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54-730: Leland Snow began designing his first airplane, the S-1, in 1951. The 23-year-old Snow completed test flights with the S-1 in 1953. Snow's S-1 flew dusting and spraying jobs in the Texas Rio Grande Valley and in Nicaragua until 1957. He followed up the S-1 with the models S-2A, S-2B and S-2C (now the Ayres Thrush ), which were produced in Olney, Texas fromn 1958. In 1965, Leland Snow sold his company to Rockwell-Standard and

108-1015: A bomb scare in San Benito, Texas . This followed the desecration of a Santa Muerte statue in the San Benito Municipal Cemetery in January of the same year. In addition to the Catholic Church, several other Christian denominations are present in the Rio Grande Valley, including several organized Protestant churches in the Lower Rio Grande Valley. There are also 26 congregations of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints with about 17,000 members. Sikh , Muslim , Hindu , Jewish , Buddhist and Baháʼí Faith communities thrive in

162-605: A range of environmental organizations across the Rio Grande Valley, including the South Texas Environmental Justice Network, the South Texas Human Rights Center, TRUCHA, Voces Unidas, and Texas Rising RGV. The letter highlights the identities of Rio Grande Valley community members that are most often overlooked, including Indigenous voices. Now, there are large concerns regarding Elon Musk’s intentions to relocate

216-582: A surge of industrial development along the border, while international bridges have allowed Mexican nationals to shop, sell, and do business in the border cities along the Rio Grande. The geographic inclusion of South Padre Island also drives tourism, particularly during the Spring Break season, as its subtropical climate keeps temperatures warm year-round. During the winter months, many retirees (commonly referred to as "Winter Texans") arrive to enjoy

270-454: Is a popular waypoint for tourists visiting northeast Mexico. Popular destinations across the border and Rio Grande include: Matamoros , Nuevo Progreso , Río Bravo , and Reynosa , all located in the Mexican state of Tamaulipas . The region also attracts tourists from the Mexican states of Tamaulipas , Nuevo León , Coahuila , and Mexico, D.F. (México City). The ancestral lands of

324-542: Is generally bilingual in English and Spanish, with a fair amount of Spanglish due to the region's diverse history and transborder agglomerations . It is home to some of the poorest cities in the nation, as well as many unincorporated, persistent poverty communities called colonias . A large seasonal influx occurs of "winter Texans" — people who come down from the north for the winter and then return north before summer arrives. Native peoples lived in small tribes in

378-510: Is often used in the western United States to refer to a large expanse with rivers. Most such valleys, including the Rio Grande, have good agricultural production. Early 20th-century land developers, attempting to capitalize on unclaimed land, utilized the name "Magic Valley" to attract settlers and appeal to investors. The Rio Grande Valley is also called El Valle , the Spanish translation of "the valley", by those who live there. The main region

432-432: Is remembered as a quiet, generous, and kind-natured family man whose focus and determination built one of the world’s leading aircraft manufacturing companies. Yet, for all his many accomplishments and busy schedule, Leland Snow always made time to visit with ag pilots who dropped by his office or National Agricultural Aviation Association meetings. His commitment to pilot safety and drift minimization programs helped improve

486-515: Is within four Texan counties: Starr County , Hidalgo County , Willacy County , and Cameron County . The largest city on the American side of the region is Brownsville (Cameron County), followed by McAllen (Hidalgo County). Other major cities include Harlingen , San Benito , Edinburg , Mission , Rio Grande City , Raymondville , Weslaco , Hidalgo and Pharr . On the Mexican side of

540-630: The Mexican–American War . The area along the Rio Grande was the source of several major battles, including the Battle of Resaca de la Palma near Brownsville. The war ended in 1848 with the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo which defined the United States' southern border as the Rio Grande. The change in government led to a mass migration from Tamaulipas to the United States side of

594-491: The Mexico–United States border . The residents of the Lower Rio Grande Valley are generally bilingual in English and Spanish often mixing into Spanglish depending on demographics and context. Government statistics for the region are often underreported due to underlying immigration issues. The Spanish language plays an important role in all aspects of life. In 1982 a statistically significant majority of people in

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648-638: The Rio Grande near its mouth. The region includes the southernmost tip of South Texas and a portion of northern Tamaulipas , Mexico. It consists of the Brownsville , Harlingen , Weslaco , Donna , Pharr , McAllen , Edinburg , Mission , San Juan , and Rio Grande City metropolitan areas in the United States and the Matamoros , Río Bravo , and Reynosa metropolitan areas in Mexico. The area

