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107-642: The AVA volunteers assist the U.S. Forest Service in its efforts to maintain forest resources and to provide visitors with opportunities to enjoy outdoor activities, such as camping, picnicking, hiking and fishing. To meet those goals, the AVA volunteers maintain annual and bi-annual training and certification in a broad spectrum of forest-related issues such as First aid , Situation awareness , radio communications, Interpersonal relationship and Conflict resolution training, all designed to assist volunteers to work professionally with forest visitors. AVA volunteers work with

214-558: A medical emergency , with care provided to preserve life, prevent the condition from worsening, or to promote recovery until medical services arrive. First aid is generally performed by someone with basic medical or first response training. Mental health first aid is an extension of the concept of first aid to cover mental health, while psychological first aid is used as early treatment of people who are at risk for developing PTSD . Conflict first aid, focused on preservation and recovery of an individual's social or relationship well-being,

321-661: A decisive victory against a numerically superior force that made use of firearms. When the Ottomans departed, the Hospitallers had but 600 men able to bear arms. The most reliable estimate puts the number of the Ottoman army at its height at some 40,000 men, of whom 15,000 eventually returned to Constantinople. The siege is portrayed vividly in the frescoes of Matteo Pérez in the Hall of St. Michael and St. George, also known as

428-648: A direct part in supporting the Malta native Iacob Heraclid who, in 1561, established a temporary foothold in Moldavia . The Hospitallers also continued their maritime actions against Muslims and especially the Barbary pirates . Although they had only a few ships, they quickly drew the ire of the Ottomans , who were unhappy to see the order resettled. In 1565 Suleiman sent an invasion force of about 40,000 men to besiege

535-405: A guide for most of cases. It mentions the following steps: Another European protocol, which appeared in the field of construction of Czech Republic to react to any emergence . Their steps (which have not any mnemonic) are: Certain skills are considered essential to the provision of first aid and are taught ubiquitously. If there are dangers around (such as fire, electric dangers or others)

642-470: A long time now nothing at all. We only have something to keep us going, Sire, in your own Kingdom and in Spain. Maltese authorities did not mention the fact that they were making a substantial profit policing the seas and seizing infidel ships and cargoes. The authorities on Malta immediately recognised the importance of corsairing to their economy and set about encouraging it, as despite their vows of poverty,

749-483: A more militarized force. In 1334, they fought an attempted invasion by Andronicus and his Turkish auxiliaries, and in 1374 they took over the defence of nearby Smyrna on the Anatolian coast, which had been conquered by a crusade in 1344 ; the knights held the city until it was besieged and taken by Timur in 1402. On the peninsula of Halicarnassus (present-day Bodrum ), the knights reinforced their position with

856-583: A number of years, was tightly regulated as the island's government attempted to haul in the unscrupulous knights and appease the European powers and limited benefactors. Yet these efforts were not altogether successful, as the Consiglio del Mer received numerous complaints around the year 1700 of Maltese piracy in the region. Ultimately, the rampant over-indulgence in privateering in the Mediterranean

963-611: A system of practical medical help, starting with making a grant towards the establishment of the UK's first ambulance service. This was followed by creating its own wheeled transport litter in 1875 (the St John Ambulance), and in 1877 established the St John Ambulance Association (the forerunner of modern-day St John Ambulance ) "to train men and women for the benefit of the sick and wounded". Also in

1070-400: A trained medical professional provides. First aid involves making common sense decisions in the best interest of an injured person. A first aid intervention would follow an order, which would try to attend in the best manner the main threats for the life and mobility of the victim. There are some first aid protocols (such as ATLS, BATLS and SAFE-POINT) that define which are the priorities and

1177-513: Is ABCDE , or its improved version (cs)ABCDE (sometimes called xABCDE , the words in the mnemonic may vary): It is a simplified version of the previous cAsBCDE (or ABCDE) protocol, and focuses in applying cardio-pulmonary resuscitation to a patient. The American Heart Association and the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation teach it as a reference. Its mnemonic is ABC or CABD (an improvement in

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1284-505: Is an obstruction in the airway A hyperglycemia or hyperglycaemia is an excessive level of blood sugars. A hypoglycemia or hypoglycaemia is an excessive fall of blood sugars in a diabetic patient. It almost always occurs by a problem with a medication to reduce the sugar level in blood. A drowning is a suffocation into a liquid substance. First aid for drowning are very similar to those for cardiorespiratory arrest, but starting with 2 initial ventilations. A cardiac infarction

1391-594: Is being piloted in Canada . There are many situations that may require first aid, and many countries have legislation, regulation, or guidance, which specifies a minimum level of first aid provision in certain circumstances. This can include specific training or equipment to be available in the workplace (such as an automated external defibrillator ), the provision of specialist first aid cover at public gatherings, or mandatory first aid training within schools. Generally, five steps are associated with first aid: Skills of what

