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27-754: Abaza people historically speak the Abaza language , a Northwest Caucasian language most closely related to Abkhaz , and more distantly related to the Ubykh and Circassian languages. There are two dialects of Abaza spoken in Karachay-Cherkessia: Ashkharua and Tapanta . The culture and traditions of the Abazin are similar to those of the Circassians. On many old maps Abazin territory is marked as part of Circassia (Adygea). According to

54-404: A / j / in front of it. The vowels [ e ] and [ i ] are allophones of / a / and / ə / (respectively) before palatalized consonants, while the vowels [ o ] and [ u ] are allophones of / a / and / ə / (respectively) before labialized consonants. The vowels [ e ] , [ o ] , [ i ] , and [ u ] can also occur as variants of

81-420: A semivowel ) appears as an allophone of /ɡ/ before front vowels and is best transcribed ⟨ ʝ̞˗ ⟩, ⟨ ʝ˕˗ ⟩ (both symbols denote a lowered and retracted ⟨ ʝ ⟩), ⟨ ɣ̞˖ ⟩ or ⟨ ɣ˕˖ ⟩ (both symbols denote a lowered and advanced ⟨ ɣ ⟩). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are j\_o_- and G_o_+ . Especially in broad transcription ,

108-509: A clear difference between [j] and [ʝ̞] : the first sound cannot be rounded, not even through co-articulation, whereas the second one is rounded before back vowels or the back semi-vowel. Thus, in words like viuda [ˈbjuða] 'widow', Dios [ˈdjos] 'God', vio [ˈbjo] 's/he saw', etc., the semi-vowel [j] is unrounded; if it were rounded, a sound that does not exist in Spanish, [ ɥ ] , would appear. On

135-520: A consonant." There is a parallel problem with transcribing the voiced velar approximant . The symbol ⟨ ʝ̞ ⟩ may not display properly in all browsers. In that case, ⟨ ʝ˕ ⟩ should be substituted. In the writing systems used for most languages in Central, Northern, and Eastern Europe, the letter j denotes the palatal approximant, as in German Jahr 'year', which

162-449: A lack of precision in the treatment it gives to approximants, if we take into account our understanding of the phonetics of Spanish. [ʝ̞] and [j] are two different segments, but they have to be labelled as voiced palatal approximant consonants. I think that the former is a real consonant, whereas the latter is a semi-consonant , as it has traditionally been called in Spanish, or a semi-vowel, if preferred. The IPA, though, classifies it as

189-485: A merely transitory sound. It can only exist together with a full vowel and does not appear in syllable onset. [On the other hand,] [ʝ̞] has a lower amplitude, mainly in F2. It can only appear in syllable onset. It is not noisy either articulatorily or perceptually. [ʝ̞] can vary towards [ ʝ ] in emphatic pronunciations, having noise (turbulent airstream). (...) There is a further argument through which we can establish

216-432: A separate symbol for that sound, but it can be transcribed as ⟨ j̠ ⟩, ⟨ j˗ ⟩ (both symbols denote a retracted ⟨ j ⟩), ⟨ ɰ̟ ⟩ or ⟨ ɰ˖ ⟩ (both symbols denote an advanced ⟨ ɰ ⟩). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are j_- and M\_+ , respectively. Other possible transcriptions include a centralized ⟨ j ⟩ (⟨ j̈ ⟩ in

243-691: A Бруль aцӏaйхӏвaн, мышӏ гaрa aбнз дaлaцaгӏ. H°ara h°kolhoz yızlanhaua tšı śarda emap°. Auat tšı brul'k° rılap°. Aui «Brul'» ah'ızp°. Akolhoznik Adamey a Brul' ac°ayh°van, mıš° gara abnz dalacag°. Sultan Laguchev , a singer-songwriter famous in Russia, writes and performs songs in the Abaza language, including "Абыгъь гӏважьква" and "БаъапI бара." He has written an additional song in Russian entitled "Мы абазины" ('We are Abazins') about Abazinia. Voiced palatal approximant The voiced palatal approximant

270-409: Is Spanish , which distinguishes two palatal approximants: an approximant semivowel [j] , which is always unrounded (and is a phonological vowel - an allophone of /i/ ), and an approximant consonant unspecified for rounding, [ʝ̞] (which is a phonological consonant). Eugenio Martínez Celdrán describes the difference between them as follows (with audio examples added): [j] is shorter and is usually

