92-643: Accra New Town is a town in the Ayawaso North district , a district of the Greater Accra Region of Ghana . 5°35′N 0°13′W / 5.583°N 0.217°W / 5.583; -0.217 This Greater Accra location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Accra Metropolis District The Accra Metropolitan District is one of the 254 Metropolitan, Municipal and Districts in Ghana, and among
184-587: A brief period, England became a commonwealth , with Oliver Cromwell the de facto ruler, with the title of Lord Protector . Frustrated with its decisions, Cromwell purged and suspended Parliament on several occasions. A controversial figure notorious for his actions in Ireland , Cromwell is nonetheless regarded as essential to the growth of democracy in England. The years of the Commonwealth, coupled with
276-479: A century. This state of affairs came to an end with the Liberal Revolution of 1820 , which set in motion the introduction of a new constitution, and a permanent and proper parliament, that however inherited the name of Cortes Gerais. The zemsky sobor (Russian: зе́мский собо́р) was the first Russian parliament of the feudal Estates type, in the 16th and 17th centuries. The term roughly means assembly of
368-575: A convocation sejm established an elective monarchy in the Commonwealth. After its self-proclamation as an independent kingdom in 1139 by Afonso I of Portugal (followed by the recognition by the Kingdom of León in the Treaty of Zamora of 1143), the first historically established Cortes of the Kingdom of Portugal occurred in 1211 in Coimbra by initiative of Afonso II of Portugal . These established
460-480: A critical role in the 1640 Restoration , and enjoyed a brief period of resurgence during the reign of John IV of Portugal (r.1640-1656). But by the end of the 17th century, it found itself sidelined once again. The last Cortes met in 1698, for the mere formality of confirming the appointment of Infante John (future John V of Portugal ) as the successor of Peter II of Portugal . Thereafter, Portuguese kings ruled as absolute monarchs and no Cortes were assembled for over
552-555: A fact which they exploited incessantly. Nevertheless, Parliament in Henry VIII's time offered up very little objection to the monarch's desires. Under his and Edward 's reign, the legislative body complied willingly with the majority of the kings' decisions. Much of this compliance stemmed from how the English viewed and traditionally understood authority. As Williams described it, "King and parliament were not separate entities, but
644-638: A single body, of which the monarch was the senior partner and the Lords and the Commons the lesser, but still essential, members." Although its role in government had expanded significantly in the mid 16th century, the Parliament of England saw some of its most important gains in the 17th century. A series of conflicts between the Crown and Parliament culminated in the execution of King Charles I in 1649. For
736-625: Is Hon. Dakoa Newman of the New Patriotic Party. At the 2010 census, there were 1,665,086 people residing in the district. Out of the total population, about 47% were migrants (born elsewhere in the Greater Accra Region or other regions in Ghana or outside Ghana), with people born in the Eastern Region but resident in the district constituting 27.8% of the migrant population. The total number of households in
828-759: Is administered by the Accra Metropolitan Assembly , which is the political and administrative authority for the City of Accra. Structurally, the Accra Metropolitan Assembly is made up of the General Assembly at the apex and six (6) sub-metropolitan district councils representing each of the six sub-metropolitan districts, which are subordinate bodies of the Assembly performing functions assigned or delegated to them by
920-1138: Is one of the 10 districts that make up the Accra Metropolitan Area , an area that serves as the capital of Ghana. Administratively, the district is one of the 21 local authority districts of the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area, which include Ga South Municipal District , Ga Central Municipal District , Ga West Municipal District , Ga East Municipal District , Ga North Municipal District , Weija Gbawe Municipal District , La Dade Kotopon Municipal District , Ledzokuku Municipal District , Krowor Municipal District , Okaikwei North Municipal District , Ablekuma North Municipal District , Ablekuma West Municipal District , Ayawaso East Municipal District , Ayawaso North Municipal District , Ayawaso West Municipal District , Adentan Municipal District , Tema Metropolitan District , Tema West Municipal District , Ashaiman Municipal District , La Nkwantanang Madina Municipal District , and Kpone Katamanso Municipal District . Since 1988, it
1012-617: The Civil War , and again at the Glorious Revolution . It also provided the country with unprecedented stability. More stability, in turn, helped assure more effective management, organisation, and efficiency. Parliament printed statutes and devised a more coherent parliamentary procedure . The rise of Parliament proved especially important in the sense that it limited the repercussions of dynastic complications that had so often plunged England into civil war. Parliament still ran