1498-516: Is now known as first aid have been recorded throughout history, especially in relation to warfare , where the care of both traumatic and medical cases is required in particularly large numbers. The bandaging of battle wounds is shown on Classical Greek pottery from c.  500 BC , whilst the parable of the Good Samaritan includes references to binding or dressing wounds. There are numerous references to first aid performed within

1605-414: Is similar to the European protocol, because it also has a wider range than the common csABCDE (or ABCDE) protocol, and includes other tasks that are previous to the first aid techniques themselves. The order of the steps is changed, and the experience with it is lesser, but it adds the idea of a posterior 'aftermath' phase. The mnemonic AMEGA refers to: ATLS and BATLS protocols They are basically

1712-400: Is the sudden lack of blood supply to the heart, normally because of a problem in one of its arteries. A stroke is a sudden lack of blood supply to the brain. The primary goal of first aid is to prevent death or serious injury from worsening. The key aims of first aid can be summarized with the acronym of 'the three Ps': First aid is not medical treatment, and cannot be compared with what

1819-575: The Ad providam bull that turned over much of their property to the Hospitallers. At Rhodes, and later Malta, the resident knights of each langue were headed by a bailiff . The English Grand Prior at the time was Philip De Thame , who acquired the estates allocated to the English langue from 1330 to 1358. On Rhodes, the Hospitallers, by then also referred to as the Knights of Rhodes , were forced to become

1926-630: The ATLS (Advanced Trauma Life Support) version was developed by the American College of Surgeons, focusing in the particular needs of trauma and specifically in the spinal injuries. And the BATLS (Battlefield Advanced Trauma Life Support) version is an improvement for the British Army that added the concept of 'catastrophic bleeding'. As a result, the mnemonic of the steps of this protocol

2033-826: The Fatimid caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah destroyed the hospital and three thousand other buildings in Jerusalem. Merchants from Amalfi in southern Italy were given permission by the Egyptian Fatimid Caliph al-Mustansir Billah ( r.  1036–1094 ) to build a monastery in Jerusalem, near the Church of the Holy Sepulchre . The monastery, known as the abbey of St Mary of the Latins (to distinguish them from local Syriac Orthodox Church hierarchy),

2140-692: The Franco-Prussian War on care for wounded comrades using pre-learnt bandaging and splinting skills, and making use of the Esmarch bandage which he designed. The bandage was issued as standard to the Prussian combatants, and also included aide-memoire pictures showing common uses. In 1872, the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem in England changed its focus from hospice care, and set out to start

2247-527: The Holy Land . During the late 18th century, drowning as a cause of death was a major concern amongst the population. In 1767, a society for the preservation of life from accidents in water was started in Amsterdam , and in 1773, physician William Hawes began publicizing the power of artificial respiration as means of resuscitation of those who appeared drowned. This led to the formation, in 1774, of

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2354-675: The Johanniterorden to its continuing place as the chief non-Roman Catholic branch of the Knights Hospitaller. The Knights of Malta had a strong presence within the Imperial Russian Navy and the pre- revolutionary French Navy . When Phillippe de Longvilliers de Poincy was appointed governor of the French colony on Saint Kitts in 1639, he was a prominent Knight of St. John and dressed his retinue with

2461-617: The Ottoman -endorsed Barbary pirates operating out of North Africa. Boosted by an air of invincibility following the successful defence of their island in 1565, and compounded by the Christian victory over the Ottoman fleet in the Battle of Lepanto in 1571, the knights set about protecting Christian merchant shipping to and from the Levant and freeing the captured Christian slaves who formed

2568-632: The Public Library was established in 1761. The University was founded seven years later, followed, in 1786, by a School of Mathematics and Nautical Sciences. Despite these developments, some of the Maltese grew to resent the Order, which they viewed as a privileged class. This even included some of the local nobility , who were not admitted to the Order. In Rhodes, the knights had been housed in auberges (inns) segregated by Langues. This structure

2675-569: The Roman army , with a system of first aid supported by surgeons, field ambulances, and hospitals. Roman legions had the specific role of capsarii, who were responsible for first aid such as bandaging, and are the forerunners of the modern combat medic . Further examples occur through history, still mostly related to battle, with examples such as the Knights Hospitaller in the 11th century AD, providing care to pilgrims and knights in

2782-585: The Society for the Recovery of Persons Apparently Drowned , later the Royal Humane Society , who did much to promote resuscitation. Napoleon 's surgeon, Baron Dominique-Jean Larrey , is credited with creating an ambulance corps, the ambulance volantes , which included medical assistants, tasked to administer first aid in battle. In 1859, Swiss businessman Jean-Henri Dunant witnessed

2889-587: The reconquest of the Holy Land by Islamic forces , the knights operated from Rhodes, over which they were sovereign , and later from Malta, where they administered a vassal state under the Spanish viceroy of Sicily . The Hospitallers were one of the smallest groups to have colonized parts of the Americas, briefly acquiring four Caribbean islands in the mid-17th century, which they turned over to France in

