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36-599: The highest points of the range are the 2,819 m (9,249 ft)-high Phou Bia , the 2,720 m (8,920 ft)-high Phu Xai Lai Leng and the 2,598 m (8,524 ft)-high Ngọc Linh (Ngoc Pan). The latter is located at the northwestern edge of the Triassic Kontum Massif in central Vietnam. Important mountain passes are the Nape Pass and the Mụ Giạ Pass . The Annamite Range runs parallel to

72-830: A FAC, at least 100 hours' flight time as a fighter pilot or FAC, at least 750 hours flying time overall, and six months or more time remaining on his tour in Southeast Asia. Those who volunteered for the program did so with no knowledge of their destination. After screening by the 56th Special Operations Wing at Nakhon Phanom RTAFB , they received temporary duty orders, and were sent to the US Embassy, Vientiane , Laos. There they were stripped of all military identification and gear, supplied with USAID identification, and garbed in civilian clothing to be worn at all times. The screening system tended to select experienced and aggressive FACs. The Ravens belonged only tangentially to

108-577: A Lao or Thai interpreter in the back seat. The Air Commando sergeants directed the air strikes according to USAF doctrine, using the radio call sign "Butterfly". Two of the Butterfly US Combat Control Teams (CCT) were Master Sergeant Charles Larimore Jones , soon joined by Technical Sergeant James J. Stanford . Another of the Butterflies was Major John J. Garrity, Jr., who in future would spend several years as

144-770: A clandestine and covert operation in conjunction with the US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in Laos during America's Vietnam War . The Ravens pinpointed targets for most of the air strikes against communist Lao People's Liberation Army and People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) infiltrators in support of the Laotian Hmong guerrilla army. On 23 July 1962, the United States and the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) signed

180-467: A day. Ron Rinehart exceeded that, logging a 14-hour flight day. Incoming air strikes arrived en masse, with as many as six flights of fighter-bombers stacked up at various altitudes awaiting their turn to bomb. Rinehart would remain on station until his marking rockets were expended, all windows on his O-1 slathered in grease-penciled notes of air strikes, and his fuel tank empty. On three occasions, he landed dead stick back at base when he ran out of gas. In

216-670: A non-Lao person for at least 30 years. In 2021, Xaisomboun Province officials announced the development of Phou Bia Mountain and Tchao Anouvong Cave as two "sustainable development tourism sites", valued at some US$ 500 million. The development will center especially on Tchao Anouvong Cave, Phou Houa Xang Village, in Anouvong District , Xaisomboun province, under a 99-year concession. Raven Forward Air Controllers The Raven Forward Air Controllers , also known as The Ravens , were fighter pilots (special operations capable) unit used as forward air controllers (FACs) in

252-636: A participating Raven at his end of tour was that 90% of the Raven planes had been hit by ground fire during their tours of duty; 60% had been downed by enemy action at some point; 30% had been killed in action . Note: Craig Duehring, who made this calculation, later became an Assistant Secretary of the Air Force. The roster of 161 Ravens includes the Butterfly FACs, none of whom were killed in action , as well as an army attaché, who was. Twenty-three of

288-713: A single month, he directed over 1,000 tactical air strikes, flying over 280 combat hours. If President Lyndon B. Johnson ’s March 1968 partial bombing halt diverted a steady stream of air power from Vietnam into Laos, his 1 November 1968 moratorium flooded the kingdom with US air power and overwhelmed the four Ravens stationed in northeastern Laos. Tactical air power was allocated at a conference by 7/13th Air Force in Saigon. Air Attaché Colonel Robert Tyrell came away from this with 60% of all tactical air strikes in Southeast Asia scheduled for attacks within Laos. The position of Head Raven

