The Androscoggin Mill is a pulp and paper mill in Jay, Maine . At its peak, 1,500 workers were employed in the facility. In February 2023, management announced that the mill would permanently close in March 2023.
68-581: Construction began in 1963 and was completed in 1965. The mill replaced the Riley Mill, which was located less than a mile away. The largest paper company in the world at the time, International Paper , built it. It was named for the nearby Androscoggin River . In 1987–88, 1,200 mill workers and members of the United Paperworkers' International Union went on strike against the company, which
136-527: A building or structure in Maine is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . International Paper The International Paper Company is an American pulp and paper company , the largest such company in the world. It has approximately 39,000 employees, and is headquartered in Memphis , Tennessee . The company was incorporated January 31, 1898, upon the merger of 17 pulp and paper mills in
204-725: A genetic predisposition. Erionite is found in deposits in the Western United States, where it is used in gravel for road surfacing , and in Turkey, where it is used to construct homes. In Turkey, the United States, and Mexico, erionite has been associated with mesothelioma and has thus been designated a "known human carcinogen" by the US National Toxicology Program . In rare cases, mesothelioma has also been associated with irradiation of
272-647: A group of cells in the tissue, resulting in a population of tumor cells that are, albeit only slightly, genetically different. Asbestos fibers have been shown to alter the function and secretory properties of macrophages, ultimately creating conditions which favour the development of mesothelioma. Following asbestos phagocytosis, macrophages generate increased amounts of hydroxyl radicals , which are normal by-products of cellular anaerobic metabolism. However, these free radicals are also known clastogenic (chromosome-breaking) and membrane-active agents thought to promote asbestos carcinogenicity. These oxidants can participate in
340-674: A kraft paper mill in Roanoke Rapids , North Carolina and a dunnage bag plant in Fordyce , Arkansas ) was sold to Kapstone Paper and Packaging and operates as Kapstone Kraft Paper. The beverage packaging business, now called Evergreen Packaging, was purchased by Carter Holt Harvey , following the purchase of CHH by Graeme Hart . The company sold its wood products division to West Fraser Timber , based in Vancouver , British Columbia . This included 13 sawmills , making West Fraser
408-474: A malignant phenotype following exposure to asbestos fibers has not yet been achieved. In general, asbestos fibers are thought to act through direct physical interactions with the cells of the mesothelium in conjunction with indirect effects following interaction with inflammatory cells such as macrophages. Analysis of the interactions between asbestos fibers and DNA has shown that phagocytosed fibers are able to make contact with chromosomes , often adhering to
476-498: A place where paper workers helped shape the direction of the industry's early labor movement. After World War II , Hudson River Mill workers developed the production of coated paper for the company. Shifting economic forces resulted in the mill's closure in November 2002. The historic mill was slated for partial demolition during 2011. The work including asbestos removal was completed by Northstar Group Services. Given
544-558: A stylized monogram, composed of green elements forming the two letters. Each of the elements features a straight top line and a rounded bottom. The dark green emblem is placed on the left from the two-leveled title case inscription in a modern sans-serif typeface, in black. International Paper owns Tower I (at 6400 Poplar) and occupies the entire property and leases 50,000 square feet in Tower II (at 6410 Poplar) and all of Tower III (at 6420 Poplar). In 2000, International Place Tower III
612-433: A tissue biopsy is more useful in diagnosis. Using conventional cytology diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma is difficult, but immunohistochemistry has greatly enhanced the accuracy of cytology. Generally, a biopsy is needed to confirm a diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma. A doctor removes a sample of tissue for examination under a microscope by a pathologist . A biopsy may be done in different ways, depending on where
680-409: A total production capacity of 240,000 TPD (Tons Per Day). In 2012, International Paper acquired Temple-Inland in a deal valued at $ 4.5 billion. Temple-Inland then became a wholly owned subsidiary of International Paper. At the time of sale, Temple-Inland's corrugated packaging operation consisted of 7 mills and 59 converting facilities as well as the building products operation. In 2005 and 2006,