2996-637: The "Land of Severin" ( Terra de Zeurino ), along with the nearby mountains, from Béla IV of Hungary , as shown by a charter of grant issued on 2 June 1247. The Banate of Severin was a march , or border province, of the Kingdom of Hungary between the Lower Danube and the Olt River , today part of Romania, and back then bordered across the Danube by a powerful Bulgarian Empire . The Hospitaller hold on

3103-617: The 1660s. The knights became divided during the Protestant Reformation , when rich commanderies of the order in northern Germany and the Netherlands became Protestant and largely separated from the Catholic main stem, remaining separate to this day ; modern ecumenical relations between the descendant chivalric orders are amicable. The order was suppressed in England, Denmark, and other parts of northern Europe, and

3210-516: The 700 knights and 8,000 soldiers and expel them from Malta and gain a new base from which to possibly launch another assault on Europe. This is known as the Great Siege of Malta . At first the battle went as badly for the Hospitallers as Rhodes had: most of the cities were destroyed and about half the knights killed. On 18 August, the position of the besieged was becoming desperate: dwindling daily in numbers, they were becoming too feeble to hold

3317-458: The AVA work with the Board to establish work schedules, handle finance decisions, and set the scope and venue of work to take place during the coming months. Angeles Volunteer Association, Post Office Box 611, Glendora, CA. 91740 First aid ‹The template Manual is being considered for merging .›   First aid is the first and immediate assistance given to any person with

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3424-579: The Apostles. A historian of the Order in the 13th century wrote that this version was not true. In any case, the Hospitallers rose to fame and prestige in a short amount of time. By the time of the success of the First Crusade in 1099, the Hospital of St John was already well known among pilgrims and was regarded as a separate organization from the monastery of St Mary. The monastic brothers at

3531-672: The Banate was only brief. After the fall of the Kingdom of Jerusalem in 1291 (the city of Jerusalem had fallen in 1187 ), the Knights were confined to the County of Tripoli and, when Acre was captured in 1291, the order sought refuge in the Kingdom of Cyprus . Finding themselves becoming enmeshed in Cypriot politics, their Master, Guillaume de Villaret , created a plan of acquiring their own temporal domain, selecting Rhodes , then part of

3638-559: The Byzantine Empire. He also reorganised the order into eight langues , or "tongues", corresponding to a geographic or ethno-linquistic area: the Crown of Aragon , Auvergne , Crown of Castile , Kingdom of England , France , Holy Roman Empire , Italy and Provence . Each was administered by a Prior or, if there was more than one priory in the langue, by a Grand Prior. Guillaume's successor, Foulques de Villaret , executed

3745-615: The Conqueror in 1480, who, after capturing Constantinople and defeating the Byzantine Empire in 1453 , made the Knights a priority target. In 1522, an entirely new sort of force arrived: 400 ships under the command of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent deployed as many as 100,000 men to the island, and possibly up 200,000. Under Grand Master Philippe Villiers de L'Isle-Adam , the knights, though well-fortified, only had about 7,000 men-at-arms. The siege lasted six months, after which

3852-654: The Crusaders on 22 August 1153. It is not clear if the role of the Hospitallers was only advisory or if they were involved in the fighting at Ascalon. The Hospitallers and the Knights Templar became the most formidable military orders in the Holy Land. Frederick Barbarossa , the Holy Roman Emperor , pledged his protection to the Knights of St. John in a charter of privileges granted in 1185. The statutes of Roger de Moulins (1187) deal only with

3959-528: The English branch was confiscated in 1540. The German Bailiwick of Brandenburg became Lutheran in 1577, then more broadly Evangelical, but continued to pay its financial contribution to the Order until 1812, when the Protector of the Order in Prussia, King Frederick William III , turned it into an order of merit; in 1852, his son and successor as Protector, King Frederick William IV of Prussia , restored

4066-434: The European states became more complacent about the Order, and more unwilling to grant money to an institution that was perceived to be earning a healthy sum on the high seas. Thus, a vicious cycle occurred, increasing the raids and reducing the grants received from the nation-states of Christendom to such an extent that the balance of payments on the island had become dependent on conquest. The European powers lost interest in

4173-776: The Forest Service, the visitor public, and with High Schools and Colleges to provide staffing for such wide services as Most of the volunteer work which the AVA does takes place within the San Gabriel River (California) Ranger District of the U. S. Forest Service, located North of the City of Azusa, California , often within the Crystal Lake Recreation Area of the Angeles National Forest . The Angeles Volunteer Association

4280-661: The French Navy over the long caravans favoured by the Maltese, and if the Knight desired, to indulge in some of the pleasures of a traditional debauched seaport. In return, the French gained and quickly assembled an experienced navy to stave off the threat of the Spanish and their Habsburg masters. The shift in attitudes of the Knights over this period is ably outlined by Paul Lacroix, who states: Inflated with wealth, laden with privileges which gave them almost sovereign powers ...

