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42-498: Prior to European settlement of the Lake Tahoe area in the mid-1800s, a "natural cycle of low-intensity fires"—ignited both by lightning and by the indigenous Washoe people —prevailed. Vigorous wildfire suppression policies adopted by the U.S. federal government in the early 20th century, aimed at preserving timber and property, ended that fire pattern. Between 1908 and 2004, no wildfire burned more than 2,000 acres (810 ha) in

84-539: A Great Basin tribe of Native Americans , living near Lake Tahoe at the border between California and Nevada . The name "Washoe" or "Washo" (as preferred by themselves) is derived from the autonym Waashiw ( wa·šiw or wá:šiw ) in the Washo language or from Wašišiw ( waší:šiw ), the plural form of wašiw. Washoe people have lived in the Great Basin and the eastern Sierra Nevada mountains for at least

126-580: A controlled burn . There were no such burns scheduled that day, or during the week prior, because of how dry conditions were. The dispatchers' dismissals caused an estimated seven to nine-minute delay in the response time. Meanwhile, the fire, which had originated in a thicket of fir and pine trees, rapidly became a crown fire . It was then driven northeast down Angora Creek by the strong winds. Many neighborhoods were evacuated immediately, giving only very short warning to residents, sometimes as short as 5 minutes. After an hour of burning, soot began to fall from

168-519: A language isolate , However, it is sometimes tentatively regarded as part of the controversial Hokan language family . The language is written in the Latin script . The Wašiw language is now considered a moribund language as only a handful of fluent elder speakers use the language. There has been a recent revival of the language and culture within the Tribe. "Wašiw Wagayay Maŋal" (the "house where Wašiw

210-637: A popular recreation area. Golfers at a course less than three miles (4.8 km) from the fire first reported it at 2:02 p.m., though the Reno Gazette-Journal reported that people saw smoke as early as 1:30 p.m. At least five calls to 911 about the smoke were routed to the California Highway Patrol field office in Truckee , where two dispatchers dismissed the reports and told callers they were seeing smoke from

252-474: A rapid round of re-evacuations. The Angora Fire was declared 100 percent contained on Monday, July 2, 2007. Per the U.S. Forest Service, the final cost of the firefighting effort reached $ 13.5 million (roughly equivalent to $ 19.1 million in 2023). Within several days, Forest Service fire investigators determined that a campfire in the Seneca Pond recreation area had been the point of ignition for

294-527: Is Democrat Cecilia Aguiar-Curry ( 4th – Winters ), while the minority leader is Republican James Gallagher ( 3rd – Yuba City ). Members are allowed, by current term limits , to serve 12 years in the legislature in any combination of four-year State Senate or two-year State Assembly terms. However, members elected to the Legislature prior to 2012 are restricted to three two-year terms (six years). Few, if any, legislators remain from this era, though

336-487: Is believed to have occurred. Sierra Pacific Industries removed the burned trees in the fire footprint for lumber via salvage logging . By 2017, 1,100 acres (450 ha) of the Angora Fire burn area had been replanted and 2,000 feet (610 m) of stream channels had been repaired. Washoe people The Washoe or Wašišiw ("people from here", or transliterated in older literature as Wa She Shu ) are

378-457: Is spoken") was the first attempt by the Wašiw people to renew their language for the future generations. The tribe currently relies on the tribal Cultural Resource Department to provide language classes to the community. However, there has recently been a pedagogical shift within the tribe, and the youth have become the focal point of language and culture programs. The Washoe people are considered to be

420-846: The California State Senate . The Assembly convenes, along with the State Senate, at the California State Capitol in Sacramento . The Assembly consists of 80 members, with each member representing at least 465,000 people. Due to a combination of the state's large population and a legislature that has not been expanded since the ratification of the 1879 Constitution , the Assembly has the largest population-per-representative ratio of any state lower house and second largest of any legislative lower house in