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#17327661162681104-467: The Douro River , favoring the new royal city of Vila Nova de Gaia at the expense of the old episcopal city of Porto. The Portuguese Cortes met again under King Afonso III of Portugal in 1256, 1261 and 1273, always by royal summon. Medieval Kings of Portugal continued to rely on small assemblies of notables, and only summoned the full Cortes on extraordinary occasions. A Cortes would be called if
1196-618: The Kingdom of León in 1188. According to the UNESCO , the Decreta of Leon of 1188 is the oldest documentary manifestation of the European parliamentary system. In addition, UNESCO granted the 1188 Cortes of Alfonso IX the title of "Memory of the World" and the city of Leon has been recognized as the "Cradle of Parliamentarism". The English term is derived from Anglo-Norman and dates to
1288-714: The Parliament of Toulouse , the first parliament outside of Paris, whose jurisdiction extended over the most part of southern France. From 1443 until the French Revolution several other parliaments were created in some provinces of France ( Grenoble , Bordeaux ). All the parliaments could issue regulatory decrees for the application of royal edicts or of customary practices; they could also refuse to register laws that they judged contrary to fundamental law or simply as being untimely. Parliamentary power in France
1380-515: The restoration of the monarchy in 1660 and the subsequent Glorious Revolution of 1688 , helped reinforce and strengthen Parliament as an institution separate from the Crown. The Parliament of England met until it merged with the Parliament of Scotland under the Acts of Union . This union created the new Parliament of Great Britain in 1707. The Parliament of the United Kingdom followed at
1472-473: The "cooler" but more humid rainy season. Parliament In modern politics, and history, a parliament is a legislative body of government. Generally, a modern parliament has three functions: representing the electorate , making laws, and overseeing the government via hearings and inquiries. The term is similar to the idea of a senate , synod or congress and is commonly used in countries that are current or former monarchies . Some contexts restrict
1564-574: The 14th and 15th centuries, reaching their apex when John I of Portugal relied almost wholly upon the bourgeoisie for his power. For a period after the 1383–1385 Crisis, the Cortes were convened almost annually. But as time went on, they became less important. Portuguese monarchs, tapping into the riches of the Portuguese empire overseas, grew less dependent on Cortes subsidies and convened them less frequently. John II (r.1481-1495) used them to break
1656-456: The 14th century, coming from the 11th century Old French word parlement ' discussion, discourse ' , from parler , ' to talk ' . The meaning evolved over time, originally referring to any discussion, conversation, or negotiation through various kinds of deliberative or judicial groups, often summoned by a monarch. By the 15th century, in Britain, it had come to specifically mean
1748-554: The 26 such districts in the Greater Accra Region with a population of 284,124 as of 2021. As of March 2018, it spans an area of approximately 60 km (23 sq mi) and encompasses the Ablekuma South, Ashiedu Keteke, and Okaikoi South sub-metropolitan district councils. The district was established by the Local Government Act of 1993 (Act 462) and Legislative Instrument 1615. The local authority of
1840-810: The Ablekuma North, Ablekuma Central, and Ablekuma South sub-metropolitan districts; the Ayawaso sub-metropolitan district was split into the Ayawaso Central, Ayawaso East, and Ayawaso West sub-metropolitan districts; and the Okaikoi sub-metropolitan district was split into the Okaikoi North and Okaikoi South sub-metropolitan districts. This intervention was informed by the need to break up the metropolitan district into smaller sectors to facilitate good governance. In 2007, to promote efficiency in
1932-541: The Ablekuma South sub-metropolitan district and includes five (5) electoral areas: The Odododiodioo constituency falls within the Ashiedu Keteke sub-metropolitan district and includes seven (7) electoral areas: The Okaikoi South constituency falls within the Okaikoi South sub-metropolitan district and includes eight (8) electoral areas: The current member of parliament for the Okaikoi South constituency
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#17327661162682024-663: The Accra Metropolitan Assembly to form the Ayawaso North, Ayawaso East and Ayawaso West Municipal Assemblies. The Okaikoi North sub-metropolitan district was also elevated to municipal status as the Okaikoi North Municipal Assembly. The Accra Metropolitan district covers a total land area of 60 km (23 sq mi). It is bounded to the north by the Ayawaso West Municipal district and Okaikoi North Municipal district, to
