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42-499: (Redirected from Academic Legion ) Academic legion may refer to: 36th Infantry Regiment (Poland) , a Polish regiment formed in the early 20th century Academic Legion (Vienna) , a revolutionary students' group in Vienna in 1848 [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles about military units and formations which are associated with

84-575: A common law, common symbols, and a common oath were introduced. The primary difference between most Scouting organizations and the Polish Harcerstwo was described by Andrzej Małkowski: Harcerstwo is Scouting plus independence. Before 1939 the ZHP was one of the largest social and educational associations in Poland with over 200,000 members. Among the "sponsors" of Polish Harcerstwo were all

126-626: A meeting of students at the Warsaw University of Technology . With permission granted by authorities of Warsaw colleges, students began to join the organization. Soon afterwards, local branches of the Legion were formed in other main cities of the country: Lublin , Kraków , Poznań , Wilno and Lwów . On November 11, 1918, the Academic Executive Committee (Akademicki Komitet Wykonawczy) was formed, together with

168-400: Is formed by several units named zastęp (patrol) consisting of about seven people. A few troops (especially working at the same school or housing estate) can be connected in one szczep (group). Several groups or/and troops from a specified area (borough, village, town) form a hufiec (district) which in turn is a part of one of the regions called chorągiew (literally banner ). For example,

210-553: The Polish Committee of National Liberation (PKWN) reformed the scouting movement under the name of the pre-WWII scouting organization, though with authorities loyal to the new government and an ethos in line with that of the Soviet Pioneer Movement , pressuring the organization to become a member thereof, eventually altogether disbanding in even in that form in 1949. The organization was integrated into

252-486: The Polish United Workers' Party youth movement ZMP OH was transformed and renamed to ZHP. However the new ZHP did not consider itself as a continuation of the pre-war ZHP, but as a new organization (until 1980). After 1958 many pre-war instructors were removed from the new ZHP or marginalized (like Aleksander Kamiński ) and the original oath, law, educational content and methods were changed (mention of God

294-609: The Polish United Workers' Party , with most of its members now part of a new Soviet-style, government-sponsored pioneer organization – the Scouts of the Working Youth of Poland (Scouting Organisation of the Association of Polish Youth – Organizacja Harcerska Związku Młodzieży Polskiej or ZMP-OH), which retained the original Polish scouting movement's motto while adopting pioneer traditions of Eastern Bloc countries, save for

336-610: The ZHR , Stowarzyszenie Harcerstwa Katolickiego Zawisza or ZHP-1918 ). These moves were prompted by political disagreements with the character of ZHP; they felt that its communist takeover left a permanent mark upon the organisation, and that the only way to effectively reform the movement was to found a new organisation. ZHR's founding will serve as an adequate example of this principle. After pope John Paul II's first pilgrimage to Poland in August 1980, some "non-conforming" instructors inside

378-531: The martial law . However, many of its high-ranking officials were interned because of their involvement in the Solidarność movement, as well as several Scoutmasters. The ZHP would later be admitted in the 1980s as part of the Patriotic Movement for National Rebirth . In 1989, after the period of peaceful transformation began, many groups of instructors formed separate Scouting organizations (like

420-612: The 36th Infantry Regiment and activists of the Independent Students' Union . Other branches of the organization were then opened in Polish cities, such as Kraków and Szczecin . Zwi%C4%85zek Harcerstwa Polskiego The Polish Scouting and Guiding Association ( Polish : Związek Harcerstwa Polskiego , ZHP) is the coeducational Polish Scouting organization recognized by the World Organization of

462-644: The Germans. On November 17, 1918, the Legion was regrouped and upon the initiative of Colonel Kazimierz Sawicki , two student battalions were attached to the 5th Legions Infantry Regiment. On November 26, Major Zygmunt Bobrowski was appointed commandant of a separate infantry regiment, which on December 3 was named 36th Infantry Regiment. After the Polish-Soviet War , the Academic Legion ceased to exist. It returned in 1929, but in August 1932 it