748-696: A very low level and it is widely agreed that if any such threshold does exist at all, then it cannot currently be quantified. For practical purposes, therefore, HSE assumes that no such "safe" threshold exists. Others have noted as well that there is no evidence of a threshold level below which there is no risk of mesothelioma. There appears to be a linear, dose–response relationship , with increasing dose producing increasing risk of disease. Nevertheless, mesothelioma may be related to brief, low level or indirect exposures to asbestos. The dose necessary for effect appears to be lower for asbestos-induced mesothelioma than for pulmonary asbestosis or lung cancer. Again, there
SECTION 10
#1732797476684816-545: A wood pulp digester exploded, destroying the mill's pulp machines. Pixelle Specialty Solutions, which had purchased the mill two months prior in February, decided not to rebuild. In September 2022, the company decided to permanently close the mill. In February 2023, Pixelle announced that the mill would cease production no later than March 9, 2023. 44°30′31″N 70°14′24″W / 44.5086°N 70.2401°W / 44.5086; -70.2401 This article about
884-448: Is a type of cancer that develops from the thin layer of tissue that covers many of the internal organs (known as the mesothelium ). The area most commonly affected is the lining of the lungs and chest wall . Less commonly the lining of the abdomen and rarely the sac surrounding the heart , or the sac surrounding each testis may be affected. Signs and symptoms of mesothelioma may include shortness of breath due to fluid around
952-503: Is characterized by high levels of calretinin. Sarcomatous mesothelioma does not express high levels of calretinin. Other morphological subtypes have been described: Staging of mesothelioma is based on the recommendation by the International Mesothelioma Interest Group. TNM classification of the primary tumor, lymph node involvement, and distant metastasis is performed. Mesothelioma
1020-507: Is no known safe level of exposure to asbestos as it relates to increased risk of mesothelioma. The time from first exposure to onset of the disease, is between 25 and 70 years. It is virtually never less than fifteen years and peaks at 30–40 years. The duration of exposure to asbestos causing mesothelioma can be short. For example, cases of mesothelioma have been documented with only 1–3 months of exposure. Exposure to asbestos fibers has been recognized as an occupational health hazard since
1088-706: Is now evidence that smaller particles may be more dangerous than the larger fibers. They remain suspended in the air where they can be inhaled, and may penetrate more easily and deeper into the lungs. "We probably will find out a lot more about the health aspects of asbestos from [the World Trade Center attack], unfortunately," said Dr. Alan Fein, chief of pulmonary and critical-care medicine at North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System. Mesothelioma development in rats has been demonstrated following intra-pleural inoculation of phosphorylated chrysotile fibers. It has been suggested that in humans, transport of fibers to
1156-591: Is occurring, or when the asbestos-containing rock is naturally weathered. Another common route of exposure is through asbestos-containing soil, which is used to whitewash, plaster, and roof houses in Greece. In central Cappadocia , Turkey, mesothelioma was causing 50% of all deaths in three small villages—Tuzköy, Karain, and Sarıhıdır. Initially, this was attributed to erionite . Environmental exposure to asbestos has caused mesothelioma in places other than Turkey, including Corsica, Greece, Cyprus, China, and California. In
1224-590: Is often diagnosed after it has metastasized to lymph nodes or the lungs. Diagnosing mesothelioma is often difficult because the symptoms are similar to those of a number of other conditions. Diagnosis begins with a review of the patient's medical history. A history of exposure to asbestos may increase clinical suspicion for mesothelioma. A physical examination is performed, followed by chest X-ray and often lung function tests . The X-ray may reveal pleural thickening commonly seen after asbestos exposure and increases suspicion of mesothelioma. A CT (or CAT) scan or an MRI
1292-469: Is so strong that many consider mesothelioma a "signal" or "sentinel" tumor. A history of asbestos exposure exists in most cases. Pericardial mesothelioma may not be associated with asbestos exposure. Asbestos was known in antiquity, but it was not mined and widely used commercially until the late 19th century. Its use greatly increased during World War II . Since the early 1940s, millions of American workers have been exposed to asbestos dust. Initially,