702-1283: The Rio Grande Valley FC Toros (soccer) One of the Valley's major tourist attractions is the semi-tropical wildlife. Birds and butterflies attract a large number of visitors every year all throughout the entire region. Ecotourism is a major economic force in the Rio Grande Valley. The Rio Grande Valley is served by three commercial airports: Brownsville South Padre Island International Airport in Brownsville, Texas, Valley International Airport in Harlingen, Texas, and McAllen Miller International Airport in McAllen, Texas. American Airlines and United Airlines provide service to all three airports, with Avelo Air also providing service to Brownsville South Padre Island International Airport, Allegiant Air also providing service to McAllen Miller International Airport, Southwest Airlines , Sun Country Airlines and Delta Air Lines also providing service to Valley International Airport. There are several bus lines that run through

756-498: The St. Louis, Brownsville, and Mexico Railway in 1903 and the irrigation of the Rio Grande allowed the Rio Grande Valley to develop into profitable farmland. Droughts in the 1890s and early 1900s caused smaller farmers and cattle ranchers to lose their lands. Rich white settlers brought by the railroad bought the land and displaced the Tejano ranchers. Meanwhile, across the river, Mexico

810-627: The Union Pacific Railroad . In Mexico, Kansas City Southern de México runs freight service and crosses from Matamoros into Brownsville over the Brownsville & Matamoros International Bridge . Sea trade runs through the deepwater seaport, the Port of Brownsville and the Foreign Trade Zone 62. SpaceX South Texas launch site is located near Brownsville. The region is represented by Ted Cruz and John Cornyn in

864-624: The United States Senate and by Monica De La Cruz , Vicente Gonzalez , and Henry Cuellar in the United States House of Representatives . Persistent poverty county A persistent poverty county is a classification for counties in the United States that have had a relatively high rate of poverty over a long period. A 2009 U.S. federal law defined a persistent poverty county as one in which "20 percent or more of its population [has lived] in poverty over

918-591: The "mythologies of Indigenous ‘disappearance’ appear as ahistorical as they are problematic." Scholars like Blackhawk work to address the narrative of Native peoples as passively disappeared and of existing solely in the past by amplifying the intentional and strategic projects of dispossession and settler colonialism in their goals to erase, harm, and destabilize a group of people. Therefore, the Carrizo/Comecrudo tribe's work to establish their presence and continually advocate for their way of living and place in

972-533: The Delta South, Central Appalachia, Rio Grande Valley, the Northern Great Plains, and western Alaska. The average poverty rate in these counties was approximately 29% in 1989. A 2020 GAO study identified 409 persistent poverty counties, as measured by the 1990 and 2000 censuses and the 2017 Small Area Income and Poverty Estimates. These counties are largely rural and predominantly located in

1026-535: The International Boundary and Water Commission has ordered We Build the Wall to stop until they can review whether or not the construction violates a Treaty to resolve pending boundary differences and maintain the Rio Grande and Colorado River as the international boundary between the United States and Mexico signed in 1970. The Rio Grande Valley is not a true valley , but a river delta . "Valley"

1080-867: The Northern Americas has been communally constructed on the Native Land webpage. The Carrizo/Comecrudo tribe is recognized on the Native Land webpage, represented across South Texas. The visibility and recognition of Native communities like the Carrizo/Comecrudo are paramount and require a constant fight by many Indigenous tribes worldwide, especially when histories of vulnerable groups like Indigenous communities are essentially contested and being attacked legally by state governments. As historian and scholar Ned Blackhawk outlines in "The Centrality of Dispossession: Native American Genocide and Settler Colonialism," in World History of Genocide: Volume II ,

1134-441: The Rio Grande Valley have been home to historic Native groups, which today include the Carrizo/Comecrudo tribe of Texas. While not recognized under the government, this tribe and other communities have existed on the lands predating European settlement and the acquisition of Texas from Mexico. The tribe speaks of their existence as a way of life. Today, a working map of Native and Indigenous nations and tribes across Turtle Island and

