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61-447: The mainly Shia movement having the support of religious leader Muqtada al-Sadr strongly opposed a third term form Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki , a Shia himself, in forming an Iraqi government and said it would not partake in a government by the latter whose State of Law Coalition had won the biggest number of seats in the new parliament. Al-Ahrar states prominently in its party platform that it wants to fight corruption which it says

122-547: A jihad against American forces. To do this he needed to gain temporary control of Al Kut , An Najaf and the suburb of Baghdad named after his grandfather, Sadr City . On the night of 8 April, his Mahdi Army dropped eight overspans and bridges around the Convoy Support Center Scania, thus severing northbound traffic into Baghdad. The next day his militia ambushed any and every convoy trying to get in or out of Baghdad International Airport , known to

183-678: A 2003 bombing of the house of Grand Ayatollah Muhammad Saeed al-Hakim , and the 10 April 2003 murder of Grand Ayatollah Abdul-Majid al-Khoei at a mosque in Najaf . On 13 October 2003, fighting broke out in Karbala , when al-Sadr's men attacked supporters of moderate Shi'ite Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani near the Imam Hussein shrine. Shortly after the US-led coalition ousted Saddam Hussein and his Ba'ath regime, al-Sadr voiced opposition to

244-462: A head on fight with the United States military coalition and it took full advantage of a major American vulnerability by attacking convoy trucks that supplied the troops. BIAP was where the newly arrived 1st Cavalry Division drew its supplies. The 1st Cavalry Division was replacing the 1st Armored Division in and around Baghdad. The 1st Armored Division had already been deployed to Iraq for

305-646: A member of Iraq's parliament and an aide to al-Sadr have denied the claims. On 30 March it was reported that Sadr, through clerics speaking on his behalf, "delivered a searing speech ... condemning the American presence in Iraq ... [and] call[ing] for an anti-occupation mass protest on April 9." This call to protest was significant in that, since the beginning of the American troop surge (which began on 14 February 2007), al-Sadr had ordered his "militia to lie low during

366-581: A planned march to the devastated Askariyya shrine in central Iraq, al-Sadr said the march was aimed at bringing Shi'is and Sunnis closer together and breaking down the barriers imposed by the Americans and Sunni religious extremists. In a statement issued 29 August 2007, Muqtada al-Sadr announced that an order to stand down for six months had been distributed to his loyalists following the deaths of more than 50 Shia Muslim pilgrims during fighting in Karbala

427-743: A political movement, which includes a military wing formerly known as the Jaysh al-Mahdi or Mahdi Army . The name refers to the Mahdi , a long-since disappeared Imam who is believed by Shi'as to be due to reappear when the end of time approaches. This group periodically engaged in violent conflict with the United States and other Coalition forces, while the larger Sadrist movement has formed its own religious courts and organized social services, law enforcement and prisons in areas under its control. Western media often referred to Muqtada al-Sadr as an "anti-American" or "radical" cleric. His strongest support came from

488-491: A significant resistance force fighting against the U.S. led coalition forces occupying Iraq. It is generally frowned upon in Iraq for clerics to actively participate in secular politics, and like the other leading religious figures, Muqtada al-Sadr did not run in the 2005 Iraqi elections . It is believed he implicitly backed the National Independent Cadres and Elites party that was closely linked with

549-493: A surprise visit to Ankara where, in his first public appearance for two years, he met with Turkish President Abdullah Gül and Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan for talks that focused on the "political process" and requested Turkey play a greater role in establishing stability in the Middle East . Spokesman Sheikh Salah al-Obeidi confirmed the nature of the talks that had been requested by al-Sadr and stated, "Turkey

610-458: A term used to refer to the looters of post-invasion Iraq) fatwa . The fatwa allowed theft and racketeering on the condition that the perpetrators pay the requisite khums to Sadrist imams, saying that "looters could hold on to what they had appropriated so long as they made a donation (khums) of one-fifth of its value to their local Sadrist office." The fatwa alienated many older members of his father's movement, as well as mainstream Shiites, and