1360-667: Is usually performed. If a large amount of fluid is present, abnormal cells may be detected by cytopathology if this fluid is aspirated with a syringe. For pleural fluid, this is done by thoracentesis or tube thoracostomy ( chest tube ); for ascites, with paracentesis or ascitic drain; and for pericardial effusion with pericardiocentesis . While absence of malignant cells on cytology does not completely exclude mesothelioma, it makes it much more unlikely, especially if an alternative diagnosis can be made (e.g., tuberculosis , heart failure ). However, with primary pericardial mesothelioma, pericardial fluid may not contain malignant cells and
1428-446: The chromatin fibers or becoming entangled within the chromosome. This contact between the asbestos fiber and the chromosomes or structural proteins of the spindle apparatus can induce complex abnormalities. The most common abnormality is monosomy of chromosome 22. Other frequent abnormalities include structural rearrangement of 1p, 3p, 9p and 6q chromosome arms. Common gene abnormalities in mesothelioma cell lines include deletion of
SECTION 20
#17327974766841496-518: The epithelial lining of the serous cavities of the body including the peritoneal , pericardial and pleural cavities. Deposition of asbestos fibers in the parenchyma of the lung may result in the penetration of the visceral pleura from where the fiber can then be carried to the pleural surface, thus leading to the development of malignant mesothelial plaques. The processes leading to the development of peritoneal mesothelioma remain unresolved, although it has been proposed that asbestos fibers from
1564-403: The pleura , may be used to prevent more fluid from building up around the lungs. Chemotherapy often includes the medications cisplatin and pemetrexed . The percentage of people that survive five years following diagnosis is on average 8% in the United States. In 2015, about 60,800 people had mesothelioma, and 32,000 died from the disease. Rates of mesothelioma vary in different areas of
1632-703: The tumor suppressor genes : Asbestos has also been shown to mediate the entry of foreign DNA into target cells. Incorporation of this foreign DNA may lead to mutations and oncogenesis by several possible mechanisms: Several genes are commonly mutated in mesothelioma, and may be prognostic factors. These include primarily BAP1 , NF2 , and TP53 ; epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and C-Met , receptor tyrosine kinases can also be altered and overexpressed in many mesotheliomas. Some association has been found with EGFR and epithelioid histology but no clear association has been found between EGFR overexpression and overall survival; BAP1 alterations are also predominantly in
1700-572: The Memphis building code in 1994 made the initial design unable to move forward. Therefore, architects had to completely change the original structural design in order to adhere to the strict exterior dimensions needed to utilize the existing granite and to match the existing towers. In 2012, it was announced that International Paper was building a $ 90.2 million, 235,000-square-foot tower at 6430 Poplar Ave. in East Memphis. In addition to
1768-692: The U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is that protections and "permissible exposure limits" required by U.S. regulations, while adequate to prevent most asbestos-related non-malignant disease, are not adequate to prevent or protect against asbestos-related cancers such as mesothelioma. Likewise, the British Government's Health and Safety Executive (HSE) states formally that any threshold for exposure to asbestos must be at
1836-417: The United States mainly occurs when people are maintaining buildings that already have asbestos. Approximately 1.3 million US workers are exposed to asbestos annually; in 2002, an estimated 44,000 miners were potentially exposed to asbestos. Family members and others living with asbestos workers have an increased risk of developing mesothelioma, and possibly other asbestos-related diseases. This risk may be
1904-480: The abdominal cavity often do not cause symptoms until they are at a late stage. Symptoms include: Pericardial mesothelioma is not well characterized, but observed cases have included cardiac symptoms, specifically constrictive pericarditis , heart failure , pulmonary embolism , and cardiac tamponade . They have also included nonspecific symptoms, including substernal chest pain, orthopnea (shortness of breath when lying flat), and cough. These symptoms are caused by
1972-412: The abdominal cavity). Other features may include weight loss, fever , night sweats , poor appetite, vomiting, constipation, and umbilical hernia . If the cancer has spread beyond the mesothelium to other parts of the body, symptoms may include pain, trouble swallowing, or swelling of the neck or face. These symptoms may be caused by mesothelioma or by other, less serious conditions. Tumors that affect