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1188-507: The Rio Grande Valley is resilient and vital. The Carrizo/Comecrudo tribe of Texas has long fought with SpaceX over the environmental protection of their lands. Elon Musk established Starbase, one of the engineering hubs, in Boca Chica Beach, a coastal beach of the Rio Grande Valley. Alongside the Carrizo/Comecrudo tribe of Texas, local RGV environmental organizations have opposed SpaceXs business and activities at Boca Chica, citing

1242-416: The Rio Grande Valley spoke Spanish. People speak Spanish to communicate in all aspects of life including business, government, and at home. County County County County People often prefer Spanish to English when interacting with government officials as seen in the response to the region's 2018 flooding. The Catholic Church has been present in the Rio Grande Valley since the Spanish colonization of

1296-442: The Rio Grande Valley. The Lower Rio Grande Valley experiences a warm and fair climate that brings visitors from many surrounding areas. Temperature extremes range from triple digits during the summer months to freezing during the winter. While the Valley has seen severe cold events before, such as the 2004 Christmas snow storm and 2021 cold snap , the region rarely experiences temperatures at or below freezing, especially by

1350-517: The United States , but later moved to detaining illegal aliens. The region had a significant increase of Border Patrol agents during World War I in conjunction with the Zimmermann Telegram . The Texas Rangers also increased their presence as law enforcement in the region with a new class of Ranger that focused on determining Tejano loyalty. They were often violent, carrying out retaliatory murders. They were never held accountable to

1404-616: The United States is well developed in the Lower Rio Grande Valley and connects Brownsville, Hidalgo, McAllen, Raymondville , Edinburg , Pharr , and Laredo . On the Mexican side, there are several major highways between Matamoros , Reynosa , and Nuevo Laredo . As of 2015 car travel on the Mexican side was considered dangerous and the Mexican Federal Police offered a police escort between Ciudad Victoria , Matamoros, and Reynosa. Freight trains run between Harlingen , Mission , Edinburg, and Santa Rosa connecting to

1458-546: The United States side of the Lower Rio Grande Valley including Metro Connect ( McAllen ), McAllen Paratransit, McAllen Metro Services, Brownsville Metro/ADA Paratransit Service Island Metro ( South Padre Island ), and Greyhound Lines . On the Mexican side of the border there are several bus companies that run including Greyhound, Tornado, Ave Senda Ejecutiva, Enlaces Terrestres Nacionales, Futua, Noreste, Omnibus de Oriente, Transpais, Transportes del Norte, Transportes Frontera, and Turistar Lujo. The Interstate Highway System in

1512-718: The Valley citrus crop, which also includes orange , tangerine , tangelo and Meyer lemon production each Winter. One minor professional sports team plays in the Rio Grande Valley: The Rio Grande Valley Vipers (basketball). Defunct teams that previously played in the region include: the Edinburg Roadrunners (baseball), La Fiera FC (indoor soccer), Rio Grande Valley Ocelots FC (soccer), Rio Grande Valley WhiteWings (baseball), Rio Grande Valley Killer Bees (ice hockey), Rio Grande Valley Sol (indoor football) and

1566-488: The Valley usually experiences the catastrophic effects of tropical cyclones in the form of flooding. The Lower Rio Grande Valley encompasses landmarks that attract tourists. Popular destinations include Laguna Atascosa National Wildlife Refuge , Santa Ana National Wildlife Refuge , Bentsen-Rio Grande Valley State Park , South Padre Island , Brazos Island , and the Port Isabel Lighthouse . The Valley

1620-494: The area before the Spanish conquest. The native tribes in South Texas were known to be hunter-gatherer peoples. The area was known for its smaller nomadic tribes collectively called Coahuiltecan . Native archaeological excavations near Brownsville have shown evidence of prehistoric shell trading. Initially, the Spanish had a hard time conquering the area due to the differences in native languages, so they mainly focused on

1674-415: The border Matamoros , Río Bravo , and Reynosa are major cities in this region. As of 2020, the U.S. Census Bureau estimated the population of the Rio Grande Valley at 1,368,723. Hidalgo County has the largest population with an estimate of 861,137. Cameron County has the second-highest population estimated at 422,135. Starr County has the third-largest population estimated at 64,032. Willacy County has

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1728-657: The coast of the Gulf of Mexico also known as the Seno Mexicano . Also, a major conflict existed on who would conquer the region. Antonio Ladrón de Guevara wanted to colonize the region, but the Viceroy of New Spain José Tienda de Cuervo doubted Ladrón de Guevara's character, eventually leading to a royal Spanish declaration preventing Ladrón de Guevara from participating in colonization efforts. The first villas in

