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75-549: His name in Greek, Ἀγαμέμνων, means "very steadfast", "unbowed" or "resolute". The word comes from * Ἀγαμέδμων ( *Agamédmōn ) from ἄγαν, "very much" and μέδομαι , "think on". In the account of Dares the Phrygian , Agamemnon was described as "...[white-bodied], large, and powerful. He was eloquent, wise, and noble, a man richly endowed" (Agamemnonem albo corpore, magnum, membris valentibus, facundum, prudentem, nobilem). Agamemnon

150-470: A root in the proto-language is reconstructed is a reflex . More generally, a reflex is the known derivative of an earlier form, which may be either attested or reconstructed. A reflex that is predictable from the reconstructed history of the language is a 'regular' reflex. Reflexes of the same source are cognates . First, languages that are thought to have arisen from a common proto-language must meet certain criteria in order to be grouped together; this

225-672: A combination of gentamicin and a fluoroquinolone . The risk of death with treatment is about 10% while without it is about 70%. Globally, about 600 cases are reported a year. In 2017, the countries with the most cases include the Democratic Republic of the Congo , Madagascar and Peru . In the United States, infections occasionally occur in rural areas, where the bacteria are believed to circulate among rodents . It has historically occurred in large outbreaks , with

300-427: A cough, pain in the chest, and haemoptysis. When a flea bites a human and contaminates the wound with regurgitated blood, the plague-causing bacteria are passed into the tissue. Y. pestis can reproduce inside cells, so even if phagocytosed , they can still survive. Once in the body, the bacteria can enter the lymphatic system , which drains interstitial fluid . Plague bacteria secrete several toxins , one of which

375-437: A different part of the body and causing associated symptoms. Pneumonic plague infects the lungs, causing shortness of breath, coughing and chest pain; bubonic plague affects the lymph nodes , making them swell; and septicemic plague infects the blood and can cause tissues to turn black and die . The bubonic and septicemic forms are generally spread by flea bites or handling an infected animal, whereas pneumonic plague

450-531: A feasting hall under the pretense of holding a feast in honor of Agamemnon's return home from Troy. Clytemnestra also kills Cassandra. Her motivations are her wrath at the sacrifice of Iphigenia (as in the Oresteia and Iphigenia at Aulis ) and her jealousy of Cassandra and other war prizes taken by Agamemnon (as in the Odyssey and works by Ovid ) . Aegisthus and Clytemnestra then rule Agamemnon's kingdom for

525-507: A lover. When Agamemnon comes home he is slain by Aegisthus (in the oldest versions of the story) or by Clytemnestra. According to the accounts given by Pindar and the tragedians, Agamemnon is slain in a bath by his wife alone, after being ensnared by a blanket or a net thrown over him to prevent resistance. This is the case in Aeschylus's Oresteia. In Homer's version of the story in the Odyssey , Aegisthus ambushes and kills Agamemnon in

600-521: A meal which Thyestes eats, and afterwards Atreus taunts him with the hands and feet of his now dead son. Thyestes, on the advice of an oracle, then has a son with his own daughter Pelopia . Pelopia tries to expose the infant Aegisthus, but he is found by a shepherd and raised in the house of Atreus. When Aegisthus reaches adulthood Thyestes reveals the truth of his birth, and Aegithus then kills Atreus. Atreus and Aerope have three children, Agamemnon, Menelaus, and Anaxibia . The continued miasma surrounding

675-436: A patient with pneumonic plague and were not wearing adequate personal protective equipment. Antimicrobial postexposure prophylaxis also can be considered for laboratory workers accidentally exposed to infectious materials and people who had close (<6 feet) or direct contact with infected animals, such as veterinary staff, pet owners, and hunters. Specific recommendations on pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis are available in

750-405: A person receives antibiotics before a sample is collected for laboratory testing, they may have a false negative culture and a positive PCR result. Blood tests to detect antibodies against Y. pestis can also be used to diagnose plague, however, this requires taking blood samples at different periods to detect differences between the acute and convalescent phases of F1 antibody titres. In 2020,

825-624: A plague over the Achaean Army. The Prophet Calchas tells that the plague may be dispelled by returning Chryseis to her father. After bitterly berating Calchas for his painful prophecies, first forcing him to sacrifice his daughter and now to return his concubine, Agamemnon reluctantly agrees. However, Agamemnon demands a new prize from the army as compensation and seizes Achilles' prize, the beautiful captive Briseis . This creates deadly resentment between Achilles and Agamemnon, causing Achilles to withdraw from battle and refuse to fight. Agamemnon