4387-404: The French Navy proving the most popular destination. This decision went against the knights' cardinal reason for existence, in that by serving a European power directly they faced the very real possibility that they would be fighting against another Roman Catholic force, as in the few Franco-Spanish naval skirmishes that occurred in this period. The biggest paradox is the fact that for many years

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4494-757: The Holy Land were built by the Templars and the Hospitallers. At the height of the Kingdom of Jerusalem , the Hospitallers held seven great forts and 140 other estates in the area. The two largest of these, their bases of power in the Kingdom and in the Principality of Antioch , were the Krak des Chevaliers and Margat in Syria. The property of the Order was divided into priories , subdivided into bailiwicks , which in turn were divided into commanderies . As early as

4601-681: The Hospitallers in Germany, into the Principality of Heitersheim , making the Grand Prior of Germany a prince of the Holy Roman Empire with a seat and vote in the Reichstag . The knights would stay in Malta for the next 268 years, transforming what they called "merely a rock of soft sandstone" into a flourishing island with mighty defences, whose capital city, Valletta , would become known as Superbissima , "Most Proud", among

4708-597: The Hospitallers in their wills in the 1120s, and in the early 1140s Pope Innocent II mentioned that the Hospitallers had "servants" to protect pilgrims. An account from a Hospitaller priest in 16th century stated that as the Order of St John became more wealthy it hired knights to defend its hospitals and pilgrims, and these knights eventually became Hospitallers themselves. It is known that secular knights and soldiers were hired by institutions in Jerusalem to provide protection after 1099, including churches, and some of them later joined military orders. The Order of Knights Templar

4815-426: The Hospitallers rose in prominence and were recognized as a distinct order by Pope Paschal II in 1113. The Order of Saint John was militarized in the 1120s and 1130s, hiring knights that later became Hospitallers. The organization became a military religious order under its own papal charter, charged with the care and defence of the Holy Land , and fought in the Crusades until the Siege of Acre in 1291. Following

4922-427: The Hospitallers was granted the status of Reichsfürst ( Prince of the Holy Roman Empire ), even though the Order's territory was always south of the Holy Roman Empire. In 1630, he was awarded ecclesiastic equality with cardinals , and the unique hybrid style His Most Eminent Highness , reflecting both qualities qualifying him as a true Prince of the Church . With their diminished strength and relocation to Malta in

5029-431: The Kingdom of France remained on amicable terms with the Ottoman Empire, the Knights' greatest and bitterest foe and purported sole purpose for existence. Paris signed many trade agreements with the Ottomans and agreed to an informal (and ultimately ineffective) cease-fire between the two states during this period. That the Knights associated themselves with the allies of their sworn enemies shows their moral ambivalence and

5136-413: The Knights boosted the economy, were charitable, and protected against Muslim attacks. Hospitals were among the first projects to be undertaken in Malta, where French soon supplanted Italian as the official language (though the native inhabitants continued to speak Maltese among themselves). The knights also constructed fortresses, watch towers, and naturally, churches. Its acquisition of Malta signalled

5243-429: The Knights were granted the ability to keep a portion of the spoglio , which was the prize money and cargo gained from a captured ship, along with the ability to fit out their own galleys with their new wealth. The great controversy that surrounded the knights' corso was their insistence on their policy of 'vista'. This enabled the Order to stop and board all shipping suspected of carrying Turkish goods and confiscate

5350-400: The Netherlands , and the Order of Saint John in Sweden . In 603, Pope Gregory I commissioned the Ravennate Abbot Probus, who was previously Gregory's emissary at the Lombard court, to build a hospital in Jerusalem to treat and care for Christian pilgrims to the Holy Land. In 800, Emperor Charlemagne enlarged Probus' hospital and added a library to it. About 200 years later, in 1009,

5457-518: The Order was granted more castles and towns by nobles that needed assistance in defending them, especially in the County of Tripoli and the Principality of Antioch . Those notably included the Krak des Chevaliers in 1142, which they received from Raymond II, Count of Tripoli . According to one estimate the Hospitallers had 25 castles as of 1180. In addition to defending them, the Hospitallers also undertook construction projects to build new castles or repair and expand existing ones, with an example of

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5564-423: The Ottoman fleet, was a serious blow. The Turkish commanders, Piali Pasha and Mustafa Pasha, were careless. They had a huge fleet which they used with effect on only one occasion. They neglected their communications with the African coast and made no attempt to watch and intercept Sicilian reinforcements. On 1 September they made their last effort, but the morale of the Ottoman troops had deteriorated seriously and

5671-413: The Templars. The other symbol of the Hospitallers, the "eight-pointed cross," is said to have originated in the Byzantine Empire before reaching the Duchy of Amalfi in Italy, and it was later used in Jerusalem by the monks that founded the Hospital of St John. After the Hospitallers moved to Malta, it became known as the Maltese cross . King Fulk of Jerusalem constructed several castles to defend