2040-402: The abnormal area is located. If the cancer is in the chest, the doctor may perform a thoracoscopy . In this procedure, the doctor makes a small cut through the chest wall and puts a thin, lighted tube called a thoracoscope into the chest between two ribs. Thoracoscopy allows the doctor to look inside the chest and obtain tissue samples. Alternatively, the cardiothoracic surgeon might directly open
2108-690: The acquisition of Weyerhaeuser's cellulose fiber division. The acquisition was completed on Dec 1, 2016. On Oct 1, 2021 a spin-off was completed creating a stand alone company by the name of Sylvamo. Sylvamo's headquarters are also located in Memphis TN. Divested were the Printing & Communications (White Uncoated Freesheet) mills in Ticonderoga NY, Eastover SC, Mogi Guacu Brazil, Luiz Antonio Brazil, Tres Lagoas Brazil, Saillat France, and Svetogorsk Russia. Mesothelioma Mesothelioma
Androscoggin Mill - Misplaced Pages Continue
2176-530: The banning of asbestos may contain asbestos. Those performing renovation works or DIY activities may expose themselves to asbestos dust. In the UK, use of chrysotile asbestos was banned at the end of 1999. Brown and blue asbestos were banned in the UK around 1985. Buildings built or renovated prior to these dates may contain asbestos materials. Therefore, it is a legal requirement that all who may come across asbestos in their day-to-day work have been provided with
2244-532: The chest ( thoracotomy ). If the cancer is in the abdomen, the doctor may perform a laparoscopy . To obtain tissue for examination, the doctor makes a small incision in the abdomen and inserts a special instrument into the abdominal cavity. If these procedures do not yield enough tissue, an open surgical procedure may be necessary. Immunohistochemical studies play an important role for the pathologist in differentiating malignant mesothelioma from neoplastic mimics, such as breast or lung cancer that has metastasized to
2312-534: The chest due to an accumulation of fluid in the pleural space ( pleural effusion ) are often symptoms of pleural mesothelioma. Mesothelioma that affects the pleura can cause these signs and symptoms: In severe cases, the person may have many tumor masses. The individual may develop a pneumothorax , or collapse of the lung . The disease may metastasize , or spread to other parts of the body. The most common symptoms of peritoneal mesothelioma are abdominal swelling and pain due to ascites (a buildup of fluid in
2380-450: The chest or abdomen, intrapleural thorium dioxide ( thorotrast ) as a contrast medium, and inhalation of other fibrous silicates, such as erionite or talc . Some studies suggest that simian virus 40 ( SV40 ) may act as a cofactor in the development of mesothelioma. This has been confirmed in animal studies, but studies in humans are inconclusive. The mesothelium consists of a single layer of flattened to cuboidal cells forming
2448-468: The company announced it was buying the containerboard unit of Weyerhaeuser for $ 6 billion in cash. In October 2007, it formed a joint venture with Ilim Holding, Ilim Group, the alliance in the Russian forest sector. On July 1, 2014, the company announced the completion of the xpedx spinoff which merged with Unisource, creating an independent company, Veritiv Corporation. On May 2, 2016, it announced
2516-736: The company purchased Union Camp Corporation , and in June 2000 Champion International . Additionally, it owned shares in the Chilean company Copec . Andhra Pradesh Paper Mills Rajahmundry (APPM), which is now an International Paper company, is one of the biggest integrated paper and pulp manufacturing centers in India . The company produces writing, printing, and copier papers and paper boards for foreign and domestic markets. APPM's production facilities are two mills in Rajahmundry and Kadiam with
2584-539: The company undertook a significant restructuring, selling over 6,000,000 acres (24,000 km ) of forestland in the U.S., along with its coated paper, kraft paper , wood products, and beverage packaging businesses, as well as subsidiaries Arizona Chemical and New Zealand-based Carter Holt Harvey . The coated paper business (four mills in Maine , Michigan and Minnesota ) were sold to Apollo Management and now operate as Verso Paper . The kraft paper business (composed of
2652-752: The country. The Hudson River Mill in Corinth , New York , where the Sacandaga River joins the Hudson River , was a pioneer in the development of the modern paper industry in the late 19th century. The first wood-based newsprint paper mill in New York, it was built by Albrecht Pagenstecher in 1869. In the early 20th century, the Hudson River Mill was one of the company's largest plants and served both as its principal office, and