1782-666: The coast, which transitions into a Tropical climate. The region's proximity to the Gulf of Mexico makes it a target for hurricanes . Though not impacted as frequently as other areas of the Gulf Coast of the United States, the Valley has experienced major hurricanes in the past. Hurricanes that have made landfall in or near the area include Hurricane Beulah (1967) , Hurricane Allen (1980) , Hurricane Gilbert , Hurricane Bret , Hurricane Dolly (2008) , Hurricane Alex (2010) , and Hurricane Hanna (2020) . Having an especially flat terrain,

1836-480: The entry level agricultural plane AT-402B is available only with turbine engine. On July 1, 2008 Air Tractor, Inc. became an employee-owned company with the establishment of an Employee Stock Ownership Plan . On February 20, 2011, at age 80, Leland Snow passed away while jogging near his home in Wichita Falls, Texas. His plans and notes for the next day’s engineering meeting were on his desk at home. Snow

1890-589: The fourth-largest population estimated at 21,419. According to the U.S. Census Bureau in 2008, 86 percent of Cameron County, 90 percent of Hidalgo County, 97 percent of Starr County, and 86 percent of Willacy County are Hispanic . The major metropolitan areas in the Rio Grande Valley are surrounded by smaller rural communities called colonias. These communities are primarily poor and Hispanic. The areas often lack basic services like sanitation and sewage, and suffer from flooding. Many of these colonias are mixes of mobile homes and self-constructed houses owned by

1944-563: The headquarters of SpaceX to the Starbase site in Boca Chica Beach. The Valley is historically reliant on agribusiness and tourism . Cotton , grapefruit , sorghum , maize , and sugarcane are its leading crops, and the region is the center of citrus production and the most important area of vegetable production in the State of Texas. Over the last several decades, the emergence of maquiladoras (factories or fabrication plants) has caused

1998-568: The law even though charges were brought in the Texas senate. There were two major military training facilities in the Valley in Brownsville and Harlingen during World War II . The North American Free Trade Agreement , also known as NAFTA, was established in 1994 as a trade agreement between the three North American countries, The United States, Mexico, and Canada. NAFTA was supposed to increase trade with Mexico as they lowered or eliminated tariffs on Mexican goods. Exports and imports tripled in

2052-627: The next two years designing the Air Tractor. Construction on the AT-300 , which later became the AT-301, began in 1972. Air Tractor's first turbine model, the AT-302, was introduced in 1977. Sixteen years later (1993), Air Tractor delivered its 1,100th airplane and soon began expanding the Olney plant for increased capacity, and less than five years after that (1998), the 2,000th Snow-designed airplane

2106-534: The north end of the Rio Grande Valley. This allows for a second line of defense in the ever increasing subtlety of smuggling. More recently the organization We Build the Wall has begun construction on a section of the border wall in the Valley. Local residents have expressed concerns about the project including the site's proximity to the National Butterfly Center and the Rio Grande with its potential for seasonal flooding. The U.S. Section of

2160-555: The past 30 years" according to the Census , which is done every 10 years. The Economic Research Service (ERS) of the U.S. Department of Agriculture categorizes non-metropolitan counties by their dominant economic foundation and by characteristic policy type. Persistent poverty counties are defined as those where 20% or more of the county population in each of the last four decennial Censuses had poverty level household incomes. In 2000, there were 386 such counties concentrated largely in

2214-542: The peace between Mexicans and Americans. The region played host to several well-known conflicts including the backlash from the Plan of San Diego , and the racially fueled violence of Texas Ranger Harry Ransom. In 1921 the United States Border Patrol came to the region with less than 10 officers. Initially the agency was focused on import and export business, especially alcohol during Prohibition in

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2268-528: The public image of our industry. His wish was to pass the company to the employees who had devoted their skills and passion to Air Tractor. Lower Rio Grande Valley The Lower Rio Grande Valley ( Spanish : Valle del Río Grande ), commonly known as the Rio Grande Valley or locally as the Valley or RGV , is a region spanning the border of Texas and Mexico located in a floodplain of

2322-609: The region and accounted for a trade surplus of $ 75 billion. The Rio Grande Valley benefited from NAFTA in retail, manufacturing, and transportation. Due to the influx of jobs and exportation, many people migrated to the RGV, both documented and undocumented. According to Akinloye Akindayomi in Drug violence in Mexico and its impact on the fiscal realities of border cities in Texas: evidence from Rio Grande Valley counties , NAFTA also indirectly aids