2116-516: The Accra city council was created in 1953, six area councils were established namely Ablekuma, Ashiedu Keteke, Ayawaso, Okaikoi, Osu Klotey and Kpeshie (which comprised Teshie, Nungua and La). This system operated until 18 March 1989 when Accra was elevated to metropolitan district status and the area councils became sub-metropolitan district councils under Legislative Instrument 1500 of the new Local Government System (PNDCL 207) Act 462. In 2003, part of
2208-476: The Assembly within the framework of national policies and guidelines. It also has an advisory role in the Assembly on matters related to pre-school, primary schools, and junior high schools in the district. The Budget and Rating department provides technical leadership in the preparation and management of the budget in the Service. The department advises the Assembly on cost implications and financial decisions in
2300-489: The Assembly's assets. The Public Health department provides strategic and administrative leadership for the management of policies and programs related to environmental sanitation. The department also promotes and protects public health and safety through collaboration innovation and strategic standard enforcement. The physical planning department manages the activities of the Department of Town and Country Planning and
2392-734: The Assembly. The General Assembly, whose meetings are presided over by the Presiding Member, is composed of 21 elected members, 14 government appointees, 3 Members of Parliament, and the Metropolitan Chief Executive (mayor), who also chairs the Executive Committee. The General Assembly meetings are presided over by the Presiding Member. Assembly Members The Accra Metropolitan Assembly (AMA) has sixteen (16) statutory departments, some of which are state entities decentralized and incorporated into
2484-467: The Cortes of Leiria of 1254 as the second sample of modern parliamentarism in the history of Europe (after the Cortes of León in 1188). In these Cortes the monetagio was introduced: a fixed sum was to be paid by the burghers to the Crown as a substitute for the septennium (the traditional revision of the face value of coinage by the Crown every seven years). These Cortes also introduced staple laws on
2576-450: The Cortes the aspect of a legislature. These petitions were originally referred to as aggravamentos (grievances) then artigos (articles) and eventually capitulos (chapters). In a Cortes-Gerais, petitions were discussed and voted upon separately by each estate and required the approval of at least two of the three estates before being passed up to the royal council. The proposal was then subject to royal veto (either accepted or rejected by
2668-605: The Departments of Parks and Gardens. The department's responsibilities include to: The Department of Works is a merger of the Public works Department, Department of Feeder Roads, Water & Sanitation Units, Department of Rural Housing, and the Works Unit of the Assembly. Among the responsibilities of this department are to: The Urban Roads department collects data for planning and development of road infrastructure in
2760-614: The East. The 2010 population and housing census estimated the population of the sub-metropolitan district at 121,718 with 13,378 houses and 34,800 households. Using the Greater Accra Growth Rate of 3.1%, it is estimated that the 2018 population stands at 148,897. Some of the communities within the sub-metropolitan district include: The Accra Metropolitan Assembly is made up of 20 electoral areas covering three constituencies. The Ablekuma South constituency falls within
2852-660: The Federal Assembly itself, and is often mistaken for the entirety of the parliament) comes from the Russian word думать ( dumat ), "to think". The Boyar Duma was an advisory council to the grand princes and tsars of Muscovy . The Duma was discontinued by Peter the Great , who transferred its functions to the Governing Senate in 1711. The veche was the highest legislature and judicial authority in
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2944-598: The Greater Accra Growth Rate of 3.1%, it is estimated that the 2018 population stands at 143,768. Some of the communities within the sub-metropolitan district include: The Okaikoi South sub-metropolitan district shares boundaries with Okaikoi North Municipal District to the North, Osu Klottey sub-metropolitan district to the South, Ablekuma Central sub-metropolitan district to the West, and Ayawaso Central sub-metropolitan district to
3036-480: The LGS, and coordinates the preparation of budgets, participates in the preparation of procurement plan and assists in fee-fixing resolutions. The Social Welfare and Community Development department coordinates and promotes social development programs and policies to improve the welfare of people and communities. The department also plans, initiates and coordinates community-based projects, day care centers and services for
3128-565: The Local Assembly structure, and report directly to the Metropolitan Coordinating Director (MCD) and ultimately to the Metropolitan Chief Executive. Some of these departments oversee other functional units. The Central Administration department is headed by the Metropolitan Coordinating Director (MCD) and is responsible for ensuring the implementation of governmental policies, projects and programmes at