297-642: Is a type of consonant used in many spoken languages . The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ j ⟩. The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is j , and in the Americanist phonetic notation it is ⟨y⟩ . Because the English name of the letter J , jay , starts with [dʒ] ( voiced postalveolar affricate ), the approximant is sometimes instead called yod (jod), as in

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324-431: Is followed by IPA. Although it may be seen as counterintuitive for English-speakers, there are a few words with that orthographical spelling in certain loanwords in English like Hebrew " hallelujah " and German " Jägermeister ". In grammars of Ancient Greek , the palatal approximant, which was lost early in the history of Greek , is sometimes written as ⟨ι̯⟩ , an iota with the inverted breve below, which

351-508: Is remarkably high; making it quite similar to many other languages from the same parent chain. The language evolved in popularity in the mid to late 1800s, but has become an endangered language. Abaza is spoken by approximately 35,000 people in Russia, where it is written in a Cyrillic alphabet , as well as another 10,000 in Turkey , where the Latin script is used. It consists of two dialects,

378-438: Is the nonsyllabic diacritic or marker of a semivowel . There is also the post-palatal approximant in some languages, which is articulated slightly more back than the place of articulation of the prototypical palatal approximant but less far back than the prototypical velar approximant . It can be considered the semivocalic equivalent of the close central unrounded vowel [ɨ] The International Phonetic Alphabet does not have

405-779: The 2010 Russian census , there were 43,341 Abazins in Russia. An Abazin diaspora exists in Turkey , Egypt and in Middle Eastern countries such as Jordan and Syria , most of which are descendants of muhajirs from the Caucasian War with the Russian Empire . There is a significant Abazin presence in Turkey. An estimated 150,000 Abaza live in the provinces of Eskişehir , Samsun , Yozgat , Adana , Kayseri , and Sakarya , as well as İzmit and İstanbul . Most of them belong to Ashkharua clan that fought against

432-650: The Abazinia region via contact with the Nogais and other Muslim people. The Abazins adopted Islam via the influence of Muslim merchants and missionaries from the 16th to 19th centuries. Abaza language Abaza ( абаза бызшва , abaza byzshwa ; Adyghe : абазэбзэ ) is a Northwest Caucasian language spoken by Abazins in Russia . The language has gone through several different orthographies based primarily on Latin and Cyrillic letters. Its consonant-to-vowel ratio

459-660: The Ashkherewa dialect and the T'ap'anta dialect, which is the literary standard. The language also consists of five subdialects known as Psyzh-Krasnovostok, Abazakt, Apsua, Kubin-Elburgan and Kuvin. Abaza, like its relatives in the family of Northwest Caucasian languages , is a highly agglutinative language . For example, the verb in the English sentence "He couldn't make them give it back to her" contains four arguments (a term used in valency grammar ): he , them , it , to her . Abaza marks arguments morphologically, and incorporates all four arguments as pronominal prefixes on

486-507: The IPA, j_" in X-SAMPA), a centralized ⟨ ɰ ⟩ (⟨ ɰ̈ ⟩ in the IPA, M\_" in X-SAMPA) and a non-syllabic ⟨ ɨ ⟩ (⟨ ɨ̯ ⟩ in the IPA, 1_^ in X-SAMPA). For the reasons mentioned above and in the article velar approximant , none of those symbols are appropriate for languages such as Spanish, whose post-palatal approximant consonant (not

513-596: The Tsarist army and emigrated to Turkey after losing the battle of Kbaada ( Krasnaya Polyana in today's Sochi ), whereas the Tapanta clan fought with the Russian forces. A prominent example in Egypt is the Abaza family , a large Egyptian Abazin clan. Historically, the Abazin engaged in animal herding and some farming. The Abazins are dominantly Sunni Muslims. The Abazins first encountered Islam during their migrations to

540-445: The other hand, [ʝ̞] is unspecified as far as rounding is concerned and it is assimilated to the labial vowel context: rounded with rounded vowels, e.g. ayuda [aˈʝ̞ʷuð̞a] 'help', coyote [koˈʝ̞ʷote] 'coyote', hoyuelo [oˈʝ̞ʷwelo] 'dimple', etc., and unrounded with unrounded vowels: payaso [paˈʝ̞aso] 'clown', ayer [aˈʝ̞eɾ] 'yesterday'. He also considers that "the IPA shows

