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103-460: Al-Karak lies 140 kilometres (87 mi) to the south of Amman on the ancient King's Highway . It is situated on a hilltop about 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) above sea level and is surrounded on three sides by a valley. Al-Karak has a view of the Dead Sea . A city of about 32,216 people (2005) has been built up around the castle and it has buildings from the 19th-century Ottoman period. The town

206-631: A nahiye (subdistrict) center of the kaza of al-Salt in the Karak Sanjak established in 1894. By 1908 Amman contained 800 houses divided between three main quarters, Shapsug, Kabartai and Abzakh, each called after the Circassian groupings which respectively settled there, a number of mosques, open-air markets, shops, bakeries, mills, a textile factory, a post and telegraph office and a government compound ( saraya ). Kurdish settlers formed their own quarter called "al-Akrad" after them, while

309-554: A "harbor of the desert" where Arab Bedouin would take refuge, and that its citadel, which overlooked the town, contained a small mosque. The occupation of the Citadel Hill by the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem is so far based only on interpretations of Crusader sources. William of Tyre writes in his Historia that in 1161 Philip of Milly received the castle of Ahamant, which is seen to refer to Amman, as part of

412-556: A Military Hospital with a Jewish doctor; enforced the regulation of coinage and weights and measures; introduced a weekly postal service to Jerusalem, Damascus and Ma'an; and set up agricultural projects such as the planting of 5,000 grape vines at Madeba . One estimate of the population of the town and the surrounding area at this time gives a total of 10,000. Of these, 8000 were Muslims and 2,000 were Orthodox Christians whose Church, St George, had been built in 1849. The Latin Mission

515-669: A castle on a hill called by the Crusaders Petra Deserti - The Stone of the Desert. His castle, much modified, dominates the town to this day. The castle was in Crusader hands for only 46 years. It had been threatened by Saladin 's armies several times, but finally surrendered in 1188, after the crushing Crusader defeat at the Battle of Hattin and a siege that lasted more than a year. Saladin's younger brother, Al-Adil ,

618-405: A dialect utilizing the various Jordanian and Palestinian dialects, has been forming. The children of immigrants in the city are also increasingly referring to themselves as "Ammani", unlike much of the first-generation inhabitants who identify more with their respective places of origin. Amman has a mostly Sunni Muslim population, and the city contains numerous mosques . Among the main mosques

721-579: A major airline in the region. The airline is headquartered in Zahran district . Rubicon Group Holding and Maktoob , two major regional information technology companies, are based in Amman, along with major international corporations such as Hikma Pharmaceuticals , one of the Middle East's largest pharmaceutical companies, and Aramex , the Middle East's largest logistics and transportation company. In

824-508: A mountain. Its fosses are the valleys around it, which are very deep. They say it was originally, in Roman days , a convent , and was turned into a fortress. It is now a treasure house of the Turks." Abu'l-Fida (1273−1331) noted that Al Karak "is a celebrated town with a very high fortress, one of the most unassailable of the fortresses of Syria. About a day's march from it is Mutah , where are

927-586: A number of townspeople from nearby al-Salt and al-Fuheis , seeking to avoid high taxes and conscription or attracted by financial incentives, and traders from Najd and Morocco , had also moved to the town. The city's demographics changed dramatically after the Ottoman government's decision to construct the Hejaz Railway , which linked Damascus and Medina, and facilitated the annual Hajj pilgrimage and trade. Operational in central Transjordan since 1903,

1030-631: A particularly severe earthquake in 747. The Umayyads were overthrown by the Abbasids three years later. Amman's importance declined by the mid-8th century after damage caused by several earthquakes rendered it uninhabitable. Excavations among the collapsed layer of the Umayyad Palace have revealed remains of kilns from the time of the Abbasids (750–969) and the Fatimids (969–1099). In

1133-583: A period of Roman rule that lasted for four centuries. In the northern modern-day Jordan, the Greek cities of Philadelphia (Amman), Gerasa , Gedara , Pella and Arbila joined with other cities in Palestine and Syria ; Scythopolis , Hippos , Capitolias , Canatha and Damascus to form the Decapolis League , a confederation linked by bonds of economic and cultural interest. Philadelphia became

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1236-784: A point along a road stretching from Ailah to Damascus that was built by Emperor Trajan in AD 106. This provided an economic boost for the city in a short period of time. Roman rule in Jordan left several ruins across the country, some of which exist in Amman, such as the Temple of Hercules at the Amman Citadel , the Roman Theatre , the Odeon , and the Nymphaeum . The two theaters and