3220-599: The MMDAs level. The department guides policy formulation, planning and decision-making at the Assembly. This department includes the following units: Public Relations, Human Resources, Development Planning, Procurement and Logistics, Security, Transport, Management Information Systems, Information Service, Protocol. The Finance department leads in the management and use of financial resources to achieve value for money. It directs and controls financial management in line with public sector accounting principles thereby safeguarding of
3312-591: The Middle Ages and equivalent of the German word Reichstag . Today the term lives on in the official names of national legislatures and other institutions in the North Germanic countries. In Yorkshire and former Danelaw areas of England, which were subject to Norse invasion and settlement, the wapentake was another name for the same institution. The Sicilian Parliament , dating to 1097, evolved as
3404-854: The administrative machinery and also meet the ever pressing demands for amenities and essential services, the Teshie and Nungua sub-metropolitan districts were merged and upgraded to municipal Status in 2007 as the Ledzokuku-Krowor Municipal District under Legislative Instrument 1865. Later, in 2012, the La sub-metropolitan district was carved out of the Accra Metropolitan District to form the La Dade-Kotopon Municipal District under Legislative Instrument 2038, In November 2017,
3496-461: The city—boyars, merchants, and common citizens—then gathered at Yaroslav's Court . Separate assemblies could be held in the districts of Novgorod. In Pskov the veche assembled in the court of the Trinity cathedral . " Conciliarism " or the "conciliar movement", was a reform movement in the 14th and 15th century Roman Catholic Church which held that final authority in spiritual matters resided with
3588-702: The conduct of the Assembly's business. The Accra Metropolitan district features a tropical savanna climate ( Köppen climate classification Aw ) that borders on a hot semi-arid climate ( BSh ). The average annual rainfall is about 730 mm, which falls primarily during Ghana's two rainy seasons. The chief rainy season begins in April and ends in mid-July, whilst a weaker second rainy season occurs in October. Rain usually falls in short intensive storms and causes local flooding in which drainage channels are obstructed. Very little variation in temperature occurs throughout
3680-577: The conquered territories, such as those represented by the Gulating near Bergen in western Norway: Later national diets with chambers for different estates developed, e.g. in Sweden and in Finland (which was part of Sweden until 1809), each with a House of Knights for the nobility. In both these countries, the national parliaments are now called riksdag (in Finland also eduskunta ), a word used since
3772-539: The council by general writs from the sheriffs of their counties. Modern government has its origins in the Curia Regis; parliament descends from the Great Council, later known as the parliamentum , established by Magna Carta . During the reign of King Henry III (13th century), English Parliaments included elected representatives from shires and towns. Thus these parliaments are considered forerunners of
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3864-513: The country even in the absence of suitable heirs to the throne, and its legitimacy as a decision-making body reduced the royal prerogatives of kings like Henry VIII and the importance of their whims. For example, Henry VIII could not simply establish supremacy by proclamation; he required Parliament to enforce statutes and add felonies and treasons. An important liberty for Parliament was its freedom of speech; Henry allowed anything to be spoken openly within Parliament and speakers could not face arrest –
3956-472: The details of foreign policy. Some Muslim scholars argue that the Islamic shura (a method of taking decisions in Islamic societies) is analogous to the parliament. However, other scholars (notably from Hizb ut-Tahrir ) highlight what they consider fundamental differences between the shura system and the parliamentary system. England has long had a tradition of a body of men who would assist and advise
4048-434: The development of agriculture and sustainability of the agro-environment. The department promotes policies, strategies and appropriate agricultural technologies necessary to improve agribusiness, agro-processing and crop/animal/ fish production. The Legal department facilitates the drawing up of rules and regulations to guide the activities of the Assembly as well as the interpretation of rules, laws and regulations to enhance
4140-627: The development of the Polish parliament, the Sejm , in around 1180. The term "sejm" comes from an old Polish expression denoting a meeting of the populace. The power of early sejms grew between 1146 and 1295, when the power of individual rulers waned and various councils grew stronger. Since the 14th century irregular sejms (described in various Latin sources as contentio generalis, conventio magna, conventio solemna, parlamentum, parlamentum generale, dieta ) have been convened by Poland's monarchs. From 1374,