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504-662: The Regiment was dispatched to Greater Poland , where the regiment took part in the Polish retreat through Łask , Pabianice and Brwinów , and managed to reach the Modlin Fortress . The March Battalion of the 36th Regiment was left in Warsaw and served as a core of the Polish 336th Infantry Regiment that took part in the defence of Warsaw . Split onto two separate regiments, the 1st and 2nd Defenders of Praga Infantry Regiments under Stanislaw Milian and Stefan Kotowski ,

546-544: The Scout Movement and the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts . It was founded in 1918 and currently is the largest Scouting organization in Poland (142 692 members in 2023). The first ZHP was founded in 1916, the current one is the fourth organization with this name. It is a public benefit organization as defined by Polish law . The Polish Scout movement was started in 1910. Initially,

588-711: The ZHP carried on as a clandestine organization. In 1940, the Soviet Union executed most of the Boy Scouts held at Ostashkov prison. The wartime scouts evolved into the paramilitary Szare Szeregi ( Grey Ranks ), cooperating with the Polish underground state and the Armia Krajowa resistance. Older scouts carried out Deez sabotage, armed resistance, and assassinations. The Girl Guides formed auxiliary units working as nurses, liaisons, and munition carriers. At

630-619: The ZHP created the Andrzej Małkowski Circle of Scout Instructors (KIHAM), with the objective to restore original Scout ideals. These instructors presented reformative motions to the 7th Congress of ZHP at the beginning of 1981, but these were all rejected. When martial law was imposed in December 1981, a large number of organisations were outlawed, so ZHR was forced to conduct their activities – weekly meetings, yearly camps and so on – underground. The underground movement came to light in

672-567: The activities of the organization concentrated on military exercises, carried out on army facilities. Also, lectures and physical exercises were introduced. Main purpose of the League was to spread military knowledge and raise the young generation of Poles in the spirit of Polish militarism. The Academic Legion was dissolved by the government of the Polish People's Republic . It was officially recreated in Warsaw on May 22, 2000, by veterans of

714-430: The communist party. Because of this, its growth was rapid, and in 1980 it had more than three million active members. The Polish Scouts were engaged in a variety of duties, varying from helping in the fields of the poorest regions to organizing the visits of Pope John Paul II . After the martial law was imposed in 1981 the ZHP was the only large social organization not to be banned. The "VIII ZHP Convention" even supported

756-503: The enemy. Among the fallen was the regiment's chaplain, Rev. Ignacy Skorupka and the commander of 2nd Battalion, Stanisław Matarewicz . During the fighting heavy losses were replaced with a battalion of an improvised 236th Infantry Regiment formed mostly of students and Scouts of the Warsaw borough of Praga . After the battle the regiment continued to pursue the retreating Russian forces in Ukraine and on September 24, 1920, took part in

798-469: The fall of 1988. After they were unsuccessful in reforming the ZHP their way, the ZHR was founded. In this reformative climate, ZHP did adopt some of Polish Scouting's pre-war traditions: e.g. the original oath and Scouts Law were reintroduced, and of course the overt communist aspects, such as the glorification of Lenin, were removed. However, the organisation remains co-educational. In 1993 Lech Wałęsa became

840-540: The greatest legitimacy, successfully dominating the other organisations of Polish Scouting, such as ZHR and ZHP pgK, the organisation which brings together Polish Scouts in the international Emigree community, with members in Australia, Argentina, Belarus, Canada, France, Great Britain, Kazakhstan, Lithuania, Sweden, the United States, Ukraine, among other countries with Polish residents in the diaspora and as such

882-430: The historical heritage of the 36th Regiment was accepted by modern Trzebiatów -based Polish 36th Mechanized Regiment , in 1994 reformed into the Polish 36th Mechanized Brigade . In 1991 the last president of Poland in exile, Ryszard Kaczorowski , returned the pre-war insignia to the newly elected Polish president Lech Wałęsa . Among them was the original Virtuti Militari awarded to the unit in 1966. Initially attached to