5778-412: The Throne Room, in the Grandmaster's Palace in Valletta ; four of the original modellos , painted in oils by Perez d'Aleccio between 1576 and 1581, can be found in the Cube Room of the Queen's House at Greenwich , London. After the siege a new city had to be built: the present capital city of Malta, named Valletta in memory of the Grand Master who had withstood the siege. In 1607, the Grand Master of

5885-431: The UK, Surgeon-Major Peter Shepherd had seen the advantages of von Esmarch's new teaching of first aid, and introduced an equivalent programme for the British Army, and so being the first user of "first aid for the injured" in English, disseminating information through a series of lectures. Following this, in 1878, Shepherd and Colonel Francis Duncan took advantage of the newly charitable focus of St John, and established

5992-437: The United States took place in Jermyn, Pennsylvania in 1899. List of some situations that require specific first aid, and information about them (in alphabetical order): A bleeding or hemorrhage is the uncontrolled escape of blood from any vein or artery. In wounds that are caused by an external agent, there can be an additional risk of infection. A cardiac arrest is the complete stop of heart function. A choking

6099-456: The abbey of St Mary as a church of the Holy See , placing it under his protection and exempting it from paying tithes on its land, on 19 June 1112. The monastic Hospitaller Order was formally created when the Pope issued the papal bull Pie postulatio voluntatis on 15 February 1113 to the head of the Hospital of St John, Blessed Gerard de Martigues . The Pope subordinated the hospital to his own authority and exempted it from paying tithes on

6206-480: The aftermath of the Battle of Solferino , and his work led to the formation of the Red Cross , with a key stated aim of "aid to sick and wounded soldiers in the field". The Red Cross and Red Crescent are still the largest provider of first aid worldwide. In 1870, Prussian military surgeon Friedrich von Esmarch introduced formalized first aid to the military, and first coined the term "erste hilfe" (translating to 'first aid'), including training for soldiers in

6313-401: The attack was feeble, to the great encouragement of the besieged, who now began to see hopes of deliverance. The perplexed and indecisive Ottomans heard of the arrival of Sicilian reinforcements in Mellieħa Bay. Unaware that the force was very small, they broke off the siege and left on 8 September. The Great Siege of Malta may have been the last action in history in which a force of knights won

6420-411: The basis of the Barbary corsairs' piratical trading and navies. This campaign became known as the "corso". Yet the Order soon struggled on a now reduced income. By policing the Mediterranean, they augmented the assumed responsibility of the traditional protectors of the Mediterranean, the naval city states of Venice and Genoa . Further compounding their financial woes; over the course of this period,

6527-492: The beginning of the Order's renewed naval activity. The building and fortification of Valletta, named for Grand Master la Valette , was begun in 1566, soon becoming the home port of one of the Mediterranean's most powerful navies. Valletta was designed by Francesco Laparelli , a military engineer, and his work was then taken up by Girolamo Cassar . The city was completed in 1571. The island's hospitals were expanded as well. The Sacra Infermeria could accommodate 500 patients and

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6634-404: The breaches, and the capture of Malta seemed more and more impossible. Many of the Ottoman troops in crowded quarters had fallen ill over the terrible summer months. Ammunition and food were beginning to run short, and the Ottoman troops were becoming increasingly dispirited by the failure of their attacks and their losses. The death on 23 June of skilled commander Dragut , a corsair and admiral of

6741-572: The cargo to be re-sold at Valletta, along with the ship's crew, who were by far the most valuable commodity on the ship. Naturally, many nations claimed to be victims of the knights' over-eagerness to stop and confiscate any goods remotely connected to the Turks. In an effort to regulate the growing problem, the authorities in Malta established a judicial court, the Consiglio del Mer, where captains who felt wronged could plead their case, often successfully. The practice of issuing privateering licenses and thus state endorsement, which had been in existence for

6848-413: The central Mediterranean, the knights found themselves devoid of their founding mission: assisting and joining the crusades in the Holy Land . Revenues subsequently dwindled as European sponsors were no longer willing to support a costly and seemingly redundant organization. The knights were forced to make do with their maritime location and turn to combating the increased threat of piracy, particularly from

6955-400: The common ABCDE and csABCDE protocol , but focusing in particular aspects. The preference for one or the other among these protocols can depend on the context and the audience. It comes from Red Cross and, as the European protocol, has a wider range than the common csABCDE (ABCDE) method. So it could be seen as a simplification of the European protocol, and, especially, easier to remember as

7062-446: The common csABCDE (ABCDE) method or its simplified CABD (ABC) variant about cardio-pulmonary resuscitation . The European method has a wider range than them, and their steps include tasks that are previous to the first aid techniques themselves. These are its steps (with no official mnemonic that helps to remember them): Some other known protocols that could be mentioned in many contexts (in alphabetical order): AMEGA protocol It