671-566: A year. CENTCOM commander General John Abizaid decided to extend the Division beyond its 1-year deployment, for an additional 120 days, to use in the fight against the Mahdi Army. On 11 April, the Mahdi Army launched an attack on the southwest wall at BIAP behind which several hundred trucks parked. By the end of April, the American 1st Armored Division had suppressed the Mahdi Army's uprising but al Sadr had achieved his goal of making it

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732-458: Is a good, old friend. Trusting that, we had no hesitation in travelling here." After the meeting al-Sadr visited supporters in Istanbul , where al-Obeidi says they may open a representative office. In a press conference on 6 March 2010, ahead of the 2010 Iraqi parliamentary election , Sadr called on all Iraqis to participate in the election and support those who seek to expel US troops out of

793-620: Is an Iraqi Shia Muslim cleric , politician and militia leader. He inherited the leadership of the Sadrist Movement from his father . He founded the now dissolved Mahdi Army militia in 2003 that resisted the American occupation of Iraq . He also founded the Promised Day Brigade militia after the dissolution of the Mahdi Army; both were backed by Iran. In 2014, he founded the Peace Companies militia and

854-909: Is for nothing but the best of Iraq and the region." In May 2018, Sadr's Sairoon electoral list won 54 seats in the first Iraqi parliamentary election since the Islamic State was declared defeated in Iraq. He rejected U.S. interference in the formation of the new Iraqi government, saying: "The U.S. is an invader country; we do not allow it to interfere" in Iraqi affairs." In a country riven by sectarian tensions and regional politics, Sadr has transformed himself again: He has now positioned himself as an Iraqi nationalist ; his newly formed Istiqāmah ("Integrity") Party allied himself with communists and smaller groups including Sunnis, secularists, liberals, and political independents; criticized, corruption, Iran's outsized influence in Iraq ; and strongly criticized

915-539: Is its current head. In 2018, he joined his Sadrist political party to the Saairun alliance, which won the highest number of seats in the 2018 and 2021 Iraqi parliamentary elections . He belongs to the prominent al-Sadr family that hails from Jabal Amel in Lebanon , before later settling in Najaf. Sadr is the son of Muhammad al-Sadr , an Iraqi religious figure and politician who stood against Saddam Hussein , and

976-477: Is rampant in al-Maliki-run government. The coalition is considered a Sadrist Movement , despite the announcement of its leader Muqtada al-Sadr of withdrawing from political life. In the 2009 Governorate Elections, the Sadrist Movement had taken part under the name Independent Free Movement List winning 43 out of 440 seats. During the 2010 Parliamentary Elections , the Sadrist Movement was part of

1037-458: Is the fourth son of a famous Iraqi Shia cleric, the late Grand Ayatollah Muhammad al-Sadr . He is also the son-in-law of Grand Ayatollah Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr . Both were revered for their concern for the poor. Muqtada is a citizen of Iraq ; his great-grandfather is Ismail as-Sadr . Mohammed Sadeq al-Sadr, Muqtada al-Sadr's father, was a respected figure throughout the Shi'a Islamic world. He

1098-535: The Battle of Basra , the Sadr Movement launched a nationwide civil disobedience campaign across Iraq to protest raids and detentions against the Mahdi Army. In August 2008, Sadr ordered most of his militiamen to disarm but said he will maintain elite fighting units to resist the Americans if a timetable for the withdrawal of US troops is not established. "Weapons are to be exclusively in the hands of one group,

1159-626: The Coalition Provisional Authority . He subsequently stated that he had more legitimacy than the Coalition-appointed Iraqi Governing Council . He granted his first major Western television interview to Bob Simon of 60 Minutes , in which al-Sadr famously said "Saddam was the little serpent, but America is the big serpent." In May 2003, al-Sadr issued a fatwa that became known as the al-Hawasim (meaning 'the finalists' –

1220-709: The Gulf War , Shi'ites in Southern Iraq went into open rebellion. A number of provinces overthrew the Baathist entities and rebelled against Saddam Hussein and the Baath Party. The leadership of the Shi'ite rebellion as well as the Shi'ite doctrine in Iraq was split between Ayatollah Ali Al-Sistani and Ayatollah Muhammad Sadiq Al-Sadr. Al-Sadr, based in Baghdad, appealed to the younger, more radical Shi'ites from