4232-604: The district stood at 501,903 households, out of which 450,794 households lived in the 149,789 houses within the district The average household size in the district is 3.7 persons per household and the population per house is estimated at 11.1, indicating that compound houses are the most common type of dwelling (67.7%) within the district. 38.4% of the population were under the age of 19, 12.4% between 20 and 24, 11.5% between 25 and 29, 21.5% between 30 and 44, 12.2% between 45 and 64, and 4% age 65 and over. For every 100 females, there were about 93 males. The Accra Metropolitan district
4324-410: The district, assists with the evaluation of road designs by consultants, and ensures that funds from road fund and other sources are used for the designated roads in line with approved standards. The Waste Management department is responsible for the provision of facilities, infrastructure Services and programs for effective and efficient waste management for the improvement in environmental sanitation,
4416-537: The district, the Accra Metropolitan Assembly , is currently headed by Mohammed Adjei Sowah, who was appointed by the President of the Republic of Ghana in 2017 as the Metropolitan Chief Executive and serves as the political head of the district and mayor of the City of Accra. Since 1961, the district has been coterminous with the City of Accra, which also serves as its capital. Today, the Accra Metropolitan District
4508-448: The ecclesiastics and the king. In 1215, they secured Magna Carta from King John of England . This established that the king may not levy or collect any taxes (except the feudal taxes to which they were hitherto accustomed), save with the consent of a council. It was also established that the most important tenants-in-chief and ecclesiastics be summoned to the council by personal writs from the sovereign, and that all others be summoned to
4600-494: The executive government is no longer conducted in a royal court. Most historians date the emergence of a parliament with some degree of power, to which the throne had to defer, no later than the reign of Edward I . Like previous kings, Edward called leading nobles and church leaders to discuss government matters, especially finance and taxation . A meeting in 1295 became known as the Model Parliament because it set
4692-526: The first general laws of the kingdom ( Leis Gerais do Reino ): protection of the king's property, stipulation of measures for the administration of justice and the rights of his subjects to be protected from abuses by royal officials, and confirming the clerical donations of the previous king Sancho I of Portugal . These Cortes also affirmed the validity of canon law for the Church in Portugal, while introducing
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#17327661162684784-399: The first schedule of the Accra Metropolitan Legislative Instrument of 1995 (LI 161) was amended and replaced with Legislative Instrument 1722 of 2003 which led to the creation of 7 more sub-metropolitan districts out of the existing six. The Kpeshie sub-metropolitan district was split into the Nungua, Teshie and La sub-metropolitan districts; the Ablekuma sub-metropolitan district was split into
4876-439: The government laid before Parliament Legislative Instruments (LI) which elevated the Ablekuma North sub-metropolitan district to municipal status as the Ablekuma North Municipal Assembly and carved out the western part of the Ablekuma South sub-metropolitan district to form the Ablekuma West Municipal Assembly. Additionally, the Ayawaso West, Ayawaso East, and part of the Ayawaso Central sub-metropolitan districts were carved out of
4968-402: The high nobility, but dispensed with them otherwise. Manuel I (r.1495-1521) convened them only four times in his long reign. By the time of Sebastian (r.1554–1578), the Cortes was practically an irrelevance. Curiously, the Cortes gained a new importance with the Iberian Union of 1581, finding a role as the representative of Portuguese interests to the new Habsburg monarch. The Cortes played
5060-412: The institution of the Hungarian Diet. An institutionalized Hungarian parliament emerged during the 14th and 15th centuries. Beginning under King Charles I , continuing under subsequent kings through into the reign of King Matthias I , the Diet was essentially convened by the king. However, under the rule of heavy handed kings like Louis the Great and during reign of the early absolutist Matthias Corvinus
5152-401: The king had to receive permission from that assembly to raise taxes and the 1454 Nieszawa Statutes granted the szlachta (nobles) unprecedented concessions and authority. The General Sejm (Polish sejm generalny or sejm walny ), first convoked by the John I Albert in 1493 near Piotrków , evolved from earlier regional and provincial meetings called sejmiks . Simultaneously, the Senate