462-631: The Middle Fork Feather River ) to the north. The Washoe would generally spend the summer in the Sierra Nevada, especially at Lake Tahoe; the fall in the ranges to the east; and the winter and spring in the valleys between them. Washoe Lake ( c'óʔyaʔ dáʔaw ) was named after them. The Washoe/Washo were loosely organized into three (in some sources four) regional groups speaking slightly different dialects , which in turn were divided in groups (cooperating extending families for

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504-556: The United States after the federal House of Representatives . Members of the California State Assembly are generally referred to using the titles Assemblyman (for men), Assemblywoman (for women), or Assemblymember (gender-neutral). In the current legislative session, Democrats have a three-fourths supermajority of 62 seats, while Republicans control a minority of 17 seats. The speaker presides over

546-743: The Washoe Tribe of Nevada and California over the land around the Lake Tahoe area for cultural purposes. Under the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, the colonies in the Carson Valley area of Nevada and California gained federal recognition as the Washoe Tribe of Nevada and California. The colony in Reno, Nevada , which also has a substantial Paiute, Washoe and Shoshoni population, gained separate recognition as

588-509: The 250+ private properties affected by the fire. The debris removal was operationally conducted by the California Integrated Waste Management Board on behalf of El Dorado County . Debris removal activities commenced on July 12, 2007, and was completed by the end of August. Work continues on erosion control measures and removal of potentially hazardous trees. No significant long-term ecological damage

630-480: The Angora Fire at $ 141 million. California Insurance Commissioner Steve Poizner later gave a total damages estimate of more than $ 150 million. The maximum number of people under evacuation orders reached approximately 3,500. The fire caused no fatalities. Three firefighters sustained minor injuries. The delay in the response to the fire caused by the CHP dispatchers' dismissals of early smoke reports led to

672-588: The Angora Fire. The fire did not appear to have been set with malicious intent; investigators found no traces of accelerant. However, campfires were prohibited in the Seneca Pond area year-round, making the original fire illegal in any case. At the time, investigators had no suspects. In 2009—two years after the Angora Fire—investigators with the El Dorado County district attorney's office reported that they continued to follow up on leads and that

714-584: The Lake Tahoe basin. Additionally, clearcutting and subsequent regrowth in the basin led to an "unnaturally thick and even-aged" forest in the basin. With these abundant fuels, the area became vulnerable to high-intensity wildfires. In addition to strong winds, the fire was also fueled by unusually dry conditions in the Sierra Nevada (U.S.) . A study concluded that snow pack was 29% of average in 2007. The Angora Fire ignited at about 2:00 p.m. PDT , 300–400 yards (270–370 m) south of Seneca Pond,

756-556: The Reno–Sparks Indian Colony. There is evidence that some Washoe settled in the southwest region of Montana . The Susanville Rancheria includes Washoe members, as well as Northern Paiute , Northeastern Maidu , Achomawi , and Atsugewi members. California State Assembly The California State Assembly is the lower house of the California State Legislature , the upper house being

798-532: The State Assembly in the chief leadership position, controlling the flow of legislation and committee assignments. The speaker is nominated by the caucus of the majority party and elected by the full Assembly. Other leaders, such as the majority and minority leaders , are elected by their respective party caucuses according to each party's strength in the chamber. The current speaker is Democrat Robert Rivas ( 29th– Hollister ). The majority leader

840-746: The area, destroying another important resource for the Wašiw. The Pine Nut Dance and girls' puberty rites remain very important ceremonies. The Wašiw people once relied on medicine men and their knowledge of medicinal plants and ceremonies. Much of this knowledge and activity has been lost due to contact with the Western world. Washoe culture was based mostly on the legends that carried the explanation of different areas of life. The legends were handed over from one generation to another by storytelling and were told to younger generations to teach them basic things about Washoe's way of living. Children could get to know about gathering techniques, medicine preparation, and