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900-575: A proper burial, but are convinced otherwise by Odysseus and Ajax's half-brother Teucer . After the capture of Troy, Cassandra , the doomed prophetess and daughter of Priam , fell to Agamemnon's lot in the distribution of the prizes of war. After a stormy voyage, Agamemnon and Cassandra land in Argolis , or, in another version, are blown off course and land in Aegisthus's country. Clytemnestra, Agamemnon's wife, has taken Aegisthus, son of Thyestes , as

975-554: A rise in the rodent population. A 21st-century study of a 1665 outbreak of plague in the village of Eyam in England's Derbyshire Dales – which isolated itself during the outbreak, facilitating modern study – found that three-quarters of cases are likely to have been due to human-to-human transmission, especially within families, a much larger proportion than previously thought. Symptoms of plague are usually non-specific and to definitively diagnose plague, laboratory testing

1050-414: A sister Anaxibia (or Astyoche ) who married Strophius , the son of Crisus . Agamemnon's father, Atreus, murdered the sons of his twin brother Thyestes and fed them to Thyestes after discovering Thyestes' adultery with his wife Aerope. Thyestes fathered Aegisthus with his own daughter, Pelopia , and this son vowed gruesome revenge on Atreus' children. Aegisthus murdered Atreus, restored Thyestes to

1125-463: A study about rapid diagnostic tests that detect the F1 capsule antigen (F1RDT) by sampling sputum or bubo aspirate was released. Results show rapid diagnostic F1RDT test can be used for people who have suspected pneumonic and bubonic plague but cannot be used in asymptomatic people. F1RDT may be useful in providing a fast result for prompt treatment and fast public health response as studies suggest that F1RDT

1200-417: A time, Aegisthus claiming his right of revenge for Atreus's crimes against Thyestes (Thyestes then crying out "thus perish all the race of Pleisthenes !", thus explaining Aegisthus' action as justified by his father's curse). Agamemnon's son Orestes later avenges his father's murder, with the help or encouragement of his sister Electra, by murdering Aegisthus and Clytemnestra (his own mother), thereby inciting

1275-639: A tomb and a shrine to Aphrodite Argynnis. This episode is also found in Clement of Alexandria , in Stephen of Byzantium (Kopai and Argunnos), and in Propertius , III with minor variations. The fortunes of Agamemnon have formed the subject of numerous tragedies , ancient and modern, the most famous being the Oresteia of Aeschylus. In the legends of the Peloponnesus , Agamemnon was regarded as

1350-406: Is a process called subgrouping. Since this grouping is based purely on linguistics, manuscripts and other historical documentation should be analyzed to accomplish this step. However, the assumption that the delineations of linguistics always align with those of culture and ethnicity must not be made. One of the criteria is that the grouped languages usually exemplify shared innovation. This means that

1425-635: Is angry for she predicts that so many young men will die at Troy, whereas in Sophocles ' Electra , Agamemnon has slain an animal sacred to Artemis, and subsequently boasts that he is her equal in hunting. Misfortunes, including a plague and a lack of wind, prevent the army from sailing. Finally, the prophet Calchas announces that the wrath of the goddess can only be propitiated by the sacrifice of Agamemnon's daughter Iphigenia . Classical dramatizations differ on how willing either father or daughter are to this fate; some include such trickery as claiming she

1500-603: Is considered to be one of the three best warriors on the Greek side, as proven when Hector challenges any champion of the Greek side to fight him in Book Seven, and Agamemnon (along with Diomedes and Ajax the Greater) is one of the three Hector most wishes to fight out of the nine strongest Greek warriors who volunteer. According to Sophocles's Ajax , after Achilles had fallen in battle, Agamemnon and Menelaus award Achilles' armor to Odysseus . This angers Ajax, who feels he

1575-502: Is feigning madness so as to not have to go to war, Agamemnon sends Palamedes , who threatens to kill Odysseus' infant son Telemachus . Odysseus is forced to stop acting mad in order to save his son and joined the assembled Greek forces. Preparing to depart from Aulis , a port in Boeotia , Agamemnon's army incurs the wrath of the goddess Artemis , although the myths give various reasons for this. In Aeschylus ' play Agamemnon , Artemis