1339-552: A power base several times during the Mamluk sultanate . Its significance lay in its control over the caravan route between Damascus and Egypt and the pilgrimage route between Damascus and Mecca . In the thirteenth century, the Mamluk ruler Baibars used it as a stepping stone on his ascent to power. In 1389 Sultan Barquq was exiled to al-Karak, where he gathered his supporters before returning to Cairo . In 1596 Al-Karak appeared in

1442-633: A report by Dunia Frontier Consultants, Amman, along with Doha , Qatar and Dubai , United Arab Emirates , are the favored hubs for multinational corporations operating in the Middle East and North Africa region. In FDI magazine, Amman was chosen as the Middle Eastern city with the most potential to be a leader in foreign direct investment in the region. Furthermore, several of the world's largest investment banks have offices in Amman including Standard Chartered , Société Générale , and Citibank . The population of Amman reached 4,007,526 in 2015;

1545-485: A result of immigration, but also due to the high birthrate in the city. Amman had been abandoned for centuries until hundreds of Circassians settled it in the 19th century. Today, about 40,000 Circassians live in Amman and its vicinity. After Amman became a major hub along the Hejaz Railway in 1914, many Muslim and Christian merchant families from al-Salt immigrated to the city. A large proportion of Amman's inhabitants have Palestinian roots (urban or rural origin), and

1648-602: A temple, which included an altar containing many human bone fragments. The bones showed evidence of burning, which led to the assumption that the altar functioned as a pyre and used for human sacrifice . Amman is mentioned several times in the Hebrew Bible. According to the biblical narrative, the Ammonite king Hanun allied with Hadadezer , king of Aram-Zobah , against the United Kingdom of Israel . During

1751-581: A town around the 5th century AD. It has not been completely excavated. It was influenced by several civilizations including the Romans, Byzantines and Muslims. The site contains some well-preserved mosaic floors, particularly the mosaic floor of the Church of Saint Stephen. Downtown Amman , the city center area (known in Arabic as Al-Balad ), has been dwarfed by the sprawling urban area that surrounds it. Despite

1854-587: A town in Italy Fossa, County Kerry , a townland in Ireland Fossa More , a townland in the parish of Tomgraney, County Clare Fossa Beg , a townland in the parish of Tomgraney, County Clare Fossá, Faroe Islands , an abandoned village Fossá , a waterfall in the Faroe islands Fossa (river) , Iceland Other uses [ edit ] Fossa (anatomy) , a depression in part of

1957-600: A water mill, and a market toll. Their total tax was 15,000 akçe . Al-Karak is dominated by the Al Majali tribe, the Tarawneh tribe and the Maaitah tribe. The Ghassanid tribe is believed to be the first to inhabit the site of modern al-Karak. The tribe consists of the families: Suheimat, Halasa{Halaseh}, Dmour, Mbaydeen, Adaileh, Soub, and Mdanat and Karakiyeen. In 1844 Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt sent an expedition west of

2060-475: A whole was dramatically improved after the attack, and no major terrorist attacks have been reported since then. Most recently a wave of Syrian refugees have arrived in the city during the ongoing Syrian Civil War which began in 2011. Amman was a principal destination for refugees for the security and prosperity it offered. During the 2010s, the city has experienced an economic, cultural and urban boom. The large growth in population has significantly increased

2163-420: A year and over $ 1 billion annually. Amman is introducing itself as a business hub. The city's skyline is being continuously transformed through the emergence of new projects. A significant portion of business flowed into Amman following the 2003 Iraq War . Jordan's main airport, Queen Alia International Airport , is located south of Amman and is the hub for the country's national carrier Royal Jordanian ,

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2266-563: A year. The average annual rainfall in Amman is around 385 mm (15 in), with great variations between different parts of the city. The western areas receive more than 500 mm (20 in) of rainfall, whereas the eastern areas receive less than 250 mm (10 in). Rainfall primarily occurs between November and April, and periodic droughts are not uncommon. Amman experiences heavy fog on about 120 days each year. The city's diverse weather conditions are heavily influenced by differences in elevation . While snow might accumulate in

2369-480: Is 16.5 °C (61.7 °F). About 359 mm (14.13 in) of precipitation falls annually. Al-Karak's metropolitan population was estimated to be 68,800 in 2013, making up 31.5% of the total population of the Karak Governorate. Most of the population of the city is Muslim (75%) and there is also a significant Orthodox Christian population (25%). In general, the percentage of Christians in al-Karak