882-399: The case remained a high priority, while reiterating that the likely cause remained leftover embers from a campfire. The Angora Fire destroyed 254 homes and 75 other structures (such as commercial buildings or outbuildings) for a total toll of 329 buildings. The El Dorado County Sheriff's Office initially estimated the cost of structural damage (i.e. not including damage to infrastructure) from

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924-475: The criteria of the term limits described above. According to Article 4, Section 2(c) of the California Constitution , the candidate must have one year of residency in the legislative district and California residency for three years. The chief clerk of the Assembly, a position that has existed since the Assembly's creation, is responsible for many administrative duties. The chief clerk is

966-562: The custodian of all Assembly bills and records and publishes the Assembly Daily Journal , the minutes of floor sessions, as well as the Assembly Daily File , the Assembly agenda. The chief clerk is the Assembly's parliamentarian , and in this capacity gives advice to the presiding officer on matters of parliamentary procedure . The chief clerk is also responsible for engrossing and enrolling of measures, and

1008-643: The early 19th century, but the Washoe did not sustain contact with people of European culture until the 1848 California Gold Rush . Washoe resistance to incursions on their lands proved futile, and the last armed conflict with the Washoes and non-Indians was the Potato War of 1857, when starving Washoes were killed for gathering potatoes from a European-American farm near Honey Lake in California . Loss of

1050-422: The family had his own role in everyday activities like fishing, gathering or hunting which helped Washoe people with doing everyday life tasks more efficiently. The area of residence of Washoe people let them obtain food from three different ways: fishing, gathering, and hunting. Since each way required having special skills and knowledge people were usually trained in one field to reduce the possibility of failing

1092-408: The food could have been performed. The winter period was the time of starvation as the stocks of food run out quickly and almost no food could have been obtained over the coldest months of the year. However, Washoe people learned how to survive the hardest time of the year by learning how to use the resources the land had given them. They knew they needed to keep the balance as each way of obtaining food

1134-467: The food eaten during the rest of the year. The Washoe people were also deeply knowledgeable about their land and where resources were plentiful. This included an understanding of the seasonal cycles of both plants and animals. Wašiw people were also dependent on fishing at Lake Tahoe and the surrounding streams. Fishing was a huge part of Wašiw life; and each family had its own fishing grounds, until contact with Western civilization led to commercial fishing in

1176-551: The indigenous inhabitants of Lake Tahoe area, occupying the lake and surround lands for thousands of years. As the native inhabitants, they believe that they have the best knowledge of how the land should be maintained, and consider themselves to be the proper caretakers of the Lake Tahoe area, which has been a center Washoe tribes yearly cultural gatherings, where most traditional events took place. In 2002, The Committee on Energy and Natural Resources officially granted custody to

1218-496: The last 6,000 years, some say up to 9,000 years or more. Prior to contact with Europeans, the territory of the Washoe people centered around Lake Tahoe ( / ˈ t ɑː h oʊ / ; Washo : dáʔaw / daʔaw / Da ow – "the lake"; or dewʔá:gaʔa /dawʔa:gaʔa / Da ow aga – "edge of the lake") and was roughly bounded by the southern shore of Honey Lake in the north, the West Walker River , Topaz Lake , and Sonora Pass in

1260-419: The legends were meant to teach them how to appreciate the land they were living in and give them a better understanding of Washoe's lifestyle. Children were raised in the environment which recognized family as the most valued thing. The whole Washoe life was concentrated on cooperation and unity, and older tribe members needed to convey their knowledge to the younger so the tribe culture would survive. Everyone in

1302-473: The primary concerns once the fire was out was the potential impact of the ash and debris on the Lake Tahoe hydrological system. Of major concern was the potentially hazardous debris from the 256 structures that were burned in the fire. To address this, the Governor issued Executive Order S-09-07 which initiated a major debris removal project to remove the structural debris as quickly and safely as possible from

