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43-517: Anfu is the home of noted Chinese lawyer Huang Rui ( 黄蕊 ) and the birthplace of political activist Xu Wenli . In the present, Anfu County has 6 towns, 4 townships and 1 ethnic township. Towns: Townships: The population of the district was 383,414 in 1999. Anfu ham is an ancient dry-cured ham that originated in Anfu County and dates to the Qin dynasty . This Jiangxi location article

86-506: A bill of rights or similar document. They are also defined in international human rights instruments , such as the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the 1966 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights . Civil and political rights need not be codified to be protected. However, most democracies worldwide do have formal written guarantees of civil and political rights. Civil rights are considered to be natural rights . Thomas Jefferson wrote in his A Summary View of

129-589: A Chinese opposition party with Qin Yongmin and dissidents from across the nation. On 9 November 1998, Xu, together with Zha Jianguo, Gao Hongming, He Depu, and Liu Shizun, established the Beijing and Tianjin branches of the China Democracy Party. He was arrested on the 30th of that month, and sentenced to 13 years in prison with revocation of all political rights for 3 years. On 24 December 2002, Xu

172-464: A comprehensive reform of Chinese society in his "Gengshen Reform Proposal". On 1 October 1979, he participated in organizing and leading a series of events including the " Stars " (Xingxing) art exhibition demonstration. Therefore, in 1981, Xu was found guilty of spreading counter revolutionary propaganda and incitement. Xu was arrested on 9 April 1981, and sentenced to 15 years in prison with revocation of all political rights for 4 years in 1982. He

215-538: A role. Implied or unenumerated rights are rights that courts may find to exist even though not expressly guaranteed by written law or custom; one example is the right to privacy in the United States , and the Ninth Amendment explicitly shows that other rights are also protected. The United States Declaration of Independence states that people have unalienable rights including "Life, Liberty, and

258-688: A total of 28 years in jail, of which he served 16. After his exile to the United States on 24 December 2002, Xu received an honorary doctorate degree from Brown University , and has since worked at the university's Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs as a senior research fellow. Xu Wenli's ancestral home is in Anqing, Anhui Province, China. He was born in Anfu County , Jiangxi Province, China, on 9 July 1943, during China's War of Resistance against Japan . His father, Xu Yuwen ,

301-605: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Xu Wenli Xu Wenli ( Chinese : 徐文立 ) (born on 9 July 1943), is a Chinese political activist and one of the leaders of the China Democracy Party . Xu organized and participated in the Democracy Wall movement and acted as the chief editor for the journal April Fifth Forum. Xu was twice arrested by the Chinese government and sentenced to

344-519: Is a translation of Latin jus civis (right of the citizen). Roman citizens could be either free ( libertas ) or servile ( servitus ), but they all had rights in law. After the Edict of Milan in 313, these rights included the freedom of religion; however, in 380, the Edict of Thessalonica required all subjects of the Roman Empire to profess Nicene Christianity. Roman legal doctrine was lost during

387-510: Is a well-known non-profit organization that helps to preserve freedom of speech and works to change policy. Another organization is the NAACP , founded in 1909, which focuses on protecting the civil rights of minorities. The NRA is a civil rights group founded in 1871 that primarily focuses on protecting the right to bear arms. These organizations serve a variety of causes, one being the AFL–CIO , which

430-607: Is currently the chairman. 3 December 2004: Founded the China Democracy Party Overseas Exile Headquarters, and is currently the general convener of the Headquarters. 9 March 2005: Reiterated his political program: "To abandon one-party dictatorship, lay aside the issue of Taiwanese independence, restore a democratic China, and build an equal and prosperous federation." 15 May 2006: Proposed A Direction and Timeline Regarding

473-402: Is that if individuals have fewer political rights than are they more likely to commit political violence such as in countries where individual rights are highly restricted. That is why it is important for countries to protect the political rights of all citizens including minority groups. This extends to racial, ethnic, tribal, and religious groups. By granting them the same rights it helps reduce