2472-543: Is a predominantly Christian town located to the northwest of the city. A small Armenian Catholic community of around 70 families is present in the city. Ecclesiastical courts for matters of personal status are also located in Amman. A total of 16 historic churches are located in Umm ar-Rasas ruins in Al-Jeezah district; the site is believed to have initially served as Roman fortified military camps which gradually became

2575-491: Is among the highest in Jordan . Al-Karak is famous for its traditional Jordanian lamb dish called mansaf . 31°11′N 35°42′E  /  31.183°N 35.700°E  / 31.183; 35.700 Amman Amman ( UK : / ə ˈ m ɑː n / ə- MAHN , US : / ɑː ˈ m ɑː n / ah- MAHN ; Arabic : عَمَّان , romanized :  ʿAmmān , pronounced [ʕaˈmːaːn] )

2678-512: Is among the most popular locations in the Arab world for multinational corporations to set up their regional offices, alongside Doha and only behind Dubai . Amman has a bus network , including a Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system that serves the city and connects to neighboring Zarqa . Amman derives its name from the ancient people of the Ammonites , whose capital the city had been since

2781-699: Is built on a triangular plateau, with the castle at its narrow southern tip. Al-Karak has been inhabited since at least the Iron Age , and was an important city for the Moabites . In the Bible it is called Kir-haresh ,  Kir-hareseth or Kir of Moab , and is identified as having been subject to the Neo-Assyrian Empire ; in the Books of Kings ( 2 Kings 16:9 ) and Book of Amos ( Amos 1:5, 9:7 ), it

2884-529: Is divided into twelve administrative divisions, each called a governorate. Amman Governorate divides into nine districts , five of which are divided into sub-districts. The Greater Amman Municipality has 22 areas which are further divided into neighborhoods. The city is administered as the Greater Amman Municipality and covers 22 areas which include: The banking sector is one of the principal foundations of Jordan's economy. Despite

2987-516: Is mentioned as the place where the Arameans went before they settled in the regions in the northern Levant , and to which Tiglath-Pileser III (r. 745–727 BC) sent the prisoners after the conquest of Damascus . After the conquest of Damascus, for some number of years later the Shamaili kingdom seized power, but it is unsure for how long. Little has been recorded about their ruling period. In 1958

3090-526: Is moderately long, characterized by mild heat and refreshing breezes. However, occasional heatwaves may occur during this period. Spring is brief yet warm, with temperatures reaching highs of 28 °C (82 °F). This season typically commences between April and May, lasting for about a month. Winter usually sets in around the end of November, extending through early to mid-March. During winter, temperatures typically hover around or below 17 °C (63 °F), with sporadic snowfall occurring once or twice

3193-586: Is more modern and serves as the economic center of the city. Approximately one million visitors arrived in Amman in 2018, which made it the 89th most-visited city in the world and the 12th most-visited Arab city. Amman has a relatively fast growing economy and it is ranked as a Beta− global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . Moreover, it was named one of the Middle East and North Africa's best cities according to economic, labor, environmental, and socio-cultural factors. The city

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3296-468: Is one of the strongest and most celebrated fortresses of Syria. It is called also Hisn al Ghurab (the Crow's Fortress), and is surrounded on every side by ravines. There is only one gateway, and that enters by a passage tunnelled in the live rock, which tunnel forms a sort of hall. We stayed four days outside Karak, at a place called Ath Thaniyyah . The castle played an important role as a place of exile and

3399-516: Is the capital and the largest city of Jordan , and the country's economic, political, and cultural center. With a population of four million as of 2021, Amman is Jordan's primate city and is the largest city in the Levant region, the fifth-largest city in the Arab world , and the tenth-largest metropolitan area in the Middle East . The earliest evidence of settlement in Amman dates to

3502-437: Is the large King Abdullah I Mosque , built between 1982 and 1989. It is capped by a blue mosaic dome beneath which 3,000 Muslims may offer prayer. The Abu Darweesh Mosque, noted for its checkered black-and-white pattern, has an architectural style that is unique to Jordan. The mosque is situated on Jabal Ashrafieh , the highest point in the city. The mosque's interior is marked by light-colored walls and Persian carpets. During

3605-406: Is typified by its mountains . The most important areas in the city are named after the hills or mountains they lie on. The area's elevation ranges from 700 to 1,100 m (2,300 to 3,600 ft). Al-Salt and al-Zarqa are located to the northwest and northeast, respectively, Madaba is located to the west, and al-Karak and Ma'an are to Amman's southwest and southeast, respectively. One of

