci railway station , and would disperse across Europe, the United States, the Middle East and Asia. In exile, the family lived in poverty. As the former Ottoman Sultan Mehmed VI Vahideddin had settled in San Remo , many members of

784-572: The Magnificent who more or less completely united the present territories of Turkey (and much more) in his 1534 campaign. Many of the former Anatolian beyliks subsequently became the basis for the administrative subdivisions in the Ottoman Empire . In the list below, only the beyliks that were founded immediately after the Battle of Manzikert in 1071, mostly situated towards eastern Anatolia, and who were vassals (or sometimes at war) of

833-570: The Middle East. Extensive coverage of this event, and the success of the documentary series has dramatically raised the profile of the Imperial Family. According to The New York Times , historians said that the show of reverence at the funeral of Imperial Prince Ertuğrul Osman in September 2009 was a "seminal moment in the rehabilitation of the Ottoman Empire". The popularity of the historical television series Payitaht Abdulhami about

882-716: The Mongol invasion in 1230. The Karamanids were members of the Salur tribe of Oghuz Turks . According to others, they were members of the Afshar tribe , which participated in the revolt led by Baba Ishak and afterwards moved to the western Taurus Mountains , near the town of Larende , where they came to serve the Seljuks . Nure Sofi worked there as a woodcutter. His son, Kerîmeddin Karaman Bey , gained tenuous control over

931-644: The Ottoman Empire has grown significantly in recent years in Turkey, and the Turkish government under Erdoğan has encouraged a nostalgia for the greatness of the former empire, which is sometimes referred to as ' Neo-Ottomanism '. An interview with Imperial Prince Mahmud by the Anatolian News Agency was published in several publications in Turkey and the UK. Without exception, all high-ranking members of

980-523: The Ottoman dynasty were expelled, they left for Beirut . Mehmed Abdülkerim died in 1935 in Damascus and left his two children, born in 1930 and 1932 orphans at a young age. Osman's grandfather Mehmed Selim died in 1937. The family returned to Istanbul from exile in Damascus in 1974, just after the dynasty members were allowed to return to their homeland. Osman became the Head of the Ottoman dynasty in 2021 upon

1029-483: The Seljuks were still used, however with the influence of the pursuit for new spaces and its reflections in other arts as well. Some representative examples of the Anatolian beyliks' architecture are İlyas Bey Mosque at Balat (Milet) (1404), İsabey Mosque at Selçuk (1375), Ulucami Mosque at Birgi (1312) built by the Aydın beylik. The above mosques, although being successors of Seljuq architecture, differ greatly in

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1078-399: The United States, the Middle East, and since they have now been permitted to return to their homeland, many now also live in Turkey. The female members of the dynasty were allowed to return after 1951, and the male members after 1973. The family adopted the surname of Osmanoğlu, meaning "son of Osman ". Below is a list of people who would have been heirs to the Ottoman throne following

1127-428: The abolition of the sultanate on 1 November 1922. These people have not necessarily made any claim to the throne; for example Ertuğrul Osman said "Democracy works well in Turkey." Harun Osman Osmanoğlu (born 22 January 1932) is the current Head of the House of Osman. Osman's father was Şehzade Mehmed Abdülkerim , the only son of Şehzade Mehmed Selim , the eldest son of Abdul Hamid II . In 1924, when members of

1176-606: The centralized power of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum based in Konya are listed. A second group beyliks emerged as a result of the weakening of this central state under the Mongol blow with the Battle of Köse Dağ in 1243, which had the indirect consequence of extending Turkic territory in Western Anatolia toward the end of the 13th century. Combined with the Seljuks and the migration of Turkic tribes into

1225-477: The city and damaged it; this would not be the last Karamanid invasion of Ottoman lands. However, Mehmet Bey was captured by Bayezid Pasha and sent to prison. He apologized for what he had done and was forgiven by the Ottoman ruler. Ramazanoğlu Ali Bey captured Tarsus while Mehmet Bey was in prison. Mustafa Bey, son of Mehmet Bey, retook the city during a conflict between the Emirs of Sham and Egypt . After that,

1274-452: The close of the century, the early Ottoman leaders had conquered large parts of land from Karamanids and other less prominent beyliks. These had a short respite when their territories were restored to them after the Ottoman defeat suffered against Tamerlane in 1402 in the Battle of Ankara . But the Ottoman state quickly collected itself under Mehmed I and his son Murad II , who reincorporated most of these beyliks into Ottoman territory in

1323-576: The daughter of the Ottoman sultan Murat I , the first important contact between the two dynasties. As Ottoman power expanded into the Balkans , Aleaddin Ali Bey captured the city of Beyşehir , which had been an Ottoman city. However, it did not take much time for the Ottomans to react and march on Konya, the Karamanoğlu capital city. A treaty between the two kingdoms was formed, and peace existed until