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1650-404: Is generally spread between people through the air via infectious droplets. Diagnosis is typically by finding the bacterium in fluid from a lymph node, blood or sputum . Those at high risk may be vaccinated . Those exposed to a case of pneumonic plague may be treated with preventive medication. If infected, treatment is with antibiotics and supportive care . Typically antibiotics include

1725-523: Is highly sensitive for both pneumonic and bubonic plague. However, when using the rapid test, both positive and negative results need to be confirmed to establish or reject the diagnosis of a confirmed case of plague and the test result needs to be interpreted within the epidemiological context as study findings indicate that although 40 out of 40 people who had the plague in a population of 1000 were correctly diagnosed, 317 people were diagnosed falsely as positive. Bacteriologist Waldemar Haffkine developed

1800-410: Is known to cause beta-adrenergic blockade . Y. pestis spreads through the lymphatic vessels of the infected human until it reaches a lymph node , where it causes acute lymphadenitis . The swollen lymph nodes form the characteristic buboes associated with the disease, and autopsies of these buboes have revealed them to be mostly hemorrhagic or necrotic . If the lymph node is overwhelmed,

1875-514: Is named Aetha. She is also one of two horses driven by Menelaus at the funeral games of Patroclus . In Homer's Odyssey Agamemnon makes an appearance in the kingdom of Hades after his death. There, the former king meets Odysseus and explains just how he was murdered before he offers Odysseus a warning about the dangers of trusting a woman. Agamemnon is a character in William Shakespeare 's play Troilus and Cressida , set during

1950-414: Is not considered necessary as long as standard and droplet precautions can be maintained. In cases of surgical mask shortages, patient overcrowding, poor ventilation in hospital wards, or other crises, pre-exposure prophylaxis might be warranted if sufficient supplies of antimicrobials are available. Postexposure prophylaxis should be considered for people who had close (<6 feet), sustained contact with

2025-479: Is not possible (such as some disaster areas). A systematic review by the Cochrane Collaboration found no studies of sufficient quality to make any statement on the efficacy of the vaccine. Diagnosing plague early leads to a decrease in transmission or spread of the disease. Pre-exposure prophylaxis for first responders and health care providers who will care for patients with pneumonic plague

2100-517: Is now the strongest among the Achaean warriors and so deserves the armor. Ajax considers killing them, but is driven to madness by Athena and instead slaughters the herdsmen and cattle that had not yet been divided as spoils of war. He then commits suicide in shame for his actions. As Ajax dies he curses the sons of Atreus (Agamemnon and Menelaus), along with the entire Achaean army. Agamemnon and Menelaus consider leaving Ajax's body to rot, denying him

2175-457: Is possible by any of the following means: Yersinia pestis circulates in animal reservoirs, particularly in rodents, in the natural foci of infection found on all continents except Australia. The natural foci of plague are situated in a broad belt in the tropical and sub-tropical latitudes and the warmer parts of the temperate latitudes around the globe, between the parallels 55° N and 40° S. Contrary to popular belief, rats did not directly start

2250-651: Is recorded to have died of such contamination while engaging in warfare against the Xiongnu. Plague victims were also reported to have been tossed by catapult into cities under siege. In 1347, the Genoese possession of Caffa , a great trade emporium on the Crimean peninsula , came under siege by an army of Mongol warriors of the Golden Horde under the command of Jani Beg . After a protracted siege during which

2325-410: Is required. Y. pestis can be identified through both a microscope and by culturing a sample and this is used as a reference standard to confirm that a person has a case of plague. The sample can be obtained from the blood, mucus ( sputum ), or aspirate extracted from inflamed lymph nodes ( buboes ). If a person is administered antibiotics before a sample is taken or if there is a delay in transporting

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2400-468: Is short, usually two to four days, but sometimes just a few hours. The initial signs are indistinguishable from several other respiratory illnesses; they include headache, weakness, and spitting or vomiting of blood. The course of the disease is rapid; unless diagnosed and treated soon enough, typically within a few hours, death may follow in one to six days; in untreated cases, mortality is nearly 100%. Transmission of Y. pestis to an uninfected individual

2475-423: Is the observation that if a cognate set displays a certain pattern (such as a repeating letter in specific positions within a word), it is likely that this pattern was retained from its mother language. The Most Natural Development Principle states that some alterations in languages, diachronically speaking, are more common than others. There are four key tendencies: The Majority Principle is applied in identifying