1281-646: The Iraqi Communist Party and other secular groups "under an umbrella of security and corruption concerns", both long-standing issues of daily life in the country. In March 2015, Sadr criticized the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen , saying that "It [Saudi invasion of Yemen] is at odds with Islamic-Arabic unity". On 26 February 2016, Sadr led a one million-strong demonstration in Baghdad's Tahrir Square to protest corruption in Iraq and

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1342-870: The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant . In June, these Peace Companies marched in Sadr City . In addition to guarding shrines, the Peace Companies participated in offensive operations such as the recapture of Jurf al-Nasr in October 2014. They suspended their activities temporarily in February 2015, but were active in the Second Battle of Tikrit in March. Sadr is considered a populist by Western observers. In 2015 he entered into an alliance with

1403-478: The National Iraqi Alliance . In 2014 Iraqi parliamentary elections , The Sadrists formed Al Ahrar Bloc, their own political coalition for the elections. Headed by Dia al-Asadi , it strongly opposed a third term for Prime Minister al-Maliki and his large grouping State of Law Coalition . Al-Ahrar Bloc has won 34 seats in the 2014 Iraqi Parliament , making it the second political grouping in

1464-499: The fall of Baghdad , the majority-Shi'a suburb of Revolution City (Saddam City) was unofficially but popularly renamed to Sadr City in his honour. Sadr City was the first part of Baghdad to overthrow the Baath Party in 2003. Mohammad al-Sadr's son, Muqtada al-Sadr , is currently the leader of the Sadrist movement and bases his legitimacy upon his relationship with his father. He led a guerrilla uprising against Coalition forces and

1525-677: The Green Zone to begin a sit-in, urging followers to stay outside and remain peaceful. He met with Abadi on 26 December to discuss the reform project he proposed during protests early in the year. Following the Khan Shaykhun chemical attack in Syria on 4 April 2017, Sadr called for Syrian president Bashar al-Assad to step down. In July 2017, Sadr visited Saudi Arabia and met Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman . In 2017 he condemned

1586-607: The Iraqi parliament. The seats are divided as follows: In preparation for the 2018 parliamentary election , Sadr has withdrawn the bloc from parliament and urged its MPs not to stand in the May poll, in order to make way for his new list known as Alliance Towards Reforms , with the main components being the Sadrist movement and the Iraqi Communist Party . Muqtada al-Sadr Muqtada al-Sadr ( Arabic : مقتدى الصدر , romanized :  Muqtadā aṣ-Ṣadr ; born 4 August 1974)

1647-417: The Mahdi Army. Many of his supporters, however, backed the far more popular United Iraqi Alliance (UIA) of Grand Ayatollah Sistani. On 26 August 2005, an estimated 100,000 Iraqis marched in support of al-Sadr and his ideals. On 25 March 2006, Sadr was in his home and escaped a mortar attack; this attack was disputed, as the ordnance landed more than 50 meters from his home. Sadr's considerable leverage

1708-551: The Revolution Township on a neighbourhood level. Their lack of control limited their ability to affect al-Sadr's power base and the devotion of his followers. Revolution Township was renamed Sadr City. As his power grew, al-Sadr became more and more involved in politics following the Gulf War, and throughout the 1990s, especially in 1993. After he became a more important Marja', he openly defied Saddam. He organized

1769-583: The Shia establishment and property-owning classes from the Sadrists. However, the fatwa strengthened his popularity among the poorest members of society, notably in Sadr City . It has been claimed that the original fatwa was actually issued by Sadr's advisor Grand Ayatollah Kazem Husseini Haeri , and that al-Sadr was simply loyally issuing the same instruction. Al-Sadr is suspected in US news media of having ordered

1830-601: The Trump administration's open support of Israeli claims about Jerusalem and advocated the closure of the U.S. Embassy in Baghdad due to American announcements related to their forthcoming embassy move in Israel which he saw as a 'declaration of war on Islam.' In April 2018, Sadr wrote: "I am ready to intervene between the Islamic Republic (Iran) and Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to resolve some issues, even gradually, and that