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924-576: The honorary protector of the ZHP, just like all former Polish presidents. In 1996 the ZHP rejoined the World Organization of the Scout Movement. The Scout Association is also a member of the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts (since 1996), International Scout and Guide Fellowship , International Catholic Conference of Scouting , International Catholic Conference of Guiding . These memberships have allowed ZHP to claim

966-542: The ideas of Scouting were implemented by Andrzej Małkowski and his wife Olga . The three main branches of Polish Scouting included the Strzelec paramilitary organization for boys, a sport and education society Sokół and the anti-alcoholic association Eleusis . However, it wasn't until the Partitions of Poland came to an end that the ZHP would be officially founded by the merging of existing groups. Soon after

1008-486: The liberation of an important railway hub in the town of Szepietówka . During the interbellum, the regiment was attached to the Polish 28th Infantry Division and formed a part of the Warsaw garrison. It took part in the May Coup d'État of 1926 fighting in the ranks of the supporters of Piłsudski. On August 23, 1939, it was mobilized and attached to the Łódź Army . In September 1939, Commanded by Col. Karol Ziemski ,

1050-406: The main office of the Legion, located in Warsaw, at 26 Ujazdowskie Alley. Starting on November 15, students-members of the Legion were placed at military barracks at Nowowiejska Street. Later, they were moved to the barracks at 11 Listopada Street, in the district of Praga . Members of the Legion guarded government offices as well as military buildings, together with arsenals of weaponry, abandoned by

1092-496: The merger in 1918, the ZHP members fought in all the conflicts Poland was engaged in around this time: Great Poland Uprising , Polish-Bolshevik War , Silesian Uprisings , and Polish-Ukrainian War, much like their predecessors during the Siege of Mafeking . All of the units joined in 1918 and formed the ZHP, one of the founding members of the World Organization of the Scout Movement . Although many units retained their own traditions,

1134-515: The organization is affiliated to the International Link of Orthodox Christian Scouts . ZHP PGK, also known as ZHP Świat, has adopted policies similar to those of the Boy Scouts of America, where agnostics and atheists are not allowed to be instructors. There are four age groups, although the age limits are not strictly adhered to: The basic unit of ZHP is a drużyna (troop), consisting of approximately 30 boys or girls. Each drużyna

1176-536: The presidents of Poland and several high-ranking officers of the Polish Land Forces, including general Józef Haller . After the invasion of Poland of 1939, the ZHP, many of whom joined defense militias, were branded partisans and criminals by Nazi Germany , who had executed many scouts and guides, along with other possible resistance leaders (for example during the Katowice massacre ). Nonetheless,

1218-724: The regimental banner in the Museum of the Polish Army, on June 3, 2000, it was given to the 36th Mechanized Brigade and attached to its modern banner. In 2008 brigade was disbanded and the traditions transferred to the 3rd Battalion, 7th Coastal Defense Brigade . Academic Legion (Poland) ( Polish : Legia Akademicka ) was a volunteer military formation, created on November 11, 1918, by students of different colleges in Warsaw , most of whom were members of secret Polish Military Organisation . On November 26, 1918, an infantry regiment, based on

1260-528: The same time, the youngest scouts were involved in so-called small sabotage under the auspice of the Wawer organization, which included dropping leaflets or painting the kotwica sign on the walls. During Operation Tempest , and especially during the Warsaw Uprising , the scouts participated in the fighting, and several Szare Szeregi units were some of the most effective in combat. In December 1944

1302-542: The same title. If an internal link referred you to this page, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. [REDACTED] Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academic_legion&oldid=964073007 " Category : Military units and formations disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages 36th Infantry Regiment (Poland) The regiment

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1344-597: The soldiers shared the fate of the rest of the Armia Krajowa . The Regiment was not recreated after the war and its banner, founded in 1921 by the universities of Warsaw, is currently in the Museum of the Polish Army in Warsaw. In 1966 the regiment was awarded the Virtuti Militari , the highest Polish military decoration, by Władysław Anders and the Polish Government in exile . On December 12, 1992,