567-455: The phonological history terms yod-dropping and yod-coalescence . The palatal approximant can often be considered the semivocalic equivalent of the close front unrounded vowel [i] . They alternate with each other in certain languages, such as French , and in the diphthongs of some languages as ⟨ j ⟩ and ⟨ i̯ ⟩, with the non-syllabic diacritic used in different phonetic transcription systems to represent

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594-458: The post-palatal approximant may be transcribed as a palatalized velar approximant (⟨ ɰʲ ⟩, ⟨ ɣ̞ʲ ⟩ or ⟨ ɣ˕ʲ ⟩ in the IPA, M\' , M\_j , G'_o or G_o_j in X-SAMPA). A voiced alveolar-palatal approximant is attested as phonemic in the Huastec language. Features of the voiced palatal approximant: Symbols to the right in a cell are voiced , to

621-590: The same sound. A voiced alveolo-palatal approximant is attested as phonemic in the Huastec language , and is represented as an advanced voiced palatal approximant ⟨ j̟ ⟩, or the plus sign may be placed after the letter, ⟨ j˖ ⟩. Some languages, however, have a palatal approximant that is unspecified for rounding and so cannot be considered the semivocalic equivalent of either [i] or its rounded counterpart, [ y ] , which would normally correspond to [ ɥ ] . An example

648-783: The sequences / aj /, / aw /, / əj / and / əw /. Since 1938, Abaza has been written with the version of the Cyrillic alphabet shown below. The digraphs Лӏ and Фӏ are dialectal, and are therefore absent from the literary language and the official alphabet. Алaквa aбaгa джвыквырцaн, йдырцун. Абaгa гӏaпсaн, aпсып гязaнкъвнaмгaхaзуaзтӏ. Алaквa «aбaр, ужвыбырг aбaгa йaмцӏaсуaштӏ» - ухӏвaуaтa йaхьыдзун. Арi aбaгa гвы aнaтын, зынлa aдгьыл тшыднaршвылтӏ. Швaбыжтa йымгӏвaйсуaз aлaквa гвы aрымтуaтa aбaгa йaхъыкъятӏ. Арaъa aбaгa хӏaйля чӏкӏвын тлaныкъвaлa йпaн, aхӏврa йылaщщтӏ. Арi aпштa, aбaгa йубузтын, йгӏaух... Хӏaрa хӏколхоз йызлaнхaуa тшы щaрдa эмaпӏ. Ауaт тшы брулькӏ рылaпӏ. Ауи «Бруль» aхьызпӏ. Аколхозник Адaмей

675-607: The verb. It has a large consonantal inventory (63 phonemes) coupled with a minimal vowel inventory (two vowels). It is very closely related to Abkhaz , but it preserves a few phonemes which Abkhaz lacks, such as a voiced pharyngeal fricative . Work on Abaza has been carried out by W. S. Allen, Brian O'Herin, and John Colarusso . Different forms of cultural assimilation contributed to its fall in use in areas of Russia, and over time its overall endangerment. The language can be broken into five different dialects and has several unique grammatical approaches to languages. The Abaza language

702-687: The war. The Abaza language was not a written language until the Latin alphabet was adopted in 1932–1933 to write it. The Cyrillic script was later utilized to write the language in 1938. A small amount of books, pamphlets, and a newspaper were published in the Abaza language afterwards. The Abaza language is spoken in Russia and Turkey. Although it is endangered, it is still spoken in several regions in Russia. These include Kara-Pago, Kubina, Psyzh, El'burgan, Inzhich-Chukun, Koi-dan, Abaza-Khabl', Malo-Abazinka, Tapanta, Krasnovostochni, Novokuvinski, Starokuvinski, Abazakt and Ap-sua. The vowels [o, a, u] may have

729-573: Was at its peak usage in the mid to late 19th century. Abaza speakers along the Greater and Lesser Laba, Urup, and Greater and Lesser Zelenchuk rivers are from a wave of migrants in the 17th to 18th centuries who represent the Abaza speakers of today. The end of the Great Caucasian War in 1864 provided Russia with power and control of the local regions and contributed to the decrease in the popularity of pre-existing local languages prior to

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