324-576: Is the Vietnamese pronunciation and terminology of Chinese : 安南 ( pinyin : Ān Nán ), meaning "the tranquil south" referring to Vietnam. The French adopted the word and used "Annamese" or "Annamite" to refer to the Vietnamese. The Annamite mountains form an important tropical seasonal forest global ecoregion , the Annamite Range Moist Forests Ecoregion, which consists of two terrestrial ecoregions ,

360-402: The éminence grise of the US Embassy in Laos. They, and their successors, controlled air strikes without notice or objection until General William Momyer discovered that enlisted men were directing air strikes. At that point, he ordered their replacement with rated fighter pilots. By that time, the number of Butterflies had increased to six. In April 1966, General Momyer put an end to both

396-879: The Southern Annamites montane rain forests and the Northern Annamites rain forests . The range is home to rare creatures such as the recently discovered Annamite rabbit and the antelope-like saola , the Douc langur , the large gaur , the Chinese pangolin , and formerly the Indochinese tiger . Most of the highlands like the Annamite Range and the Central Highlands were populated by ethnic minorities who were not Vietnamese during

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432-629: The Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone (VDZ). Upon their return to Nakhon Phanom Royal Thai Air Force Base , they were told that their unauthorized aerobatics and drunken transgressions would be forgotten if they volunteered for a secret program—the Ravens. Joined by a third Raven, they began 90-day TDY tours flying support for the Royal Lao Army . In December, 1966, they acquired the use of an O-1 Bird Dog assigned to

468-715: The Air Force Ravens died during the Secret War; Army Attaché Joseph Bush was the 24th. Robbins lists all Ravens deceased prior to the publication of his book. USAF Ravens are not listed in the 1988 directory of names of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial , although they do appear on the wall. Laos became the most bombed nation in history, largely due to the Raven FACs. Approximately the same tonnage of bombs were dropped on Laos as were dropped by

504-784: The CIA operatives running the local ground troops. In November 1964, Roy Dalton was the first rated officer to augment the Butterflies. He was stationed at LS 36, a dirt air strip near Na Khang, Laos; he directed air strikes by the Royal Lao Air Force (RLAF) while riding in Air America helicopters, or from observation posts on mountaintops. The Raven program was officially founded on 5 May 1966. It began with two pilots on 90 days' temporary duty, working out of aircraft borrowed from Air America. Lieutenants Jim F. Lemon and Truman Young had been directing air strikes on either side of

540-590: The Geneva Accords guaranteeing the neutrality of the Kingdom of Laos . One of the provisions of the accords called for the withdrawal of all foreign troops from Laotian soil. North Vietnam had troops still remaining in Laos from the end of the First Indochina War . The United States had a small contingent of advisors which it withdrew from the country. The North Vietnamese deliberately ignored

576-634: The Mekong basin, west of the divide, although most of Houaphan Province and a portion of Xiangkhoang Province (where the famous Plain of Jars is located) lie east of the divide. Most of Vietnam lies east of the divide, although Vietnam's Tây Nguyên (Central Highlands) region lies west of the divide, in the Mekong basin. The mountain range is also referred to variously as the Annamese Range , Annamese Mountains , Annamese Cordillera , Annamite Mountains and Annamite Cordillera . The name "Annam"

612-515: The Ravens began when air force personnel reported for duty assignments in Vietnam. Forward air controllers beginning a tour in Southeast Asia were told as part of their orientation briefing that halfway through their year's tour of duty in Vietnam, they were eligible to volunteer for special duty via the "Steve Canyon Program". To be accepted for Steve Canyon, a pilot had to have a minimum of four months combat duty, including at least 60 days' service as

648-611: The Royal Lao Air Force at Savannakhet . Unlike the borrowed Air America planes, the O-1 had additional radios and smoke rocket tubes for improved communications and target marking. A de Havilland Canada DHC-2 Beaver and a Helio Courier were also acquired, but seemed not to be used for directing air strikes. By August 1967, the three Raven FACs on duty in Laos were augmented by three more Ravens stationed with Detachment 1, 606th Air Commando Squadron at Nakhon Phanom. At about