5244-425: The king in its entirety) before becoming law. Nonetheless, the exact extent of Cortes power was ambiguous. Kings insisted on their ancient prerogative to promulgate laws independently of the Cortes. The compromise, in theory, was that ordinances enacted in Cortes could only be modified or repealed by Cortes. But even that principle was often circumvented or ignored in practice. The Cortes probably had their heyday in
5336-402: The king on important matters. Under the Anglo-Saxon kings, there was an advisory council, the Witenagemot . The name derives from the Old English ƿitena ȝemōt, or witena gemōt, for "meeting of wise men". The first recorded act of a witenagemot was the law code issued by King Æthelberht of Kent around 600, the earliest document which survives in sustained Old English prose; however, the Witan
5428-482: The king wanted to introduce new taxes, change some fundamental laws, announce significant shifts in foreign policy (e.g. ratify treaties), or settle matters of royal succession, issues where the cooperation and assent of the towns was thought necessary. Changing taxation (especially requesting war subsidies), was probably the most frequent reason for convening the Cortes. As the nobles and clergy were largely tax-exempt, setting taxation involved intensive negotiations between
5520-417: The king, along with ecclesiastics . William brought to England the feudal system of his native Normandy , and sought the advice of the Curia Regis before making laws. This is the original body from which the Parliament, the higher courts of law, and the Privy Council and Cabinet descend. Of these, the legislature is formally the High Court of Parliament; judges sit in the Supreme Court of Judicature . Only
5612-419: The land. It could be summoned either by tsar , or patriarch , or the Boyar Duma . Three categories of population, comparable to the Estates-General of France but with the numbering of the first two Estates reversed, participated in the assembly: The name of the parliament of nowadays Russian Federation is the Federal Assembly of Russia . The term for its lower house, State Duma (which is better known than
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#17327661162685704-414: The legislature of the Kingdom of Sicily . The Diet of Hungary, or originally Parlamentum Publicum and Parlamentum Generale ( Hungarian : Országgyűlés ), became the supreme legislative institution in the medieval kingdom of Hungary from the 1290s, and in its successor states, Royal Hungary and the Habsburg kingdom of Hungary throughout the Early Modern period . The name of the legislative body
5796-434: The legislature. Since ancient times, when societies were tribal, there were councils or a headman whose decisions were assessed by village elders. This is called tribalism . Some scholars suggest that in ancient Mesopotamia there was a primitive democratic government where the kings were assessed by council. The same has been said about ancient India, where some form of deliberative assemblies existed, and therefore there
5888-512: The modern parliament. In 1265, Simon de Montfort , then in rebellion against Henry III, summoned a parliament of his supporters without royal authorisation. The archbishops , bishops , abbots , earls , and barons were summoned, as were two knights from each shire and two burgesses from each borough . Knights had been summoned to previous councils, but it was unprecedented for the boroughs to be represented. In 1295, Edward I adopted De Montfort's ideas for representation and election in
5980-408: The monarch still possessed a form of inarguable dominion over its decisions. According to Elton, it was Thomas Cromwell , 1st Earl of Essex, then chief minister to Henry VIII, who initiated still other changes within parliament. The Acts of Supremacy established the monarch as head of the Church of England. The power of Parliament, in its relationship with the monarch, increased considerably after
6072-411: The old and new classes of royal servants (servientes regis) against both the crown and the magnates, and to defend the rights of the whole nation against the crown by restricting the powers of the latter in certain fields and legalizing refusal to obey its unlawful/unconstitutional commands (the " ius resistendi "). The lesser nobles also began to present Andrew with grievances, a practice that evolved into
6164-414: The parliaments were often convened to announce the royal decisions, and had no significant power of its own. Since the reign of the Jagiellonian dynasty, the parliament has regained most of its former power. According to the Chronicles of Gallus Anonymus , the first legendary Polish ruler, Siemowit , who began the Piast dynasty , was chosen by an ancient wiec council. The idea of the wiec led to
6256-434: The pattern for later Parliaments. The significant difference between the Model Parliament and the earlier Curia Regis was the addition of the Commons: that is, the inclusion of elected representatives of rural landowners and of townsmen. In 1307, Edward agreed not to collect certain taxes without the "consent of the realm" through parliament. He also enlarged the court system. The tenants-in-chief often struggled for power with