1386-812: The uniform and the pioneer salute used in the Soviet Union and other pioneer associations of the Eastern Bloc (the scouts retained the two-finger salute in honor of the young boys and girls who fought in the Second World War with both the Polish People's Army and the Home Army). The only existing part of pre-war ZHP is the ZHP pgK , established to serve Polish scouts outside their homeland. In 1956, after Stalin's and Bolesław Bierut's death,

1428-646: The unit held out until the final capitulation of Warsaw. During the German occupation, veterans of the 36th Regiment were joined in the VI Home Army Area. During Operation Tempest the Regiment was recreated and took part in the Warsaw Uprising. The soldiers of the regiment fought in the failed uprising in Praga, but also in heavy fights for the boroughs of Żoliborz , Mokotów and Czerniaków . It

1470-507: The unit managed to break through to the besieged city through Żółkiew , Kulików and Homulec. After that on September 7 the unit was reinforced with additional battalions formed in Warsaw and Modlin . During the Polish-Bolshevik War the unit was dispatched to the front on May 14, 1920, and took part in heavy fighting during the Polish retreat westwards. On June 3 it took part in the victorious battle of Duniłowicze . After

1512-423: The volunteers was created. On December 3, it was named 36th Infantry Regiment, and fought with distinction in several conflicts in 1918–1921. The Academic Legion ceased to exist after the Polish-Soviet War . It was recreated in 1929, closed in 1932, and created again in 1937. Among its notable members were Karol Wojtyla and Jan Hermanowski . The decision to form the Legion was accepted on November 6, 1918, during

1554-565: The war this date became the Regiment's feast day. On August 13 and the following days, the regiment again took part in the Battle of Ossów (heavy fighting for the town of Osowiec and the village of Leśniakowizna during the battle of Warsaw ). In a series of withdrawals and counter-attacks, and despite heavy losses, the regiment withstood the Bolshevik assault on Warsaw thus permitting Józef Piłsudski 's main assault group to outflank and destroy

1596-596: Was again closed. Finally, on November 29, 1937, the anniversary of the outbreak of the November Uprising , the Academic Legion was officially recreated. At the same time, the Council of Ministers obliged all students to prepare for the military service. In 1937–1939, the Academic Legion was under direct supervision of the Minister of Military Affairs. Its commandant was Colonel Tadeusz Roman Tomaszewski , and

1638-519: Was allowed to retain its former name as an honorary title. The regiment were sworn on December 13 and on January 4, 1919, it left Warsaw for Lwów , which was then under siege by the forces of the West Ukrainian People's Republic . Attached to the relief force under Gen. Jan Romer , it was initially made up of two battalions and a small NCO school. The regiment suffered heavy losses and both battalions were eventually merged. However,

1680-578: Was an all-volunteer force made up of students from Warsaw-based universities on November 11, 1918, that is the day Poland regained her independence. Initially the unit was simply named Infantry Regiment of the Academic Legion and took part in disarming the Austro-Hungarian and German soldiers remaining on Polish territory. Accepted formally into the Polish Army on December 3, it was renamed the 36th Infantry Regiment and on April 5, 1919, it

1722-512: Was officially recreated by order of Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski out of three previously-existing partisan battalions. Led by Maj. Stanisław Błaszczak ( nom de guerre Róg ), it was composed of the Krybar ( Cyprian Odorkiewicz ), Dowgierd ( Stanisław Taczanowski ) and Żmudzin ( Bolesław Kontrym ) battalions, each named after their commanders' noms de guerre. After the capitulation of the Uprising,

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1764-620: Was removed from the oath, Lenin introduced as a hero, the Bolshevik Revolution was commemorated, the brigades became co-educational similar to Eastern Bloc Pioneer associations). The two-finger salute common to the Polish Scouts was retained, and a new uniform debuted. Despite this, the Polish Scouting and Guiding Association became one of the very few official organizations that retained some independence from

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