3708-624: The Ayyubid period, leaving it to further research to find the location of the Crusader castle. During the Ayyubid period, the Damascene geographer al-Dimashqi wrote that Amman was part of the province of al-Karak , although "only ruins" remained of the town. During the Mamluk era (late 13th–early 16th centuries), the region of Amman was a part of Wilayat Balqa, the southernmost district of Mamlakat Dimashq (Damascus Province). The capital of

3811-780: The Babylonians and the Achaemenid Persians . Conquest of the Middle East and Central Asia by Alexander the Great firmly consolidated the influence of Hellenistic culture . The Greeks founded new cities in the area of modern-day Jordan, including Umm Qays , Jerash and Amman. Ptolemy II Philadelphus , the Macedonian ruler of Egypt, who occupied and rebuilt the city, named it "Philadelphia" ( Ancient Greek : Φιλαδέλφεια ), evoking "brotherly love" in Greek . The name

3914-666: The Edomites and Moabites , trade along this route gave the Ammonites considerable revenue. Milcom is named in the Hebrew Bible as the national god of Rabat Amman. Another ancient deity , Moloch , usually associated with the use of children as offerings, is also mentioned in the Bible as a god of the Ammonites, but this is probably a mistake for Milcom. However, excavations by archeologists near Amman Civil Airport uncovered

4017-608: The Greater Amman Municipality regulations. The buildings are covered with thick white or beige limestone or sandstone. The buildings usually have balconies on each floor, with the exception of the ground floor, which has a front and back yard. Some buildings make use of Mangalore tiles on the roofs or on the roof of covered porches. Hotels, towers and commercial buildings are either covered by stone, plastic or glass. fossa#Latin From Misplaced Pages,

4120-472: The Hejaz Railway helped to transform Amman from a small village into a major commercial hub in the region. Circassian entrepreneurship, facilitated by the railway, helped to attract investment from merchants from Damascus, Nablus, and Jerusalem, many of whom moved to Amman in the 1900s and 1910s. Amman's first municipal council was established in 1909, and Circassian Ismael Babouk was elected as its mayor. The First and Second Battle of Amman were part of

4223-538: The Kabardian and Abzakh groups in 1880–1892. Until 1900 settlement was concentrated in the valley and slopes of the Amman stream and settlers built mud-brick houses with wooden roofs. The French Dominican priest Marie-Joseph Lagrange commented in 1890 about Amman: "A mosque, the ancient bridges, all that jumbled with the houses of the Circassians gives Amman a remarkable physiognomy". The new village became

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4326-882: The Middle Eastern theatre of World War I and the Arab Revolt , taking place in 1918. Amman had a strategic location along the Hejaz Railway; its capture by British forces and the Hashemite Arab army facilitated the British advance towards Damascus . The second battle was won by the British, resulting in the establishment of the British Mandate . In 1921, the Hashemite emir and later king Abdullah I designated Amman instead of al-Salt to be

4429-550: The Ottoman tax registers , situated in the nahiya (subdistrict) of Karak, part of the Sanjak of Ajlun . It had 78 households and 2 bachelors who were Muslim , and 103 households and 8 bachelors who were Christian . They paid a fixed tax-rate of 25% on agricultural products, including wheat, barley, olive trees/vineyards/fruit trees, a special product ( bayt al–mal ), goats and bee-hives; in addition to occasional revenues, for

4532-561: The Umayyad caliphs who began their rule in 661 AD, numerous desert castles were established as a means to govern the desert area of modern-day Jordan, several of which are still well-preserved. Amman had already been functioning as an administrative centre. The Umayyads built a large palace on the Amman Citadel hill, known today as the Umayyad Palace . Amman was later destroyed by several earthquakes and natural disasters, including

4635-718: The council of the three provinces of Palaestina held in Jerusalem in 536. Another bishop, by the name of John, is said to have lived in the 9th century. Al-Karak fell within the Crusader lordship of Oultrejourdain , the lands east of the River Jordan and the Dead Sea. In 1132, King Fulk of Jerusalem made Pagan the Butler Lord of Montreal and Oultrejourdain . Pagan made his headquarters at al-Karak, where he built

4738-586: The governor of Damascus attempted to apply the same measures of conscription, taxation, and disarmament to the inhabitants of Al-Karak that previously provoked the Hauran Druze Rebellion . The uprising ended with an indiscriminate massacre perpetrated by the governor's troops. During the Arab Revolt (1916–1918), the Turkish Army abandoned al-Karak after Sherif Abdullah ibn Hamza led a 70 horsemen attack on Mezraa. This Ottoman naval base