2550-612: Is then visited in a dream by Zeus who tells him to rally his forces and attack the Trojans (in Book Two). After several days of fighting, including duels between Menelaus and Paris , and between Ajax and Hector , the Achaeans are pushed back to the fortifications around their ships. In Book Nine, Agamemnon, having realized Achilles's importance in winning the war, sends ambassadors begging for Achilles to return, offering him riches and

2625-701: The Crimean Peninsula . However, this version is widely considered to be the work of an interpolator, and not Euripides himself. Hesiod says she became the goddess Hecate . During the war, but before the events of the Iliad , Odysseus contrives a plan to get revenge on Palamedes for threatening his son's life. By forging a letter from Priam , king of the Trojans, and caching some gold in Palamedes tent, Odysseus has Palamedes accused of treason and Agamemnon orders him to be stoned to death. The Iliad tells

2700-529: The Democratic Republic of the Congo , Madagascar and Peru . It has historically occurred in large outbreaks , with the best known being the Black Death in the 14th century which resulted in more than 50 million dead. In recent years, cases have been distributed between small seasonal outbreaks which occur primarily in Madagascar, and sporadic outbreaks or isolated cases in endemic areas. In 2022

2775-532: The Tokyo tribunal by Douglas MacArthur but 12 of them were prosecuted in the Khabarovsk War Crime Trials in 1949 during which some admitted having spread bubonic plague within a 36-kilometre (22 mi) radius around the city of Changde . Ishii innovated bombs containing live mice and fleas, with very small explosive loads, to deliver the weaponized microbes, overcoming the problem of

2850-590: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 2021. The plague bacterium could develop drug resistance and again become a major health threat. One case of a drug-resistant form of the bacterium was found in Madagascar in 1995. Further outbreaks in Madagascar were reported in November 2014 and October 2017. Globally about 600 cases are reported a year. In 2017, the countries with the most cases include

2925-515: The Greek countryside for many years constantly plagued by the Erinyes (Furies) for his sins. Finally, with the help of Athena and Apollo he is absolved of his crimes, dispersing the miasma, and the curse on house Atreus comes to an end. Athenaeus tells a tale of how Agamemnon mourns the loss of his friend or lover Argynnus , when he drowns in the Cephisus river. He buries him, honored with

3000-730: The Greeks. Agamemnon was the commander-in-chief of the Greeks during the Trojan War. During the fighting, Agamemnon killed Antiphus and fifteen other Trojan soldiers, according to one source. In the Iliad itself, he is shown to slaughter hundreds more in Book Eleven during his aristea, loosely translated to "day of glory", which is the most similar to Achilles' aristea in Book Twenty-one. Even before his aristea, Agamemnon

3075-543: The Mongol army was reportedly withering from the disease, they decided to use the infected corpses as a biological weapon. The corpses were catapulted over the city walls, infecting the inhabitants. This event might have led to the transfer of the Black Death via their ships into the south of Europe , possibly explaining its rapid spread. During World War II , the Japanese Army developed weaponized plague, based on

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3150-786: The Trojan War. In Frank Herbert 's Dune , the House of Atreides trace themselves back to the House of Atreus. At a key point in Children of Dune , Alia Atreides, in a struggle with her ancestral memories, hears Agamemnon shouting "I, your ancestor Agamemnon, demand audience!" Linguistic reconstruction Linguistic reconstruction is the practice of establishing the features of an unattested ancestor language of one or more given languages. There are two kinds of reconstruction: Texts discussing linguistic reconstruction commonly preface reconstructed forms with an asterisk (*) to distinguish them from attested forms. An attested word from which

3225-535: The bacterium, developing strains resistant to antibiotics, combining the bacterium with other diseases (such as diphtheria ), and genetic engineering. Scientists who worked in USSR bio-weapons programs have stated that the Soviet effort was formidable and that large stocks of weaponised plague bacteria were produced. Information on many of the Soviet and US projects is largely unavailable. Aerosolized pneumonic plague remains