1891-479: The US government". Following the 8 January 2020 Iranian rocket attacks on US led military bases, however, Sadr held back and urged his followers not to attack U.S. elements in Iraq. Muhammad al-Sadr (jurist) Grand Ayatollah Sayyid Muhammad-Sadiq al-Sadr ( Arabic : محمّد صادق الصدر ‎ ; born 23 March 1943 – 19 February 1999) was a prominent Iraqi Shia marja' . He called for government reform and

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1952-556: The US withdrawal from Iraq, Sadr continued to be an influential figure in Iraqi politics, associated with the Al-Ahrar bloc, whose Shi'a factions are still at war with not only the government but also the Sunni factions. However, whereas during the war al-Sadr was known for advocating violence, in 2012 he began to present himself as a proponent of moderation and tolerance and called for peace. According to Britannica, "although Sadr himself

2013-714: The assassination of rival Shia leader Abdul-Majid al-Khoei in 2003, a charge he denies and which remains unproven. In his 2004 sermons and public interviews, al-Sadr repeatedly demanded an immediate withdrawal of all US-led coalition forces, all foreign troops under United Nations control, and the establishment of a new central Iraqi government, not connected to the Ba'ath party or the Allawi government. In late March 2004, American authorities ( 759th MP Battalion ) in Iraq shut down Sadr's newspaper al-Hawza on charges of inciting violence. Sadr's followers held demonstrations protesting

2074-652: The class of dispossessed Shi'a, like in the Sadr City area of Baghdad. Many Iraqi supporters see in him a symbol of resistance to foreign occupation. The Mahdi army was reported to have operated death squads during the Iraqi Civil War . In a statement received by AFP on 15 February 2014, Sadr announced the closure of all offices, centers and associations affiliated with Al-Shaheed Al-Sadr, his father, inside and outside Iraq, and announced his non-intervention in all political affairs, adding that no bloc will represent

2135-404: The closure of the newspaper. On 4 April, fighting broke out in Najaf, Sadr City, and Basra. Sadr's Mahdi Army took over several points and attacked coalition soldiers, killing dozens of foreign soldiers, and taking many casualties of their own in the process. At the same time, Sunni rebels in the cities of Baghdad, Samarra , Ramadi , and, most notably, Fallujah , staged uprisings as well, causing

2196-551: The construction of Azamiyah wall around a Sunni neighbourhood in Baghdad, by calling for demonstrations against the plan as a sign of "the evil will" of American "occupiers" On 25 May 2007, Sadr delivered a sermon to an estimated 6,000 followers in Kufa . Sadr reiterated his condemnation of the United States' occupation of Iraq and demanded the withdrawal of foreign forces, al-Sadr's speech also contained calls for unity between Sunni and Shi'a. In June 2007, al-Sadr vowed to go ahead with

2257-433: The country. "You, the Iraqi army and police forces, don't walk alongside the occupiers, because they are your arch-enemy," the statement said. On 17 April 2007, several ministers loyal to al-Sadr left the Iraqi government. Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki stated that the withdrawal of these ministers had not weakened his government and that he would name technocrats to replace them soon. On 25 April 2007, Sadr condemned

2318-472: The country. Sadr warned that any interference by the United States will be unacceptable. On 5 January 2011, Sadr returned to the Iraqi city of Najaf in order to take a more proactive and visible role in the new Iraqi government. Three days later, thousands of Iraqis turned out in Najaf to hear his first speech since his return, in which he called the US, Israel, and the UK "common enemies" against Iraq. His speech

2379-517: The day before. The statement issued by Sadr's office in Najaf said: "I direct the Mahdi army to suspend all its activities for six months until it is restructured in a way that helps honour the principles for which it is formed." The intention behind the ceasefire was thought in part to be to allow al-Sadr reassert control over the movement, which is thought to have splintered. "We call on all Sadrists to observe self-restraint, to help security forces control

2440-521: The government's failure to deliver on reforms. "Abadi must carry out grassroots reform," Sadr said in front of the protesters. "Raise your voice and shout so the corrupt get scared of you," he encouraged the people. On 18 March, Sadr's followers began a sit-in outside the Green Zone , a heavily fortified district in Baghdad housing government offices and embassies. He called the Green Zone "a bastion of support for corruption". On 27 March, he walked into