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516-546: The English Bill of Rights in 1689. It was one of the influences drawn on by George Mason and James Madison when drafting the Virginia Declaration of Rights in 1776. The Virginia declaration heavily influenced the U.S. Bill of Rights (1789). The removal by legislation of a civil right constitutes a "civil disability". In early 19th century Britain, the phrase "civil rights" most commonly referred to

559-596: The right to a fair trial , (in some countries) the right to keep and bear arms , freedom of religion , freedom from discrimination , and voting rights . They were pioneered in the seventeenth and eighteenth-century during the Age of Enlightenment . Political theories associated with the English, American, and French revolutions were codified in the English Bill of Rights in 1689 (a restatement of Rights of Englishmen , some dating back to Magna Carta in 1215) and more fully in

602-427: The right to assemble , the right to petition , the right of self-defense , and the right to vote . These rights also must follow the legal norm as in they must have the force of law and fit into the system of administrative justice. A key feature in modern society is that the more a state can guarantee political rights of citizens the better the states relations are with its citizens. Civil and political rights form

645-627: The April Fifth Forum became the longest-lasting civilian-run publication of the Democracy Wall Movement, publishing a total of 17 issues between November 1978 and January 1980. In establishing a political opposition party, Xu met and had discussions with Wang Xizhe, Sun Weibang, and Liu Er’an, at Ganjiakou , Beijing, China, from 10–12 June 1980. As a result, Xu was found guilty in 1981 of the crime of organizing counterrevolutionary groups. On 15 November 1980, Xu proposed

688-816: The Beijing Railroad Branch from 1969 to 1981. In 1977, he applied to the publication history major in the Journalism Department at Beijing University. On 9 April 1981, Xu was arrested. As a key organizer and active participant, Xu played an instrumental role in the Chinese Democracy Wall movement of the late 1970s. He served as Chief Editor of April Fifth Forum , the first journal of the Democracy Wall movement to be privately run by civilians. The journal's main partners were Zhao Nan and Lv Pu. Under Xu's leadership,

731-529: The Chinese higher education system and its teaching methods. Determined to be an independent thinker and learner, Xu self-taught himself philosophy, political science, history, world literature, and supported himself on several study trips to the Chinese countryside from 1963 to 1964. Between the years of 1964 and 1969, Xu served in the People's Liberation Army Naval Air Force . After his demobilization, Xu worked at

774-914: The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen in 1789 and the United States Bill of Rights in 1791. They were enshrined at the global level and given status in international law first by Articles 3 to 21 of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights and later in the 1966 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights . In Europe, they were enshrined in the European Convention on Human Rights in 1953. There are current organizations that exist to protect people's civil and political rights in case they are infringed upon. The ACLU , founded in 1920,

817-481: The High School Affiliated to Northeast Normal University, together with his eldest sister. In 1960, he left for Beijing to live with his mother and his second eldest sister and brother, while studying at Beijing No.7 High School (Bei Jing Shi Di Qi Zhong Xue). In 1963, after finishing high school with an outstanding performance, Xu decided not to apply for college because of his dissatisfaction towards

860-684: The Implementation of Political Reform on Mainland China on behalf of the China Democracy Party Overseas Exile Headquarters to the Chinese Government in the People's Republic of China. 5 June 2007: Elected Chairman for the China Democracy Party's Joint Headquarters at the first Overseas Representatives Assembly. This assembly espoused the three key objectives, namely to 1) emulate the First Asian Republic as initiated by

903-520: The Middle Ages, but claims of universal rights could still be made based on Christian doctrine. According to the leaders of Kett's Rebellion (1549), "all bond men may be made free, for God made all free with his precious blood-shedding." In the 17th century, English common law judge Sir Edward Coke revived the idea of rights based on citizenship by arguing that Englishmen had historically enjoyed such rights . The Parliament of England adopted

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946-502: The Rights of British America that "a free people [claim] their rights as derived from the laws of nature, and not as the gift of their chief magistrate ." The question of to whom civil and political rights apply is a subject of controversy. Although in many countries citizens are considered to have greater protections against infringement of rights than non-citizens, civil and political rights are generally considered to be universal rights that apply to all persons . One thing to mention