3300-643: The best known being the Black Death in the 14th century, which resulted in more than 50 million deaths in Europe. There are several different clinical manifestations of plague. The most common form is bubonic plague, followed by septicemic and pneumonic plague. Other clinical manifestations include plague meningitis, plague pharyngitis, and ocular plague. General symptoms of plague include fever, chills, headaches, and nausea. Many people experience swelling in their lymph nodes if they have bubonic plague. For those with pneumonic plague, symptoms may (or may not) include

3375-412: The body and possibly ischemic necrosis (tissue death due to lack of circulation/perfusion to that tissue) from the clots. DIC results in depletion of the body's clotting resources so that it can no longer control bleeding. Consequently, there is bleeding into the skin and other organs, which can cause red and/or black patchy rash and hemoptysis/hematemesis (coughing up/ vomiting of blood). There are bumps on

3450-470: The breeding and release of large numbers of fleas. During the Japanese occupation of Manchuria , Unit 731 deliberately infected Chinese , Korean and Manchurian civilians and prisoners of war with the plague bacterium. These subjects, termed "maruta" or "logs", were then studied by dissection , others by vivisection while still conscious. Members of the unit such as Shiro Ishii were exonerated from

3525-484: The clinical guidelines on treatment and prophylaxis of plague published in 2021. If diagnosed in time, the various forms of plague are usually highly responsive to antibiotic therapy. The antibiotics often used are streptomycin , chloramphenicol and tetracycline . Amongst the newer generation of antibiotics, gentamicin and doxycycline have proven effective in monotherapeutic treatment of plague. Guidelines on treatment and prophylaxis of plague were published by

3600-483: The cognate with the stop [k] is older than the cognate with the fricative [ʃ] and so the former is most likely to more closely resemble the original pronunciation. Plague (disease) This is an accepted version of this page Plague is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis . Symptoms include fever , weakness and headache . Usually this begins one to seven days after exposure. There are three forms of plague, each affecting

3675-632: The couple's infant son before marrying Clytemnestra. Agamemnon and Clytemnestra had four children: one son, Orestes , and three daughters, Iphigenia , Electra , and Chrysothemis. Menelaus succeeded Tyndareus in Sparta, while Agamemnon, with his brother's assistance, drove out Aegisthus and Thyestes to recover his father's kingdom. He extended his dominion by conquest and became the most powerful prince in Greece. Agamemnon's family history had been tarnished by murder , incest , and treachery , consequences of

3750-789: The death of Iphigenia. Menelaus's wife, Helen of Troy , runs away with Paris , ultimately leading to the Trojan War . According to book 4 of the Odyssey, after the war his fleet is scattered by the gods to Egypt and Crete . When Menelaus finally returns home, his marriage with Helen is now strained and they produce no sons. Both Agamemnon and Menelaus are cursed by Ajax for not granting him Achilles's armor as he commits suicide. Agamemnon and Clytemnestra have three remaining children, Electra, Orestes, and Chrysothemis. After growing to adulthood and being pressured by Electra, Orestes vows to avenge his father Agamemnon by killing his mother Clytemnestra and Aegisthus. After successfully doing so, he wanders

3825-515: The explosive killing the infected animal and insect by the use of a ceramic, rather than metal, casing for the warhead. While no records survive of the actual usage of the ceramic shells, prototypes exist and are believed to have been used in experiments during WWII. After World War II, both the United States and the Soviet Union developed means of weaponising pneumonic plague. Experiments included various delivery methods, vacuum drying, sizing

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3900-638: The first plague vaccine in 1897. He conducted a massive inoculation program in British India , and it is estimated that 26 million doses of Haffkine's anti-plague vaccine were sent out from Bombay between 1897 and 1925, reducing the plague mortality by 50–85%. Since human plague is rare in most parts of the world as of 2023, routine vaccination is not needed other than for those at particularly high risk of exposure, nor for people living in areas with enzootic plague, meaning it occurs at regular, predictable rates in populations and specific areas, such as

3975-463: The flea, sticking together to form a plug that blocks its stomach and causes it to starve. The flea then bites a host and continues to feed, even though it cannot quell its hunger, and consequently, the flea vomits blood tainted with the bacteria back into the bite wound. The bubonic plague bacterium then infects a new person and the flea eventually dies from starvation. Serious outbreaks of plague are usually started by other disease outbreaks in rodents or