2720-601: The early 20th century. Numerous epidemiological studies have associated occupational exposure to asbestos with the development of pleural plaques, diffuse pleural thickening, asbestosis, carcinoma of the lung and larynx, gastrointestinal tumors, and diffuse malignant mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum. Asbestos has been widely used in many industrial products, including cement, brake linings, gaskets, roof shingles, flooring products, textiles, and insulation. Commercial asbestos mining at Wittenoom, Western Australia , took place from 1937 to 1966. The first case of mesothelioma in
2788-809: The epithelioid histology. Aneuploidy , ranging from haploidy to tetraploidy, and CpG island hypermethylation have also been shown to be frequent and associated with survival. Expression of AXL receptor tyrosine kinase is a negative prognostic factor. Expression of PDGFRB is a positive prognostic factor. In general, mesothelioma is characterized by loss of function in tumor suppressor genes , rather than by an overexpression or gain of function in oncogenes . As an environmentally triggered malignancy, mesothelioma tumors have been found to be polyclonal in origin, by performing an X-inactivation based assay on epitheloid and biphasic tumors obtained from female patients. These results suggest that an environmental factor, most likely asbestos exposure, may damage and transform
Androscoggin Mill - Misplaced Pages Continue
2856-512: The fast-food giants McDonald's , Wendy's , Subway , but its consumer packaging division was sold to Graphic Packaging on January 2, 2018. Its wood products division was sold in 2007 to West Fraser Timber Co. Ltd., a company headquartered in Vancouver, British Columbia. The company produces printer and copier paper, envelopes , corrugated packaging and pulp . The company is a former Dow Jones Industrial Average component, included in
2924-401: The four office towers at International Place, the company operates an airport hangar facility (at 2522 Winchester Road) and a Southwind data center at (3232 Players Club Parkway). Other company related facilities include a recycling center on South Third and two warehouse operations across Memphis. The company used to be the largest producer of plastic lids and paper cups , manufacturing for
2992-434: The general population to these fibers. Exposure to talc is also a risk factor for mesothelioma; exposure can affect those who live near talc mines, work in talc mines, or work in talc mills. In the United States, asbestos is considered the major cause of malignant mesothelioma and has been considered "indisputably" associated with the development of mesothelioma. Indeed, the relationship between asbestos and mesothelioma
3060-487: The index from July 3, 1956, to April 7, 2004. It was one of three components to be dropped in the 2004 change, together with AT&T Corporation and Eastman Kodak . Beginning February 1, 2007, the sale of the beverage-packaging division was completed as New Zealand billionaire Graeme Hart won the bid with purchase price of nearly $ 800 million. The division now operates under the Evergreen label. On March 17, 2008,
3128-526: The lesion culminated in a morphologically malignant tumor. Experimental evidence suggests that asbestos acts as a complete carcinogen with the development of mesothelioma occurring in sequential stages of initiation and promotion. The molecular mechanisms underlying the malignant transformation of normal mesothelial cells by asbestos fibers remain unclear despite the demonstration of its oncogenic capabilities (see next-but-one paragraph). However, complete in vitro transformation of normal human mesothelial cells to
3196-409: The letters "I" and "P" which formed a stylized arrow also resembling a tree surrounded by a circle. A primary constraint in the design process was the need for a logo simple enough that it could be stenciled onto trees and lumber intended for paper production. On March 7, 2023, the company announced a rebrand to coincide with the company's 125th anniversary. The rebrand included a new logo which features
3264-551: The lung , a swollen abdomen, chest wall pain, cough, feeling tired, and weight loss. These symptoms typically come on slowly. More than 80% of mesothelioma cases are caused by exposure to asbestos . The greater the exposure the greater the risk. As of 2013, about 125 million people worldwide have been exposed to asbestos at work. High rates of disease occur in people who mine asbestos, produce products from asbestos, work with asbestos products, live with asbestos workers, or work in buildings containing asbestos. Asbestos exposure and
3332-477: The lung are transported to the abdomen and associated organs via the lymphatic system . Additionally, asbestos fibers may be deposited in the gut after ingestion of sputum contaminated with asbestos fibers. Pleural contamination with asbestos or other mineral fibers has been shown to cause cancer. Long thin asbestos fibers (blue asbestos, amphibole fibers) are more potent carcinogens than "feathery fibers" ( chrysotile or white asbestos fibers). However, there