1372-460: The death of his older brother, Dündar Osmanoğlu . He lives in Istanbul and has nine grandchildren. On the death of his brother, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan telephoned Harun Osman to give his condolences to the family. According to TRT 's French website: "Osmanoglu thanked President Erdoğan and said he had always prayed for him. The series ' Payitaht Abdulhamit ' broadcast on TRT 1

1421-584: The documentary Osmanoğlu'nun Sürgünü ( The Ottomans' Exile ) produced by TRT ( Turkish Radio and Television Corporation ). This documentary followed the stories of the members of the Ottoman family who went into exile in 1924, following the establishment of the Turkish Republic and the abolition of the Ottoman Caliphate. It then follows the stories of their descendants, who now live in Turkey, Europe, India, and North America, and throughout

1470-740: The expense of the Kingdom of Lesser Armenia (and perhaps at the expense of Rukn al-Din Kilij Arslan IV , 1248–1265); in any case it is certain that he fought against the Kingdom of Lesser Armenia (and probably even died in this fight) to such extent that King Hethum I (1226–1269) had to place himself voluntarily under the sovereignty of the great Khan , in order to protect his kingdom from Mamluks and Seljuks (1244). The rivalry between Kilij Arslan IV and Izz al-Din Kaykaus II allowed

1519-693: The family congregated in the South of France. After living in Switzerland for a short time, the last Caliph of Islam, Imperial Prince ( Şehzade ) Abdulmecid II , also moved to the French Riviera , settling in Nice . The Turkish Republic had issued the exiled Ottoman family members travel documents but they were only valid for one year. Therefore, by 1925 members of the family were no longer able to travel. Prince ( Şehzade ) Ali Vâsib Efendi appealed to

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1568-529: The female descendants of the Ottoman Sultans is Devletlû İsmetlu (given name) Sultân Aliyyetü'ş-Şân Hazretleri , i.e. Sultana (given name). According to genealogies of the House of Osman, had the Sultanate not been abolished, there would be fifteen Sultanas: Karamanids The Karamanids ( Turkish : Karamanoğulları or Karamanoğulları Beyliği ), also known as the Emirate of Karaman and Beylik of Karaman ( Turkish : Karamanoğulları Beyliği ),

1617-579: The first examples of the Anatolian beylik architecture hinting at the forming of the Ottoman architecture that aims at uniting the interior space beneath one big dome and forming a monumental architectural structure is Ulucami Mosque in Manisa (1374) built by the Saruhan beylik. Also worth noting is the increase in constructions of madrassas that points at the beyliks' attaching greater importance to sciences. Osmano%C4%9Flu family Osmanoğlu

1666-474: The general confusion, Mehmed Bey captured Konya on 12 May and placed on the throne a pretender called Jimri , who claimed to be the son of Kaykaus . In the end, however, Mehmed was defeated by Seljuq and Mongol forces and executed with some of his brothers in 1278. Despite these blows, the Karamanids continued to increase their power and influence, largely aided by the Mamluks of Egypt , especially during

1715-513: The head of the house. He immediately negotiated alliances with other Turkmen clans to raise an army against the Seljuqs and Ilkhanids . During the 1276 revolt of Hatıroğlu Şemseddin Bey against Mongol domination in Anatolia, Karamanids also defeated several Mongol-Seljuq armies. In the Battle of Göksu in 1277 in particular, the central power of the Seljuq was dealt a severe blow. Taking advantage of

1764-571: The increase of decorations in the interior and exterior spaces and the different placement of the courtyards and minarets . Karaman beylik also left noteworthy architectural works, such as Ulucami Mosque in Ermenek (1302), Hatuniye Madrassa in Karaman (1382), Akmedrese Madrassa in Niğde (1409), all of which respect a new style that considers and incorporates the exterior surroundings also. One of

1813-535: The inspiration of either a mullah or a general, trying to assert Islamic power, with the attacks on Byzantine territory further expanding the power sphere of the beyliks. As the Byzantine Empire weakened, their cities in Asia Minor became gradually less and less able to resist these attacks, and many Turks began to settle in western parts of Anatolia. As a result, many more beyliks were founded in these newly conquered realms, who engaged in power struggles with

1862-549: The meantime, the Ottoman sultan Murad II was returning from Rumelia with a victory against the Hungarian Crusaders. Like all other Islamic emirates in Anatolia, the Karamanids were accused of treason. Hence, İbrahim Bey accepted all Ottoman terms. The Karamanid state was eventually terminated by the Ottomans in 1487, as the power of their Mameluke allies was declining. Some were resettled in various parts of Anatolia. Large groups were accommodated in northern Iran on