2501-437: The largest bloc of parliament, and had reached a sort of détente with prime minister Nouri al Maliki, who needed Sadrist support to retain his post. On 5 January 2011, Sadr returned from Iran, to Najaf, having spent four years out of the country after vowing never to return unless the American military forces left. Prior to his arrival in Najaf, he had been instrumental in the formation of the 2011 Iraqi government. Following

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2562-536: The more impoverished areas of Southern Iraq. The Shi'ites travelled to Baghdad from these poor areas to join Al-Sadr and his Shi'ite leadership.. In this ghetto, Sadr established a secret network of devoted followers and he became an increasingly prominent figure in the Iraqi political scene. As a result of the disenfranchisement and repression of the Shi'ites in Iraq and the loyalty of the local populations, Saddam Hussein and his Baathist government could not control

2623-403: The most serious challenge to American control of Iraq up to that time. During the first siege of Fallujah in late March and April 2004, Muqtada's Sadrists sent aid convoys to the besieged Sunnis there. Paul Bremer , then the US administrator in Iraq, declared on 5 April 2004 that al-Sadr was an outlaw and that uprisings by his followers would not be tolerated. That day, al-Sadr called for

2684-512: The movement inside or outside the government or parliament. Several times he has called for all paramilitary groups recognised by the Iraqi state to be dissolved after the complete defeat of ISIL and that all foreign forces (including Iran) then leave Iraqi territory. He surprised many when he visited the crown princes of both Saudi Arabia , for the first time in 11 years, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) in 2017 and earlier and

2745-519: The nephew of Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr . He is often styled with the honorific title Sayyid . His formal religious standing within the Shi'i clerical hierarchy is comparatively mid-ranking. As a result of this, in 2008 Sadr claimed for himself neither the title of mujtahid (the equivalent of a senior religious scholar) nor the authority to issue any fatwas . In early 2008, he was reported to be studying to be an ayatollah , something that would greatly improve his religious standing. Muqtada al-Sadr

2806-476: The new Baghdad security plan so as not to provoke a direct confrontation with the Americans". In a statement stamped with Sadr's official seal and distributed in the Shiite holy city of Najaf a day before the demonstration, on Sunday, 8 April 2007, Muqtada al-Sadr urged the Iraqi army and police to stop cooperating with the United States and told his guerilla fighters to concentrate on pushing American forces out of

2867-460: The poor Shi'ites of Sadr City , yet another nickname for the impoverished Shi'ite ghetto in Baghdad, against Saddam and the Baath Party. Sadr gained the support of the Shi'ites by reaching out to tribal villages and offering services to them that they would otherwise not have been afforded by Hussein's regime. Saddam began to crack down on the Shi'ite leaders in the late 1990s in an attempt to regain control of Iraq. Sometime before his death, al-Sadr

2928-624: The release of detained Shia leaders. The growth of his popularity, often referred to as the followers of the Vocal Hawza , also put him in competition with other Shi'a leaders, including Mohammed Baqir al-Hakim who was exiled in Iran. al-Sadr was born to Muhammad Sadiq al-Sadr (1906–1986), the grandson of Ismail al-Sadr , the patriarch of the Lebanese al-Sadr family and a first cousin of Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr and Amina al-Sadr . Following

2989-521: The resistance group," while another group called Momahidoun is to focus on social, religious and community work, Sadrist cleric Mudhafar al-Moussawi said. In response to Israeli attacks on Gaza , al-Sadr called for reprisals against US troops in Iraq: "I call upon the honest Iraqi resistance to carry out revenge operations against the great accomplice of the Zionist enemy." On 1 May 2009, al-Sadr paid

3050-508: The sectarian nature of Iraq's politics. Following the May 2018 elections the son of Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei and General Soleimani lobbied Sadr and others to forge a political coalition allied with Tehran. After months of winning parliamentary elections, Sadr favored the return of Iraqi Jews to Iraq, which received positively by majority of the Iraqis. On 7 December 2019, an armed drone attack targeted Sadr's home in Baghdad. Sadr