4050-718: The god to grant him a chariot so he may beat Oenomaus , king of Pisa, in a race, and win the hand of his daughter Hippodamia . Myrtilus , who in some accounts helps Pelops win his chariot race, attempts to lie with Pelops's new bride Hippodamia. In anger, Pelops throws Myrtilus off a cliff, but not before Myrtilus curses Pelops and his entire line. Pelops and Hippodamia have many children, including Atreus and Thyestes, who are said to have murdered their half-brother Chrysippus . Pelops banishes Atreus and Thyestes to Mycanae, where Atreus becomes king. Thyestes later conspires with Atreus's wife, Aerope, to supplant Atreus, but they are unsuccessful. Atreus then kills Thyestes' son and cooks him into

4125-508: The gods in order to test their omniscience , as well as stealing some ambrosia and nectar. Tantalus is then banished to the underworld , where he stands in a pool of water that evaporates every time he reaches down to drink, and above him is a fruit tree whose branches are blown just out of reach by the wind whenever he reaches for the fruit. This begins the cursed house of Atreus, and his descendants would face similar or worse fates. Later, using his relationship with Poseidon, Pelops convinces

4200-560: The hand of his daughter in marriage. Achilles refuses, only being spurred back into action when Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector , eldest son of King Priam and Queen Hecuba. In Book Nineteen, Agamemnon, reconciled with Achilles, gives him the offered rewards for returning to the war. Achilles sets out to turn back the Trojans and to duel with Hector. After Hector's death, Agamemnon assists Achilles in performing Patroclus' funeral in Book Twenty-three. Agamemnon volunteers for

4275-458: The heinous crime perpetrated by his ancestor, Tantalus , and then of a curse placed upon Pelops , son of Tantalus, by Myrtilus , whom he had murdered. Thus misfortune hounded successive generations of the House of Atreus , until atoned by Orestes in a court of justice held jointly by humans and gods. Agamemnon gathers the reluctant Greek forces to sail for Troy. In order to recruit Odysseus , who

4350-481: The highest type of a powerful monarch, and in Sparta he was worshipped under the title of Zeus Agamemnon . His tomb was pointed out among the ruins of Mycenae and at Amyclae . In works of art, there is considerable resemblance between the representations of Zeus , king of the gods, and Agamemnon, king of men. He is generally depicted with a sceptre and diadem , conventional attributes of kings. Agamemnon's mare

4425-423: The house of Atreus expresses itself in several events throughout their lives. Agamemnon is forced to sacrifice his own daughter, Iphigenia, to appease the gods and allow the Greek forces to sail for Troy . When Agamemnon refuses to return Chryseis to her father Chryses , he brings plague upon the Greek camp. He is also later killed by his wife, Clytemnestra, who conspires with her new lover Aegisthus in revenge for

4500-422: The infection can pass into the bloodstream, causing secondary septicemic plague and if the lungs are seeded, it can cause secondary pneumonic plague . Lymphatics ultimately drain into the bloodstream, so the plague bacteria may enter the blood and travel to almost any part of the body. In septicemic plague, bacterial endotoxins cause disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), causing tiny clots throughout

4575-602: The javelin throwing contest, one of the games being held in Patroclus' honor, but his skill with the javelin is so well known that Achilles awards him the prize without contest. Although not the equal of Achilles in bravery, Agamemnon was a representative of "kingly authority". As commander-in-chief, he summoned the princes to the council and led the army in battle. His chief fault was his overwhelming haughtiness; an over-exalted opinion of his position that led him to insult Chryses and Achilles, thereby bringing great disaster upon

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4650-411: The languages must show common changes made throughout history. In addition, most grouped languages have shared retention. This is similar to the first criterion, but instead of changes, they are features that have stayed the same in both languages. Because linguistics, as in other scientific areas, seeks to reflect simplicity, an important principle in the linguistic reconstruction process is to generate

4725-495: The least possible number of phonemes that correspond to available data. This principle is again reflected when choosing the sound quality of phonemes, as the one which results in the fewest changes (with respect to the data) is preferred. Comparative Reconstruction makes use of two rather general principles: The Majority Principle and the Most Natural Development Principle. The Majority Principle

4800-402: The most likely pronunciation of the predicted etymon, the original word from which the cognates originated. The Most Natural Development Principle describes the general directions in which languages appear to change and so one can search for those indicators. For example, from the words cantar (Spanish) and chanter (French), one may argue that because phonetic stops generally become fricatives,