684-542: The US Air Force. By presidential directive, the ambassador controlled all US military activity in Laos. The Ravens performed their duties under direction of the air attaché who in turn reported to the ambassador. The air force kept the Ravens' records and paid them, but had no operational control over them, although 7/13th Air Force was formed in an attempt to regain control of their pilots. Generals William Westmoreland and William Momyer both wanted to gain control of

720-585: The US in the entirety of World War II. Approximately 20% of the Laotian populace became refugees, largely relocating because of bombing. As of 2020, Laos is still plagued by unexploded ordnance . As information about the Laotian Civil War is being declassified and publicly released, historians will continue to write additional reliable texts published by mainstream media. In the meantime, there has been

756-620: The USAF originally assigned four sergeants from Combat Control Teams in 1963. These sergeants turned in their uniforms and military identification and were supplied with false identification so they could work in civilian clothing. This process was designed to preserve the fiction of US non-involvement. Once "civilianized", these "Butterflies", as they were known, flew in the right (co-pilot's) seat in Air America Helio Couriers and Pilatus Porters . They were often accompanied by

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792-676: The Vietnamese coast, in a gentle curve which divides the basin of the Mekong River from Vietnam's narrow coastal plain along the South China Sea . Most of the crests are on the Laotian side. The eastern slope of the range rises steeply from the plain, drained by numerous short rivers. The western slope is more gentle, forming significant plateaus before descending to the banks of the Mekong. The range itself has three main plateaus, from north to south: Phouane Plateau, Nakai Plateau and Bolaven Plateau . Laos lies mostly within

828-547: The absence of a close air support control system caused a variety of enterprising individuals to improvise procedures for marking ground targets. At various times, ground markers, including bamboo arrows and dropped smoke grenades, were used. Those marking targets often had little or no training in close air support (CAS). They varied in nationality, being Thai, Lao, or Hmong, as well as American. Both Continental Air Services, Inc and Air America pilots would sometimes serve as ad hoc forward air controllers. To begin operations,

864-585: The accords because they were intent on keeping their supply corridor, the Ho Chi Minh trail , to continue their war against South Vietnam . North Vietnam's representatives repeatedly stated they had "no military presence in Laos" , even though they had at least 4,000 troops stationed there from the end of the First Indochina War on. Prince Souvanna Phouma , the Prime Minister of Laos, asked for US help to stop North Vietnamese incursions. To avoid

900-616: The appearance of unilaterally violating the accords, US President John F. Kennedy directed the United States Air Force (USAF) to initiate clandestine and covert operations in Laos to help the Lao fight the North Vietnamese communists. As USAF tactical air strikes began in Laos, it became apparent that, for the safety of noncombatants, some means of control was necessary. Beginning at least as early as July 1964,

936-400: The beginning of the 20th century. The demographics were drastically transformed with the colonization of 6 million settlers from 1976 to the 1990s, which led to ethnic Vietnamese Kinh outnumbering the native ethnic groups in the highlands. Phou Bia Phou Bia ( Lao : ພູເບັ້ຍ , pronounced [pʰúː bîa] ) is the highest mountain in Laos . It is in the Annamese Range , at

972-581: The impromptu efforts to control air strikes and the Butterfly effort. Development of rules of engagement by the embassy placed more emphasis on increased control over in-country close air support. So did the introduction of an integrated close air support system for Southeast Asia. Beginning in April 1966, as part of its effort to better direct air strikes, the USAF installed four Tactical air navigation systems in Laos to guide US air strikes. One of these

1008-464: The last quarter of 1968. Karl Polifka (call sign Raven 45) reported 26 in a month, apparently February 1969. The upcountry USAF technicians were then replaced by Air America mechanics. The chief mechanic at Pakse was Stan Wilson and at Long Tieng was Dan Williams. This led to all the O-1s being cycled through Udorn to have their fuel tanks cleaned out. Some of them had 18 years of crud and mud contaminating