2376-597: The region were settled in Laredo and Reynosa in 1767. In 1805, the Spanish government solidified the autonomy of the region by defining the territory of Nuevo Santander as south of the colony of Tejas from the Nueces River south to Tampico , Charcas , and Valles. The local government of the region had a rough start with various indigenous wars up until 1812. In 1821 after the Mexican War of Independence ,

2430-532: The region. In San Juan, Texas the Basilica of the National Shrine of Our Lady of San Juan del Valle is a major Catholic shrine. One of the offshoots of the Catholic Church, worship of Santa Muerte , has a small but significant following in the valley. There has been public outcry against followers erecting shrines at their homes and in public places. In 2015, a Santa Muerte statue was involved with

2484-604: The residents. The Bracero program enacted in the 1940s allowed Mexicans to cross the border and work in the agricultural fields. Most worked in the Rio Grande Valley, and due to a shortage of affordable houses, developers started selling them land in unincorporated areas; these clusters of homes over time became what are now known as colonias. According to the Housing Assistance Council, a nonprofit organization that tracks rural housing, approximately 1.6 million people live in 1,500 recognized colonias alongside

2538-613: The rise in immigration and drug smuggling practices between cartels in the region, with cartels profiting with over $ 80 billion. The Trump Administration decided to make new accords with Mexico and Canada and replaced NAFTA with the new trade agreement, United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement (USMCA) in 2018. After the September 11 attacks , the Customs Border Security Act of 2001 established United States Border Patrol interior checkpoints with some situated at

2592-512: The river. From the end of the Mexican-American War, the population of the Valley began to grow, and farmers began to raise cattle in the area. Despite the end of the formal war in 1848, interracial strife continued between native peoples and the white settlers over land through the 1920s. At the turn of the 20th century trade and immigration between Mexico and the United States was a normal part of society. The development of

2646-463: The state was renamed Tamaulipas . The Texas Revolution of 1835-1836 put the majority of what is now called the Rio Grande Valley under contested Texan sovereignty. The area also became a thoroughfare for runaway slaves fleeing to Mexico. In 1844, the United States under President James K. Polk annexed the Republic of Texas, against British and Mexican sentiments, contributing to the onset of

2700-553: The tribe's claims to land and destruction to the local terrain and natural life. On August 5, 2024, a group of local organizations including the Carrizo/Comecrudo tribe wrote a letter to the Federal Aviation Administration raising concerns about SpaceX operations in Boca Chica Beach and requesting a meeting to discuss the FAA's process of incorporating community voice into the conversation. The group includes

2754-430: The warm weather, access to pharmaceuticals and healthcare in Mexican border crossings such as Nuevo Progreso . There is a substantial health-care industry with major hospitals and many clinics and private practices in Brownsville , Harlingen , and McAllen . Texas is the third largest producer of citrus fruit in the United States, the majority of which is grown in the Rio Grande Valley. Grapefruit make up over 70% of

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2808-659: Was appointed a vice president of the Aero Commander division. During this time, the Model S-2R was developed and named the Thrush. The first 100 Thrush aircraft were built at the Olney Division before the plant was closed and Thrush production moved to Georgia in 1970. More than 500 aircraft were produced under Snow Aeronautical Corporation and Rockwell-Standard in Olney. Snow resigned from Rockwell and devoted

2862-581: Was built there. Since then (1998), Air Tractor has produced a line of aircraft that includes 400, 500, 600, and 800 US gal (330, 420, 500, and 670 imp gal; 1,500, 1,900, 2,300, and 3,000 L) capacity planes powered by Pratt & Whitney piston and turbine engines. From 2011 through 2018, Air Tractor consistently delivered more turboprop -powered fixed wing aircraft than any other manufacturer; of 601 total worldwide general aviation turboprop deliveries in 2018, 141 (23%) were Air Tractors. Now (2024), even

2916-604: Was dealing with the Mexican Revolution . The revolution spilled over the border through cross-border supply raids, and in response President Taft sent the United States Army into the region beginning in 1911 and continuing until 1916 when the majority of the United States armed forces were stationed in the region. Texas governor Oscar Colquitt also sent the Texas Rangers into the area to keep

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