6348-412: The prohibition of the purchase of lands by churches or monasteries (although they can be acquired by donations and legacies). After the conquest of Algarve in 1249, the Kingdom of Portugal completed its Reconquista . In 1254 King Afonso III of Portugal summoned Portuguese Cortes in Leiria , with the inclusion of burghers from old and newly incorporated municipalities. This inclusion establishes
6440-419: The protection of the environment and the promotion of public health. As part of ensuring proper hygiene, the department supervises the cleansing of drains, streets, markets, car parks and weeding of road sides and open spaces as well as inspection and maintenance of sanitary facilities. The Education, Youth and Sport department primarily assists in the formulation and implementation of policies on education in
6532-443: The rehabilitation of the physically challenged. The Disaster Management and Prevention department assists the planning and implementation of programs to prevent and/or mitigate disaster in the district. As part of its preventive role, the department assists and facilitates education and training of volunteers to fight fires and organizes public disaster education campaigns. The Food and Agriculture department provides leadership for
6624-519: The reigns of King Ladislaus I and King Coloman "the Learned", assemblies were held on a national scale where both ecclesiastic and secular dignitaries made appearances. The first exact written mention of the word "parlamentum" (Parliament) for the nation-wide assembly originated during the reign of King Andrew II in the Golden Bull of 1222 , which reaffirmed the rights of the smaller nobles of
6716-520: The republic of Novgorod until 1478. In its sister state, Pskov , a separate veche operated until 1510. Since the Novgorod revolution of 1137 ousted the ruling grand prince , the veche became the supreme state authority. After the reforms of 1410, the veche was restructured on a model similar to that of Venice , becoming the Commons chamber of the parliament. An upper Senate -like Council of Lords
6808-497: The royal council and the burgher delegates at the Cortes. Delegates ( procuradores ) not only considered the king's proposals, but, in turn, also used the Cortes to submit petitions of their own to the royal council on a myriad of matters, e.g. extending and confirming town privileges, punishing abuses of officials, introducing new price controls, constraints on Jews , pledges on coinage, etc. The royal response to these petitions became enshrined as ordinances and statutes, thus giving
6900-471: The so-called " Model Parliament ". At first, each estate debated independently; by the reign of Edward III , however, Parliament had grown closer to its modern form, with the legislative body having two separate chambers. The purpose and structure of Parliament in Tudor England underwent a significant transformation under the reign of Henry VIII . Originally its methods were primarily medieval, and
6992-522: The thing was often also the place for public religious rites and for commerce. The thing met at regular intervals, legislated, elected chieftains and kings , and judged according to the law, which was memorised and recited by the " law speaker " (the judge). The Icelandic, Faroese and Manx parliaments trace their origins back to the Viking expansion originating from the petty kingdoms of Norway as well as Denmark, replicating Viking government systems in
7084-648: The union with Ireland. Originally, there was only the Parlement of Paris , born out of the Curia Regis in 1307, and located inside the medieval royal palace, now the Paris Hall of Justice . The jurisdiction of the Parliament of Paris covered the entire kingdom. In the thirteenth century, judicial functions were added. In 1443, following the turmoil of the Hundred Years' War , King Charles VII of France granted Languedoc its own parliament by establishing
7176-649: The unity of the nation and the state. The general parliament of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth consisted of three estates – the King of Poland, the Senate (consisting of Ministers, Palatines, Castellans and Roman Catholic Bishops) and the Chamber of Envoys comprising 170 nobles acting on behalf of their holdings as well as representatives of major cities, who did not possess any voting privileges. In 1573,
7268-419: The use of the word parliament to parliamentary systems , although it is also used to describe the legislature in some presidential systems (e.g., the Parliament of Ghana ), even where it is not in the official name . Historically, parliaments included various kinds of deliberative, consultative, and judicial assemblies. What is considered to be the first modern parliament, was the Cortes of León , held in
7360-587: The west by Ablekuma South sub-metropolitan district, to the east by Osu Klottey sub-metropolitan district, and to the south by the Gulf of Guinea. The sub-metropolitan district houses the Central Business District (CBD) and as such the hub of major commercial activities within the City of Accra. The 2010 population and housing census estimated the population of the sub-metropolitan district at 117,525 with 13,732 houses and 34,964 households. Using