989-652: The United States gathered steam by 1848 with such documents as the Declaration of Sentiment. Consciously modeled after the Declaration of Independence , the Declaration of Rights and Sentiments became the founding document of the American women's movement, and it was adopted at the Seneca Falls Convention, July 19 and 20, 1848. Worldwide, several political movements for equality before

1032-435: The area include Wesley Newcomb Hohfeld , and Jean Edward Smith . First-generation rights, often called "blue" rights, deal essentially with liberty and participation in political life. They are fundamentally civil and political in nature, as well as strongly individualistic : They serve negatively to protect the individual from excesses of the state. First-generation rights include, among other things, freedom of speech ,

1075-719: The around-the-world torch relay titled "Towards A Republic. Passing the Torch. In Remembrance of the Founding of the Country from the Xinhai Revolution." 6 June 2011: Re-elected as the chairman of the National Joint Headquarters of the China Democracy Party at its Second Overseas Representatives Assembly. In 2013, at age 70, Xu retired from Brown University. On 9 July, Xu voluntarily resigned from

1118-420: The bathroom of his choice is a well known case in these civil right fights. Another issue in civil rights has been the issue with police brutality in certain communities especially minority communities. This has been seen as another way for minority groups to be oppressed and their rights infringed upon. Outrage has also been a massive result of incidents caught on tape of police abusing and in some cases causing

1161-701: The book A Survey of the Normal Human Social Order in Hong Kong. 25 September 2009: Launched the signing of the "Peace Agreement", a public letter to leaders across the Taiwan Strait, aiming to build a constitutional democratic China based on "The Three Haves of Citizens". (Announced on The New York Times) 2010: Successfully participated in the nomination of Liu Xiaobo for the Nobel Peace Prize. March 2010: Started launching

1204-519: The chairman position at the China Democracy Party's Joint Headquarters. Political rights Civil and political rights are a class of rights that protect individuals ' freedom from infringement by governments , social organizations , and private individuals. They ensure one's entitlement to participate in the civil and political life of society and the state . Civil rights generally include ensuring peoples' physical and mental integrity, life , and safety , protection from discrimination ,

1247-463: The deaths of people from minority groups such as African Americans. That is why to address the issue has been accountability to police engaging in such conduct as a way to deter other officers from committing similar actions. T. H. Marshall notes that civil rights were among the first to be recognized and codified, followed later by political rights and still later by social rights. In many countries, they are constitutional rights and are included in

1290-563: The forerunners of the 1911 Xinhai Revolution; 2) honor the establishment of the Second Republic during the 1946 National Constitution Assembly; and, 3) build a Third Chinese Republic on the principles of freedom, prosperity, equality of human rights, and constitutional democracy. 2008: Finished studies on "The Two Cornerstones of a Free Democratic Society and the Three Fulcrums of a Normal Human Society". 15 November: published

1333-502: The government intervene to protect individuals from infringement on their rights by other individuals , or from corporations —e.g., in what way should employment discrimination in the private sector be dealt with? Political theory deals with civil and political rights. Robert Nozick and John Rawls expressed competing visions in Nozick's Anarchy, State, and Utopia and Rawls' A Theory of Justice . Other influential authors in

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1376-552: The issue of such legal discrimination against Catholics. In the House of Commons , support for civil rights was divided, with many politicians agreeing with the existing civil disabilities of Catholics. The Roman Catholic Relief Act of 1829 restored their civil rights. In the United States, the term civil rights has been associated with the civil rights movement (1954–1968), which fought against racism. The movement also fought segregation and Jim Crow laws and this fight took place in

1419-424: The law occurred between approximately 1950 and 1980. These movements had a legal and constitutional aspect, and resulted in much law-making at both national and international levels. They also had an activist side, particularly in situations where violations of rights were widespread. Movements with the proclaimed aim of securing observance of civil and political rights included: Most civil rights movements relied on