7169-465: The concept of teaching first aid skills to civilians. The first classes were conducted in the hall of the Presbyterian school in Woolwich (near Woolwich barracks where Shepherd was based) using a comprehensive first aid curriculum. First aid training began to spread through the British Empire through organisations such as St John, often starting, as in the UK, with high risk activities such as ports and railways. The first recorded first aid training in

7276-435: The construction of Petronium Castle , utilizing pieces of the partially destroyed Mausoleum at Halicarnassus , one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World , to strengthen their rampart. In the 15th century, the knights fought frequently with Barbary pirates , also known as Ottoman corsairs. They withstood two invasions by ascendant Muslim forces, one by the Sultan of Egypt in 1444 and another by Ottoman Sultan Mehmed

7383-484: The correct execution of the steps for saving human life. A major benefit of the use of official protocols is that they require minimum resources, time and skills, and have a great degree of success. The ABCDE method is the general protocol of first aid and implies a quite general view. It was initially developed by Dr Peter Safar in the 1950s. But it has received some modifications, improvements and variations that were intended for more specific contexts. In this way,

7490-463: The defeated surviving Hospitallers were allowed to withdraw to Sicily . Despite the defeat, both Christians and Muslims seem to have regarded Phillipe Villiers as extremely valiant, and the Grand Master was proclaimed a Defender of the Faith by Pope Adrian VI . In 1530, after seven years of displacement from Rhodes, Pope Clement VII – himself a knight – reached an agreement with Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain and Sicily, to provide

7597-426: The emblems of the Order. In 1651, the knights bought from the Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique the islands of Sainte-Christophe, Saint Martin , and Saint Barthélemy . The Order's presence in the Caribbean was eclipsed with De Poincy's death in 1660. He had also bought the island of Saint Croix as his personal estate and deeded it to the Knights of St. John. In 1665, the order sold their Caribbean possessions to

7704-493: The exchange rate of the local currencies against the 'scudo' that were established in the late 16th century gradually became outdated, meaning the knights were gradually receiving less at merchant factories. Economically hindered by the barren island they now inhabited, many knights went beyond their call of duty by raiding Muslim ships. More and more ships were plundered, from whose profits many knights lived idly and luxuriously, taking local women to be their wives and enrolling in

7811-454: The expense of his own defences. A wrong decision could mean defeat and exposing Sicily and Naples to the Ottomans. He had left his own son with La Valette, so he could hardly be indifferent to the fate of the fortress. Whatever may have been the cause of his delay, the Viceroy hesitated until the battle had almost been decided by the unaided efforts of the knights, before being forced to move by

7918-400: The great powers of Europe. However, the indigenous islanders were initially apprehensive about the order's presence and viewed them as arrogant intruders; they were especially loathed for taking advantage of local women. Most knights were French and excluded Maltese from serving in the order, even being generally dismissive of local nobility. However, the two groups coexisted peacefully, since

8025-624: The hospital saw it as their duty to provide the best possible treatment to the poor. They were given an endowment by Godfrey of Bouillon , the leader of the First Crusade, before he died in 1100. The Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem , Ghibbelin of Arles , formally recognized it as a separate entity from the monastery when he reformed the Catholic hierarchy in Palestine , and a step towards this was taken by Pope Paschal II when he recognized

8132-551: The hospital was visited by Archbishop John of Amalfi during his pilgrimage. In later centuries, to help raise money in Europe, the Order of St John made claims that the hospital had been founded more than a century before Christ by the high priest Menelaus and the Greek King Antiochus of Jerusalem, with financing from Judas Maccabeus , and that it was first headed by Saint Stephen and had been visited by Christ and

8239-492: The importance of a religious army), and thus in the Knights' regular tributes from European nations. That the knights, a chiefly Roman Catholic military order, pursued the readmittance of England as one of its member states – the Order there had been suppressed under King Henry VIII of England during the dissolution of the monasteries – upon the succession of the Protestant queen Elizabeth I of England aptly demonstrates

8346-472: The indignation of his own officers. On 23 August came yet another grand assault, the last serious effort, as it proved, of the besiegers. It was thrown back with the greatest difficulty, even the wounded taking part in the defence. The plight of the Turkish forces was now desperate. With the exception of Fort Saint Elmo , the fortifications were still intact. Working night and day the garrison had repaired

8453-536: The kingdom's southern border from attacks by the Fatimid garrison at Ascalon , and allowed the Hospitallers to manage one of them in 1136, the castle of Bethgibelin . This castle also allowed them to defend the pilgrim route between Jaffa and Jerusalem. Later in the century, the Hospitallers were given control over more castles in Syria than they had in the Kingdom of Jerusalem. In the next several decades after 1136

8560-474: The knights as they focused their intentions largely on one another during the Thirty Years' War . In February 1641 a letter was sent from an unknown dignitary in the Maltese capital of Valletta to the knights' most trustworthy ally and benefactor, Louis XIV of France , stating the Order's troubles: Italy provides us with nothing much; Bohemia and Germany hardly anything, and England and the Netherlands for