4875-436: The person's sample to a laboratory and/or a poorly stored sample, there is a possibility for false negative results. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) may also be used to diagnose plague, by detecting the presence of bacterial genes such as the pla gene (plasmogen activator) and caf1 gene, (F1 capsule antigen). PCR testing requires a very small sample and is effective for both alive and dead bacteria. For this reason, if

4950-632: The possible origin of all modern strands of Yersinia pestis DNA was found in human remains in three graves located in Kyrgyzstan , dated to 1338 and 1339. The siege of Caffa in Crimea in 1346, is known to have been the first plague outbreak with following strands, later to spread over Europe. Sequencing DNA compared to other ancient and modern strands paints a family tree of the bacteria. Bacteria today affecting marmots in Kyrgyzstan, are closest to

5025-506: The skin that look somewhat like insect bites; these are usually red, and sometimes white in the centre. Untreated, the septicemic plague is usually fatal. Early treatment with antibiotics reduces the mortality rate to between 4 and 15 per cent. The pneumonic form of plague arises from infection of the lungs . It causes coughing and thereby produces airborne droplets that contain bacterial cells and are likely to infect anyone inhaling them. The incubation period for pneumonic plague

5100-400: The spread of the bubonic plague. It is mainly a disease in the fleas ( Xenopsylla cheopis ) that infested the rats, making the rats themselves the first victims of the plague. Rodent-borne infection in a human occurs when a person is bitten by a flea that has been infected by biting a rodent that itself has been infected by the bite of a flea carrying the disease. The bacteria multiply inside

5175-481: The story of the quarrel between Agamemnon and Achilles in the final year of the war. In Book One, following one of the Achaean Army's raids, Chryseis , daughter of Chryses , one of Apollo's priests, is taken as a war prize by Agamemnon. Chryses pleads with Agamemnon to free his daughter but meets with little success. Chryses then prays to Apollo for the safe return of his daughter. Apollo responds by unleashing

5250-517: The strand found in the graves, suggesting this is also the location where plague transferred from animals to humans. The plague has a long history as a biological weapon . Historical accounts from ancient China and medieval Europe details the use of infected animal carcasses, such as cows or horses, and human carcasses, by the Xiongnu / Huns , Mongols , Turks and other groups, to contaminate enemy water supplies. Han dynasty general Huo Qubing

5325-442: The throne, and took possession of the throne of Mycenae and jointly ruled with his father. During this period, Agamemnon and his brother Menelaus took refuge with Tyndareus , King of Sparta . In Sparta, Agamemnon and Menelaus respectively married Tyndareus' daughters Clytemnestra and Helen . In some stories (such as Iphigenia at Aulis by Euripides ) Clytemnestra was already married to Tantalus , and Agamemnon murders him and

5400-524: The western United States. It is not even indicated for most travellers to countries with known recent reported cases, particularly if their travel is limited to urban areas with modern hotels. The United States CDC thus only recommends vaccination for (1) all laboratory and field personnel who are working with Y. pestis organisms resistant to antimicrobials: (2) people engaged in aerosol experiments with Y. pestis ; and (3) people engaged in field operations in areas with enzootic plague where preventing exposure

5475-503: The wrath of the Erinyes (English: the Furies), winged goddesses who track down wrongdoers with their hounds' noses and drive them to insanity. Agamemnon's family history is rife with misfortune, born from several curses contributing to the miasma around the family. The curse begins with Agamemnon's great-grandfather Tantalus, who is in Zeus 's favor until he tries to feed his son Pelops to

5550-602: Was a descendant of Pelops , son of Tantalus . According to the common story (as told in the Iliad and Odyssey of Homer), Agamemnon and his younger brother Menelaus were the sons of Atreus , king of Mycenae , and Aerope , daughter of the Cretan king Catreus . However, according to another tradition, Agamemnon and Menelaus were the sons of Atreus' son Pleisthenes , with their mother being Aerope, Cleolla , or Eriphyle. In this tradition, Pleisthenes dies young, with Agamemnon and Menelaus being raised by Atreus. Agamemnon had

5625-410: Was to be married to Achilles , but Agamemnon does eventually sacrifice Iphigenia. Her death appeases Artemis and the Greek army set out for Troy. Several alternatives to the human sacrifice have been presented in Greek mythology. Other sources, such as Iphigenia at Aulis , say that Agamemnon is prepared to kill his daughter but that Artemis accepts a deer in her place and whisks her away to Tauris in

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