1462-463: The original and main part of international human rights . They comprise the first portion of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (with economic, social, and cultural rights comprising the second portion). The theory of three generations of human rights considers this group of rights to be "first-generation rights", and the theory of negative and positive rights considers them to be generally negative rights . The phrase "civil rights"

1505-653: The pursuit of Happiness". It is considered by some that the sole purpose of government is the protection of life, liberty , and property. Some thinkers have argued that the concepts of self-ownership and cognitive liberty affirm rights to choose the food one eats, the medicine one takes , and the habit one indulges . Civil rights guarantee equal protection under the law. When civil and political rights are not guaranteed to all as part of equal protection of laws , or when such guarantees exist on paper but are not respected in practice, opposition, legal action and even social unrest may ensue. Civil rights movements in

1548-421: The right to privacy , the freedom of thought , speech , religion , press , assembly , and movement . Political rights include natural justice (procedural fairness) in law , such as the rights of the accused , including the right to a fair trial ; due process ; the right to seek redress or a legal remedy ; and rights of participation in civil society and politics such as freedom of association ,

1591-472: The risk of political violence breaking out. According to political scientist Salvador Santino F. Regilme Jr., analyzing the causes of and lack of protection from human rights abuses in the Global South should be focusing on the interactions of domestic and international factors—an important perspective that has usually been systematically neglected in the social science literature. Custom also plays

1634-817: The streets, in public places, in government, and in the courts including the Supreme Court. The civil rights movement was also not the only movement fighting for civil rights as The Black Panthers were also a group focused on fighting racism and Jim Crow. Other things that civil rights have been associated with are not just race but also rights of Transgender and other LGBTQ individuals. These have been fights over sexuality instead of race and focused around whether these individuals may access certain spaces like bathrooms according to their sexual identity or biological sex. Gavin Grimm's fight in Virginia over whether he could use

1677-560: The technique of civil resistance , using nonviolent methods to achieve their aims. In some countries, struggles for civil rights were accompanied, or followed, by civil unrest and even armed rebellion. While civil rights movements over the last sixty years have resulted in an extension of civil and political rights, the process was long and tenuous in many countries, and many of these movements did not achieve or fully achieve their objectives. Questions about civil and political rights have frequently emerged. For example, to what extent should

1720-951: Was a general officer in the War of Resistance against Japan, serving as a surgeon and the director of the Rear Hospital. After Chinese victory on 15 August 1945, Xu and his parents relocated to Nanjing , the new capital of the Kuomintang National Government. Afterwards, Xu successively lived in Chu County in Anhui Province, Fuzhou City in Fujian Province and Anqing City in Anhui Province, where he graduated from elementary school. In 1957, he left for Changchun City in Jilin Province to study at

1763-475: Was awarded an honorary doctorate by Brown University. Xu worked at Brown's Watson Institute of International Studies as a senior research fellow from 2003 to 2013. Since 28 January 2004, Xu has been teaching an International Relations Seminar Class titled "Chinese Democracy Wall: History of Chinese Democracy, Chinese Modern History and Chinese History." 26 March 2003: Founded the Caring for China Center (CCC) and

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1806-501: Was emancipated on 26 May 1993, after which he dedicated his time travelling to prepare for and advance ideas of forming a Chinese opposition party. On 29 November 1997, Xu, proposed a political program to "end the single-party system, establish the Third Republic, rebuild constitutional democracy, and protect human rights and freedom" and the political route of "transparency, rationality, peace, and non-violence", and established

1849-626: Was exiled to America on grounds of medical parole. New York Times hails Xu Wenli as "China's Most Prominent Political Prisoner." Amnesty International regarded Xu a prisoner of conscience . Nancy Pelosi says, "Mr. Xu is one of China's bravest, most eloquent and also most measured advocates of democracy." Washington Post claims, "In the struggle for the values that matter most, Mr. Xu and his compatriots, not their captors, should be recognized as America's true partners." BBC terms Xu Wenli "The Godfather of Dissent." Original "Rational Structure of Human Society" in prison. On 26 May 2003, Xu

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