8667-583: The knights permanent quarters: In exchange for providing Malta, Gozo , and the North African port of Tripoli in perpetual fiefdom , Charles V would receive an annual fee of a single Maltese falcon (the Tribute of the Maltese Falcon ), which they were to send on All Souls' Day to the king's representative, the Viceroy of Sicily. In 1548, Charles V raised Heitersheim , the headquarters of

8774-449: The lands it owned, and gave the right to its professed brothers to elect their master. He also placed several other hospitals and hospices in southern Italy under the governance of the Hospital of St John in Jerusalem, as they were located at port cities from which pilgrims traveled to the Holy Land. Gerard acquired territory and revenues for his order throughout the Kingdom of Jerusalem and beyond. Under his successor, Raymond du Puy ,

8881-605: The late 12th century, the order had begun to achieve recognition in the Kingdom of England and Duchy of Normandy . As a result, buildings such as St John's Jerusalem and the Knights Gate, Quenington in England were built on land donated to the order by local nobility. An Irish house was established at Kilmainham , near Dublin, and the Irish Prior was usually a key figure in Irish public life. The Knights also received

8988-501: The latter being Krak des Chevaliers. One of the first battles that the Knights Hospitaller fought in was the Siege of Ascalon in 1153. After a group of Knights Templar, led by their Grand Master, Bernard de Tremelay , entered the besieged fortress and were all killed, King Baldwin III of Jerusalem wanted to withdraw, but Raymond du Puy convinced him to continue, and the fort surrendered to

9095-403: The long line of fortifications. But when his council suggested the abandonment of Birgu and Senglea and withdrawal to Fort St. Angelo , Grand Master Jean Parisot de Valette refused. The Viceroy of Sicily had not sent help; possibly the Viceroy's orders from Philip II of Spain were so obscurely worded as to put on his own shoulders the burden of the decision whether to help the Order at

9202-444: The military brothers, the brothers infirmarians, and the brothers chaplains, to whom was entrusted the divine service. In 1248, Pope Innocent IV (1243–1254) approved a standard military dress for the Hospitallers to be worn during battle. Instead of a closed cape over their armour (which restricted their movements), they wore a red surcoat with a white cross emblazoned on it. Many of the more substantial Christian fortifications in

9309-416: The military element of the Order. Raymond decided some time before 1136 that Hospitallers could fight to defend the kingdom or to besiege a pagan city. The Knights Hospitaller, like the other military orders, organized its fighting members into the ranks of knight and sergeant . In 1130, Pope Innocent II gave the order its coat of arms , a plain silver cross in a field of red, to differentiate them from

9416-572: The navies of France and Spain in search of adventure, experience, and yet more money. The Knights' changing attitudes were coupled with the effects of the Reformation and Counter-Reformation and the lack of stability from the Roman Catholic Church. All this affected the knights strongly as the 16th and 17th centuries saw a gradual decline in the religious attitudes of many of the Christian peoples of Europe (and, concomitantly,

9523-472: The new commercial-minded nature of the Mediterranean in the 17th century. Serving in a foreign navy, in particular that of the French, gave the Knights the chance to serve the Church and for many, their King, to increase their chances of promotion in either their adopted navy or in Malta, to receive far better pay, to stave off their boredom with frequent cruises, to embark on the highly preferable short cruises of

9630-400: The new religious tolerance within the Order. For a time, the Order even possessed a German langue which was part Protestant or Evangelical and part Roman Catholic. The moral decline that the knights underwent over the course of this period is best highlighted by the decision of many knights to serve in foreign navies and become "the mercenary sea-dogs of the 14th to 17th centuries", with

9737-628: The newly formed Langue, now occupied by the Lands Authority) and Provence (now National Museum of Archaeology ). In the Second World War, the auberge d'Auvergne was damaged (and later replaced by Law Courts) and the auberge de France was destroyed. In 1604, each Langue was given a chapel in the conventual church of Saint John and the arms of the Langue appear in the decoration on the walls and ceiling: The Order may have played

9844-445: The order at last became so demoralised by luxury and idleness that it forgot the aim for which it was founded, and gave itself up for the love of gain and thirst for pleasure. Its covetousness and pride soon became boundless. The Knights pretended that they were above the reach of crowned heads: they seized and pillaged without concern of the property of both infidels and Christians." With the knights' exploits growing in fame and wealth,

9951-468: The order soon extended to provide pilgrims with an armed escort before eventually becoming a significant military force. Thus, the Order of St. John imperceptibly became militaristic without losing its charitable character. It is possible that the Hospital of St John hired knights or foot soldiers after the First Crusade to provide security, before it formally established its own military organization. Knights in western Europe left their horses and weapons to

10058-504: The original hospice was expanded to an infirmary and by then was subordinated to the Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. Around this time the Hospital of St John became connected with that Church, and documents often referred to "the Holy Sepulchre and the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem." Initially, the Hospitallers cared for pilgrims as well as others (including Muslims and Jews) in Jerusalem, but