3400-475: The nature of their products, paper plants are highly flammable. Therefore, International Paper Company frequently used asbestos insulation in its walls, floors, and roofs as a protective measure. Asbestos insulation was also used on pipes and boilers throughout International Paper plants. This material intended to protect people turned out to severely damage their health The producers did not reveal that their asbestos products were dangerous, even though asbestos
3468-638: The northeastern United States. Its founders and first two presidents were William Augustus Russell , who died suddenly in January 1899, and Hugh J. Chisholm . Philip Tell Dodge, president of the Mergenthaler Linotype Company , served as its chairman for 11 years. The invention of the Linotype dramatically increased the size of newspapers and the need for newsprint . The newly formed company supplied 60 percent of all newsprint in
SECTION 50
#17327974766843536-427: The northern Greek mountain town of Metsovo , this exposure had resulted in mesothelioma incidence around 300 times more than expected in asbestos-free populations, and was associated with very frequent pleural calcification known as Metsovo lung . The documented presence of asbestos fibers in water supplies and food products has fostered concerns about the possible impact of long-term and, as yet, unknown exposure of
3604-607: The oncogenic process by directly and indirectly interacting with DNA, modifying membrane-associated cellular events, including oncogene activation and perturbation of cellular antioxidant defences. Asbestos also may possess immunosuppressive properties. For example, chrysotile fibres have been shown to depress the in vitro proliferation of phytohemagglutinin-stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes, suppress natural killer cell lysis and significantly reduce lymphokine-activated killer cell viability and recovery. Furthermore, genetic alterations in asbestos-activated macrophages may result in
3672-643: The onset of cancer are generally separated by about 40 years. Washing the clothing of someone who worked with asbestos also increases the risk. Other risk factors include genetics and infection with the simian virus 40 . The diagnosis may be suspected based on chest X-ray and CT scan findings, and is confirmed by either examining fluid produced by the cancer or by a tissue biopsy of the cancer. Prevention focuses on reducing exposure to asbestos. Treatment often includes surgery, radiation therapy , and chemotherapy . A procedure known as pleurodesis , which involves using substances such as talc to scar together
3740-401: The pleura is critical to the pathogenesis of mesothelioma. This is supported by the observed recruitment of significant numbers of macrophages and other cells of the immune system to localized lesions of accumulated asbestos fibers in the pleural and peritoneal cavities of rats. These lesions continued to attract and accumulate macrophages as the disease progressed, and cellular changes within
3808-873: The pleura. There are numerous tests and panels available, but no single test is perfect for distinguishing mesothelioma from carcinoma or even benign versus malignant. The positive markers indicate that mesothelioma is present; if other markers are positive it may indicate another type of cancer, such as breast or lung adenocarcinoma. Calretinin is a particularly important marker in distinguishing mesothelioma from metastatic breast or lung cancer. There are three main histological subtypes of malignant mesothelioma: epithelioid, sarcomatous, and biphasic. Epithelioid and biphasic mesothelioma make up approximately 75-95% of mesotheliomas and have been well characterized histologically, whereas sarcomatous mesothelioma has not been studied extensively. Most mesotheliomas express high levels of cytokeratin 5 regardless of subtype. Epithelioid mesothelioma
3876-622: The release of potent mesothelial cell mitogens such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and transforming growth factor -β (TGF-β) which in turn, may induce the chronic stimulation and proliferation of mesothelial cells after injury by asbestos fibres. Diagnosis of mesothelioma can be suspected with imaging but is confirmed with biopsy. It must be clinically and histologically differentiated from other pleural and pulmonary malignancies, including reactive pleural disease, primary lung carcinoma , pleural metastases of other cancers, and other primary pleural cancers. Primary pericardial mesothelioma
3944-461: The relevant asbestos training. In a recent research carried on white American population in 2012, it was found that people with a germline mutation in their BAP1 gene are at higher risk of developing mesothelioma and uveal melanoma . Erionite is a zeolite mineral with similar properties to asbestos and is known to cause mesothelioma. Detailed epidemiological investigation has shown that erionite causes mesothelioma mostly in families with