3111-414: The situation and arrest the perpetrators and sedition mongers, and urge them to end all forms of armament in the sacred city," said the statement, referring to the 28 August clashes in Karbala. Asked if the unexpected order meant no attacks on American troops, as well as a ban on Shia infighting, a senior Sadr aide said: "All kinds of armed actions are to be frozen, without exception." In March 2008, during

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3172-419: The soldiers as BIAP. This led to the worst convoy ambush of the war, the ambush of the 724th Transportation Company (POL) , which resulted in eight KBR drivers killed and three soldiers killed. One was Matt Maupin , who was initially listed as the first American soldier missing in action. These series of attacks demonstrated an unexpected level of sophistication in planning. The Mahdi Army knew it could not win

3233-516: The toppling of the Saddam government by the 2003 US invasion of Iraq . Sadr has on occasion stated that he wishes to create an " Islamic democracy ". Sadr commands strong support (especially in the Sadr City district in Baghdad , formerly named Saddam City but renamed after the elder Sadr). After the fall of the Saddam government in 2003, Muqtada al-Sadr organized thousands of his supporters into

3294-545: Was ambushed by men, and both his sons were killed by gunfire while he was severely injured. He died an hour later in the hospital. Shi'as in Iraq, as well as most international observers, suspect the Iraqi Baathist government of being involved in, if not directly responsible for, their murders. Anger at, among other things, the government's involvement in Sadr's death helped spark the 1999 Shia uprising in Iraq . Following

3355-526: Was apparent early in the week of 16 October 2006, when Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki ordered the release of one of Sadr's senior aides. The aide had been arrested a day earlier by American troops on suspicion of participating in kidnappings and killings. On 13 February, several sources in the US government claimed that Muqtada al-Sadr had left Iraq and fled to Iran in anticipation of the coming security crackdown . US military spokesman Maj. Gen. William B. Caldwell reinforced this account on 14 February, but

3416-480: Was criticized in some Iranian circles. In April 2017, he distinguished himself from other Iraqi Shiite leaders in calling on Iranian-backed Syrian President Bashar al-Assad to step down and save the country from more bloodshed. Sadr's efforts to strengthen relations between Saudi Arabia and Iraq mirror those of former Iraqi Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi . Muqtada is widely suspected of ordering numerous assassinations against high-ranking Shi'ite clergy, including

3477-407: Was greeted by the crowd chanting "Yes, yes for Muqtada! Yes, yes for the leader!" while waving Iraqi flags and al-Sadr's pictures. Subsequently, he returned to Iran to continue his studies. By late 2011, it appeared that the United States would largely withdraw from Iraq, a demand that helped make Sadr a popular leader amongst supporters almost immediately following the invasion. Sadr also controlled

3538-403: Was informed of Saddam's limited patience with him. In defiance, al-Sadr wore his death shroud to his final Friday sermon to show that the Shi'ites would not be intimidated by Saddam's oppression and that Sadr would preach the truth even if it meant his own death. He was later killed leaving the mosque in the Iraqi city of Najaf along with two of his sons as they drove through the town. Their car

3599-504: Was murdered, along with two of his sons, allegedly by the government of Saddam Hussein . Muqtada's father-in-law was executed by the Iraqi authorities in 1980. Muqtada is a cousin of the disappeared Musa al-Sadr , the Iranian-Lebanese founder of the popular Amal Movement . In 1994, Sadr married one of Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr's daughters. As of 2008, he had no children. Muqtada al-Sadr gained popularity in Iraq following

3660-477: Was once an image of Iraqi Shiʿi militancy, he came to see sectarianism as a source of dysfunction and corruption in government and began steering his supporters away from sectarianism." In February 2014, Sadr announced that he was withdrawing from politics and dissolving the party structure to protect his family's reputation. However, later in 2014, he called for the formation of " Peace Companies ", often mistranslated "Peace Brigades", to protect Shia shrines from

3721-558: Was out of the country at the time; the attack caused little damage and no casualties. After the assassination of Qasem Soleimani in January 2020 and the Iraqi parliament's resolution favouring expulsion of US troops, the Iraqi Shia leader called for "the immediate cancellation of the security agreement with the US, the closure of the US embassy, the expulsion of US troops in a 'humiliating manner', and criminalizing communication with

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