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1344-420: The reassignment of said dispatchers and responses by multiple local and state officials. The governor of California , Arnold Schwarzenegger , expressed concerns about the blunder. The mayor of South Lake Tahoe and at least one California State Assembly member argued for changes to the 911 system to route calls directly to county first responders. Because the fire occurred in the watershed of Lake Tahoe, one of

1386-467: The region prior to neighboring tribes. The Kings Beach Complex that emerged about 500 CE around Lake Tahoe and the northern Sierra Nevada are regarded as early Washoe culture. The Martis complex may have overlapped with the Kings Beach culture, and Martis pit houses gave way to conical bark slab houses of historic Washoe culture. Washoe people may have made contact with Spanish explorers in

1428-561: The restriction could affect future candidates running after a hiatus from office. Every two years, all 80 seats in the Assembly are subject to election. This is in contrast to the State Senate, in which only half of its 40 seats are subject to election every two years. The chamber's green tones are based on the House of Commons of the United Kingdom . The dais rests along a wall shaped like an "E", with its central projection housing

1470-481: The rostrum. Along the cornice appears a portrait of Abraham Lincoln and a Latin quotation: legislatorum est justas leges condere ("It is the duty of legislators to pass just laws"). Almost every decorating element is identical to the Senate Chamber. To run for the Assembly, a candidate must be a United States citizen and a registered voter in the district at the time nomination papers are issued, and meet

1512-494: The seasonal hunt and living together in winter camps) and in nuclear families. The regional group was determined by where people had a winter camp: Since the western part of the Washo territory was in the mountains and subject to heavy snows, few people wintered there so very few were organized into the western group. Washoe people are the only Great Basin tribe whose language is not Numic , so they are believed to have inhabited

1554-502: The sky around the Tahoe Keys area. People flocked to head towards the source, but the firefighters blockaded the road near the high school. A day after the fire started, the state of California declared it a state of emergency, opening up state funds. On June 26 at about 3:00 p.m., the fire breached containment lines on its northern perimeter south of Highway 89. The renewed fire activity threatened several hundred homes and forced

1596-583: The south, the Sierra Nevada crest in the west, and the Pine Nut Mountains and Virginia Range in the east. Beside Lake Tahoe the Washoe utilized the upper ranges of the Carson ( dá:bal k'iláʔam ), Truckee ( dabayóduweʔ ), and West Walker rivers to the east as well the Sierra Valley (a site of extensive freshwater marshes filled with cattails, bulrushes and alkaline flats that drain into

1638-406: The tasks they were responsible for. Therefore, the Washoe tribe's life was dependent on the actual environment possibilities. Also, scarcity of sources would not let the tribe perform every way at once, therefore the Washoe lifestyle was divided into three periods: "the fishing year", "the gathering year" and "the hunting year". Fall was the richest in food season of the year as all ways of obtaining

1680-418: The transmission of legislation to the governor. The Assembly also employs the position of chaplain , a position that has existed in both houses since the first legislative session back in 1850. Currently, the chaplain of the Assembly is Imam Mohammad Yasir Khan, the first chaplain historically that practices Islam . The position of sergeant-at-arms of the Assembly has existed since 1849; Samuel N. Houston

1722-410: The valley hunting grounds to farms and the piñon pine groves to feed Virginia City 's demand for lumber and charcoal drove most Washoe to dependency on jobs on white ranches and farms and in cities. The areas where they settled became known as Indian colonies . Piñon pine nuts gathered in the fall provided much of the food eaten in the winter. Roots, seeds, berries and game provided much of

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1764-414: Was equally crucial for these people to survive. Anthropologist Ernestine Friedl has noted that men and women's cooperation in gathering food lead to "no individual distributions of food and relatively little difference in male and female rights," contributing to gender equality amongst the pre-colonial Washoe. The Washoe / Wašiw language or Wá:šiw ʔítlu (today: Wašiw Wagayay ) has been regarded as

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