4012-445: The result of exposure to asbestos dust brought home on the clothing and hair of asbestos workers via washing a worker's clothes or coming into contact with asbestos-contaminated work clothing. To reduce the chance of exposing family members to asbestos fibres, asbestos workers are usually required to shower and change their clothing before leaving the workplace. Many building materials used in both public and domestic premises prior to
4080-408: The risks associated with asbestos exposure were not publicly known. However, an increased risk of developing mesothelioma was later found among naval personnel (e.g., Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard), shipyard workers, people who work in asbestos mines and mills, producers of asbestos products, workers in the heating and construction industries, and other tradespeople. Today, the official position of
4148-469: The second-largest producer of lumber in North America, after Weyerhaeuser Company . Under pressure from budget sequestration in 2013 , the federal government of the United States (IP's largest customer) moved from physical checks to cheaper electronic transactions. The company's former logo was designed by American graphic designers Lester Beall and Richard Rogers in 1960. The logo featured
SECTION 60
#17327974766844216-704: The striking paperworkers. In 1986, the company acquired the Hammermill Paper Company , founded in 1898, which managed eleven papermills nationwide, and had its corporate offices based in Erie, PA; in 1988, the Masonite Corporation; and in 1989, the German paper company Zanders Feinpapiere AG and the French paper manufacturer Aussedat Rey. In 1996, it purchased Federal Paper Board. In 1999,
4284-568: The town occurred in 1960. The second case was in 1969, and new cases began to appear more frequently thereafter. The lag time between initial exposure to asbestos and the development of mesothelioma varied from 12 years 9 months up to 58 years. A cohort study of miners employed at the mine reported that 85 deaths attributable to mesothelioma had occurred by 1985. By 1994, 539 reported deaths due to mesothelioma had been reported in Western Australia. Occupational exposure to asbestos in
4352-711: The tumor encasing or infiltrating the heart. In severe cases of the disease, the following signs and symptoms may be present: If a mesothelioma forms metastases , these most commonly involve the liver , adrenal gland , kidney , or other lung. Working with asbestos is the most common risk factor for mesothelioma. However, mesothelioma has been reported in some individuals without any known exposure to asbestos. Tentative evidence also raises concern about carbon nanotubes . The incidence of mesothelioma has been found to be higher in populations living near naturally occurring asbestos. People can be exposed to naturally occurring asbestos in areas where mining or road construction
4420-717: The world. Rates are higher in Australia, the United Kingdom, and lower in Japan. It occurs in about 3,000 people per year in the United States. It occurs more often in males than females. Rates of disease have increased since the 1950s. Diagnosis typically occurs after the age of 65 and most deaths occur around 70 years old. The disease was rare before the commercial use of asbestos. Symptoms or signs of mesothelioma may not appear until 20 to 50 years (or more) after exposure to asbestos. Shortness of breath, cough, and pain in
4488-411: Was demanding wage reductions and other givebacks despite record profits. The mill eventually reopened with permanent replacements . In 2006, International Paper sold the plant to Verso Holdings, LLC, and 1,000 people worked in the mill at that time. In 2015, Verso laid off 300 workers. A year later, it filed for bankruptcy. In 2017, it laid off an additional 300 people and idled a machine. In April 2020,
4556-402: Was designed and rests amid the two existing towers and courtyard. The Crump Firm designed the eleven-story, 234,000 square foot tower to include offices, conference rooms, training rooms and dining facilities. The exterior granite was bought and warehoused in the mid-1980s with the intent that its construction would mimic that of the earlier towers. However, inclusion of seismic criteria to
4624-473: Was known to cause illnesses as far back as the 1920s. Consequently, many former employees of International Paper have been diagnosed with mesothelioma following decades of service. The book Betrayal of Local 14: Paperworkers, Politics, and Permanent Replacements was written about the strike at the Androscoggin Mill. The book was written by Julius Gerson Getman, who was an attorney representing
#683316