1044-577: The mountain. The area is remote, covered with jungle, and has been used by Hmong guerrilla soldiers. In the 1970s, c. 60,000 Hmong supporting FAC operations took refuge at the Phou Bia massif. There have been reports of smaller Hmong hideouts in the area as recently as 2006. Phou Bia rises in a restricted military area near the abandoned Long Chen air base, and for this reason sees few outside visitors. Unexploded ordnance further complicates access. As of July 2008, there had been no known ascent by

1080-430: The outfit and the war in Laos. However, Ambassador William Sullivan , and his successor, G. McMurtrie Godley , continued to oversee air strikes in Laos. This was intolerable to the air force. In some cases, individual Ravens received poor ratings and slow promotions due to their participation in the program. The Ravens, however, liked the ambiguity of the situation because it left them free to coordinate air strikes with

1116-710: The same time, the air attaché in Vientiane requested O-1s unmarked by national insignia be supplied by 7/13th Air Force, on the grounds that the Ravens needed their own airplanes instead of riding with civilian pilots. The O-1s were supplied. By November 1967, the Raven head count had increased to eight. The number of Ravens would increase in a futile attempt to keep up with the swelling tide of air strikes Laos, but they would never number more than 22 assigned at one time. The chronic shortage of Ravens meant that they often spent long stretches flying combat missions. Raven John Mansur recalled flying as long as 11 hours, 45 minutes in

Annamite Range - Misplaced Pages Continue

1152-600: The southern limit of the Xiangkhoang Plateau in Xaisomboun Province . Owing to its elevation—2,819 m (9,249 ft), the highest terrestrial point in Laos, the climate is cold and the area around the mountain is mostly cloudy. Although no snow has been reported for decades, it is claimed that as late as the first years of the 20th century, snow fell occasionally on its summit. On 10 April 1970, an Air America C-130A aircraft crashed into

1188-468: The tanks. Radio wiring, engine re-timing, and fuel system cleaning were accomplished on each aircraft and by May 1969 engine problems dropped drastically after that. Anti-aircraft fire could be intense and accurate. Some Raven aircraft were known to take up to 50 rounds in battle damage on a single sortie. Working as a Raven FAC was an exhausting, high-risk, high-stress job. The casualty rate among them ran about 50% wounded and killed; one calculation by

1224-424: Was created to serve as a de facto Air Liaison Officer, and the number of Ravens in-country doubled to handle the new work load. General Vang Pao , the ground commander of the CIA's clandestine army of Hmong hill tribesmen, used tactical air as airborne artillery. His combat operations became dependent upon it. Both the O-1s and the later-supplied U-17s had severe maintenance problems in the beginning. Maintenance

1260-714: Was emplaced on a mountain top at Lima Site 85 , aimed across the border at Hanoi . A successor operation, code-named Palace Dog , began replacing the original Butterfly effort in 1966. CIA's agent James William Lair recommended the use of Lao interpreters flying in the rear seat of light aircraft flown by US pilots, thus establishing the Ravens. The Ravens were fighter pilots in unarmed light aircraft who flew observation missions, marked enemy targets with smoke rockets, directed air strikes onto them, and observed and reported bomb damage assessments post strike. They were based in five Lao towns: Vientiane , Luang Prabang , Pakse , Savannakhet , and Long Tieng . Recruiting for

1296-521: Was spotty. It was performed by pilots, poorly trained Lao mechanics, or USAF technicians. The piston engines were tuned for optimum performance at Udorn Royal Thai Air Force Base 's low elevation. They would run raggedly in the highlands of Laos. Adding to the woes were high power settings needed for maximum weight takeoffs, toting maximal loads, or short-field takeoffs. Engine life in O-1s fell from 1,800 hours to 400 hours flight time. Engine failures became epidemic. Eighteen engine failures occurred during

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