7452-748: The west by the Ablekuma West Municipal district and Ablekuma North Municipal district, and to the east by the Ayawaso East Municipal district and the La Dade Kotopon Municipal district. The Gulf of Guinea serves as the southern border. The Ablekuma South sub-metropolitan district covers a total land area of approximately 2.58 km (1.00 sq mi). It shares boundaries with the Ablekuma West Municipal District to
7544-401: The west, Ablekuma Central sub-metropolitan district to the north, and Ashiedu Keteke sub-metropolitan district to the east. Some of the communities within the sub-metropolitan district include: The Ashiedu Keteke sub-metropolitan district covers a total land area of approximately 2.89 km (1.12 sq mi). It is bounded to the north by Ablekuma Central sub-metropolitan district, to
7636-544: The year. The mean monthly temperature ranges from 25.9 °C (78.6 °F) in August (the coolest) to 29.6 °C (85.3 °F) in March (the hottest), with an annual average of 27.6 °C (81.7 °F). The "cooler" months tend to be more humid than the warmer months. As a result, during the warmer months and particularly during the windy harmattan season, the city experiences a breezy "dry heat" that feels less warm than
7728-456: Was also created, with title membership for all former city magistrates. Some sources indicate that veche membership may have become full-time, and parliament deputies were now called vechniks . It is recounted that the Novgorod assembly could be summoned by anyone who rung the veche bell , although it is more likely that the common procedure was more complex. This bell was a symbol of republican sovereignty and independence. The whole population of
7820-615: Was certainly in existence long before then. The Witan, along with the folkmoots (local assemblies), is an important ancestor of the modern English parliament. As part of the Norman Conquest , the new king, William I , did away with the Witenagemot, replacing it with a Curia Regis ("King's Council"). Membership of the Curia was largely restricted to the tenants-in-chief , the few nobles who "rented" great estates directly from
7912-553: Was founded on the earlier curia regis , convened at the king's discretion. Hence, the year 1493 marked the beginning of a bicameral legislative body of government . With the subsequent development of Polish Golden Liberty in the next several decades, the Sejm's powers systematically increased. Poland was among the few countries in Europe where the parliament played an especially important role in its national identity as it contributed to
8004-443: Was not representative, but rather direct, and therefore the ekklesia was different from the parliamentary system. The Roman Republic had legislative assemblies , who had the final say regarding the election of magistrates, the enactment of new statutes , the carrying out of capital punishment, the declaration of war and peace, and the creation (or dissolution) of alliances. The Roman Senate controlled money, administration, and
8096-550: Was originally "Parlamentum" during the Middle Ages, the "Diet" expression gained mostly in the Early Modern period. It convened at regular intervals with interruptions during the period of 1527 to 1918, and again until 1946. Some researchers have traced the roots of the Hungarian institution of national assemblies as far back as the 11th century. This based on documentary evidence that, on certain "important occasions" under
8188-424: Was originally created as a metropolitan district assembly. However over the years, many former sub-metropolitan district councils had elevated into independent municipal district assemblies: Since its establishment, the Accra Metropolitan District has gone through numerous changes with respect to jurisdictional boundaries and number of sub-metropolitan district councils. Under the local government arrangements when
8280-405: Was some form of democracy . However, these claims are not accepted by other scholars, who see these forms of government as oligarchies . Ancient Athens was the cradle of democracy . The Athenian assembly ( ἐκκλησία , ekklesia ) was the most important institution, and every free male citizen could take part in the discussions. Slaves and women could not. However, Athenian democracy
8372-497: Was suppressed more so than in England as a result of absolutism , and parliaments were eventually overshadowed by the larger Estates General , up until the French Revolution , when the last Estates General transformed itself into a National Assembly , a legislative body whose existence is independent of the royal power. A thing or ting ( Old Norse and Icelandic : þing ; other modern Scandinavian : ting , ding in Dutch )
8464-517: Was the governing assembly in Germanic societies, made up of the free men of the community and presided by lawspeakers . The thing was the assembly of the free men of a country, province or a hundred (hundare/härad/herred) . There were consequently, hierarchies of things, so that the local things were represented at the thing for a larger area, for a province or land. At the thing, disputes were solved and political decisions were made. The place for
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