10165-401: The patient has to be moved to a safe place, where providing the required first aid procedures is possible. Knights Hospitaller The Order of Knights of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem ( Latin : Ordo Fratrum Hospitalis Sancti Ioannis Hierosolymitani ), commonly known as the Knights Hospitaller ( / ˈ h ɒ s p ɪ t əl ər / ), is a Catholic military order . It

10272-484: The plan to take Rhodes, and on 15 August 1310, after more than four years of campaigning , the city of Rhodes surrendered to the knights. They also gained control of a number of neighbouring islands and the Anatolian port of Halicarnassus and the island of Kastellorizo . Not long after, in 1312, Pope Clement V dissolved the Hospitallers' rival order, the Knights Templar , with a series of papal bulls , including

10379-578: The poor. Earlier in the 11th century, merchants from Amalfi founded a hospital in Jerusalem dedicated to John the Baptist where Benedictine monks cared for sick, poor, or injured Christian pilgrims to the Holy Land . Blessed Gerard , a lay brother of the Benedictine order, became its head when it was established. After the Christian conquest of Jerusalem in 1099 during the First Crusade ,

10486-406: The sequence for most of the cases): These are the protocols that do not only deal with direct care to the victim but they also mention other complementary tasks (before and later). This method has been studied and employed for a long time in many European countries, as France. It is a reference, of a certain reputation, that could be applied solely or to a certain degree, usually combining it with

10593-473: The service of the sick; the first mention of military service is in the statutes of the ninth grand master, Fernando Afonso of Portugal (about 1200). In the latter, a marked distinction is made between secular knights, externs to the order, who served only for a time, and the professed knights, attached to the order by a perpetual vow, and who alone enjoyed the same spiritual privileges as the other religious. The order numbered three distinct classes of membership:

10700-520: Was famous as one of the finest in the world. In the vanguard of medicine, the Hospital of Malta included Schools of Anatomy, Surgery and Pharmacy. Valletta itself was renowned as a centre of art and culture. The Conventual Church of St. John , completed in 1577, contains works by Caravaggio and others. In Europe, most of the Order's hospitals and chapels survived the Reformation, though not in Protestant or Evangelical countries. In Malta, meanwhile,

10807-415: Was founded around 1119-1120 and it is likely that the Hospitallers were inspired by them to have their own knights. A charter made for a gift to the Hospital of St John in a Christian army on 17 January 1126 recorded that a brother from the Order was present as a witness and that he held a military title. Raymond du Puy , who succeeded Gerard as master of the hospital in 1120, is credited with establishing

10914-499: Was founded in 1993 as a California 501(c)3 organization which works closely with the U. S. Forest Service. Meetings are held by AVA volunteers once a month on the third Tuesday at 7:00 p.m. In the city of Glendora, California at the Church Of The Brethren on the corner of Glendora Avenue and Carroll Avenue. The meetings are chaired by a President of the Board of Directors, and all volunteers who participate in

11021-713: Was founded in the crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem in the 12th century and had headquarters there until 1291, thereafter being based in Kolossi Castle in Cyprus (1302–1310), the island of Rhodes (1310–1522), Malta (1530–1798), and Saint Petersburg (1799–1801). The Hospitallers arose in the early 12th century at the height of the Cluniac movement , a reformist movement within the Benedictine monastic order that sought to strengthen religious devotion and charity for

11128-692: Was further damaged by Napoleon 's capture of Malta in 1798, after which it dispersed throughout Europe. Today, five organizations continue the traditions of the Knights Hospitaller and have mutually recognised each other: the Sovereign Military Order of Malta , the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John , the Bailiwick of Brandenburg of the Chivalric Order of Saint John , the Order of Saint John in

11235-625: Was maintained in Birgu (1530–1571) and then Valletta (from 1571). The auberges in Birgu remain, mostly undistinguished 16th-century buildings. Valletta still has the auberges of Castile and Portugal (1574; renovated 1741 by Grand Master de Vilhena, now the Prime Minister's offices), Italy (renovated 1683 by Grand Master Carafa, now an art museum), Aragon (1571, now a government ministry), Bavaria (former Palazzo Carnerio, purchased in 1784 for

11342-411: Was served by the Order of Saint Benedict and took in Christian pilgrims travelling to visit the Christian holy sites. The increase in the number of pilgrims led the Benedictine monks to establish two hospitals in the late 1060s, one for men and one for women, with the former known as the Hospital of St John. They did this with the support of a wealthy Amalfian named Mauro of Pantaleone. In the early 1070s

11449-467: Was to be the knights' downfall in this particular period of their existence as they transformed from serving as the military outpost of a united Christendom to becoming another nation-state in a commercially oriented continent soon to be overtaken by the trading nations of the North Sea . Even as it survived in Malta, the Order lost many of its European holdings during the Reformation . The property of

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