1911-636: The mountainous parts of Cilicia in the middle of the 13th century. A persistent but spurious legend, however, claims that the Seljuq Sultan of Rum , Kayqubad I , instead established a Karamanid dynasty in these lands. Karaman Bey expanded his territories by capturing castles in Ermenek , Mut , Ereğli , Gülnar , and Silifke . The year of the conquests is reported as 1225, during the reign of Ala al-Din Kaykubadh I (1220–1237), which seems excessively early. Karaman Bey's conquests were mainly at

1960-603: The political climate of their era, art during the Anatolian beyliks flourished, probably forming the basis for Ottoman art . Although the artistic style of the Anatolian beyliks can be considered as representatives of a transition period between Seljuks and Ottomans, new trends were also acquired. Especially wandering traditional crafts artists and architects helped spread these new trends and localized styles to several beyliks across Anatolia, which resulted in innovative and original works particularly in architecture. Wood and stone carving, clay tiles and other similar decorative arts of

2009-557: The reign of Baybars . Karamanids captured Konya on two more occasions at the beginning of the 14th century but were driven out the first time by emir Chupan , the Ilkhanid governor of Anatolia, and the second time by Chupan's son and successor Timurtash . An expansion of Karamanoğlu power occurred after the fall of the Ilkhanids in the 1330s. A second expansion coincided with Karamanoğlu Alâeddin Ali Bey's marriage to Nefise Hatun ,

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2058-412: The reign of Bayezid I . Timur gave control of the Karamanid lands to Mehmet Bey, the oldest son of Aleaddin Ali Bey. After Bayezid I died in 1403, the Ottoman Empire went into a political crisis as the Ottoman family fell prey to internecine strife. It was an opportunity not only for Karamanids but also for all of the Anatolian beyliks . Mehmet Bey assembled an army to march on Bursa . He captured

2107-523: The same year, fighting the Sultan of Rum , who had not paid the tax, and he managed to defeat the sultan a second time. Rukn al-Din Kilidj Arslan IV got rid of almost all hostile begs and amirs except Karaman Bey, to whom he gave the town of Larende (now Karaman , in honour of the dynasty) and Ermenek (c. 1260) in order to win him to his side. In the meantime, Bunsuz, brother of Karaman Bey,

2156-407: The territory of present-day Azerbaijan . The main part was brought to the newly conquered territories in north-eastern Bulgaria – the Ludogorie region, another group – to what is now northern Greece and southern Bulgaria— present-day Kardzhali region and Macedonia . Ottomans founded Karaman Eyalet from former territories of Karamanids. According to Mesâlik-ül-Ebsâr, written by Şehâbeddin Ömer,

2205-403: The tribes in the border areas to live virtually independently. Karaman Bey helped Kaykaus, but Arslan had the support of both the Mongols and Pervâne Sulayman Muin al-Din (who had the real power in the sultanate). The Mongolian governor and general Baiju was dismissed from office in 1256 because he had failed to conquer new territories. Still, he continued to serve as a general and appeared,

2254-441: Was an Anatolian beylik of Salur tribe origin, centered in South-Central Anatolia around the present-day Karaman Province . From the mid 14th century until its fall in 1487, the Karamanid dynasty was one of the most powerful beyliks in Anatolia. The Karamanids traced their ancestry from Hodja Sad al-Din and his son Nure Sufi Bey , who emigrated from Arran (roughly encompassing modern-day Azerbaijan ) to Sivas because of

2303-410: Was at that stage relatively small and possessed modest military power. Along the Aegean coast , from North to South, were the principalities of Karasi , Saruhan , Aydin , Menteşe , and Teke . The Candar dynasty (later also known as Isfendiyar) reigned in the Black Sea region around the provinces of Kastamonu and Sinop in what was the Beylik of Candar. Under its eponymous founder, Osman I ,

2352-399: Was chosen as a Candar , or bodyguard, for Kilij Arslan IV . Their power rose as a result of the unification of Turkish clans that lived in the mountainous regions of Cilicia with the new Turkish population transferred there by Kayqubad. Good relations between the Seljuqs and the Karamanids did not last. In 1261, on the pretext of supporting Kaykaus II , who had fled to Constantinople as

2401-400: Was discussed during the telephone interview. Harun Osmanoglu said he is following the series." Harun is married to Farizet Hanım, by whom he has two sons and one daughter: Since the turn of the 21st century there has been a growing interest in the living members of the Ottoman family, both within Turkey and abroad. In 2006, family members met at Dolmabahçe Palace for the presentation of

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