4841-551: The na'ib as-saltana of Egypt. The increasingly frequent division and sale of the city and lands of Amman to different owners signalled declining revenues coming from Amman, while at the same time, Hisban was restored as the major city of the Balqa in the 15th century. From then until 1878, Amman was an abandoned site periodically used to shelter seasonal farmers who cultivated arable lands in its vicinity and by Bedouin tribes who used its pastures and water. The Ottoman Empire annexed

4944-520: The nymphaeum fountain were built during the reign of Emperor Antoninus Pius around AD 161. The theatre was the larger venue of the two and had a capacity for 6,000 attendees. It was oriented north and built into the hillside, to protect the audience from the sun. To the northeast of the theatre was a small odeon . Built at roughly the same time as the theatre, the Odeon had 500 seats and is still in use today for music concerts. Archaeologists speculate that

5047-456: The 13th century BC. The Ammonites named it Rabat ʿAmmān (𐤓𐤁𐤕 𐤏𐤌𐤍), with the term Rabat meaning the "Capital" or the "King's Quarters". In the Hebrew Bible , the town is referred to as Rabbaṯ Bənē ʿAmmōn ( רַבַּת בְּנֵי עַמּוֹן ) or simply Rabbā ( רַבָּה ), and it appears in English translations as "Rabbath Ammon". Ptolemy II Philadelphus , the Macedonian ruler of the Ptolemaic Kingdom who reigned from 283 to 246 BC, renamed

5150-441: The 2004 Amman Message conference, edicts from various clergy-members afforded the following schools of thought as garnering collective recognition: Hanafi , Hanbali , Maliki , Shafi'i, Ja'fari, Zahiri, Zaydi, Ibadi , tassawuf-related Sufism , Muwahhidism and Salafism . Amman also has a small Druze community. Large numbers of Christians from throughout Jordan, particularly from al-Salt, have moved to Amman. Nearby Fuheis

5253-415: The 8th millennium BC in 'Ain Ghazal , home to the world's oldest statues of the human form . During the Iron Age , the city was known as Rabat Aman , the capital of the Ammonite Kingdom . In the 3rd century BC, the city was renamed Philadelphia and became one of the ten Greco-Roman cities of the Decapolis . Later, in the 7th century AD, the Rashidun Caliphate renamed the city Amman. Throughout most of

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5356-441: The Amman Stock Exchange and is the highest-ranked institution by market capitalization on the exchange. Amman is the 4th most visited Arab city and the ninth highest recipient of international visitor spending. Roughly 1.8 million tourists visited Amman in 2011 and spent over $ 1.3 billion in the city. The expansion of Queen Alia International Airport is an example of the Greater Amman Municipality's heavy investment in

5459-437: The Dead Sea. His troops occupied the castle at al-Karak but they were starved out with much loss of life. Mohammed Al-Majali who had control of Al-Karak in 1868, was involved in the events that led to the destruction of the Moabite Stone . In 1893 the Sublime Porte Abdul Hamid II established the sub-province of Ma'an , with a resident governor ( mutasarif ) in Al-Karak, under the Wāli of Syria based in Damascus . One of

5562-657: The Islamic era, the city alternated between periods of devastation and periods of relative prosperity. Amman was largely abandoned during the Ottoman period from the 15th century until 1878, when it was resettled by Circassians. The city grew after it was connected to the Hejaz Railway in 1904, leading to the formation of its first municipal council in 1909. Amman witnessed rapid growth after its designation as Transjordan 's capital in 1921, receiving migrations from different Jordanian and Levantine cities, and later several successive waves of refugees: Palestinians in 1948 and 1967; Iraqis in 1990 and 2003; and Syrians since 2011. It

5665-504: The Ottoman Empire, which had moved large numbers of them into its province of Syria . The Ottoman authorities directed the Circassians , who were mainly of peasant stock, to settle in Amman, and distributed arable land among them. Their settlement was a partial manifestation of the Ottoman statesman Kamil Pasha 's project, which did not materialize, to establish the Amman Province ( vilayet ) which, along with other sites in its vicinity, would become Circassian-populated townships guaranteeing

5768-506: The PLO in 1971, and the latter were expelled to Lebanon . The first wave of Iraqi refugees settled in the city after the 1991 Gulf War , with a second wave occurring in the aftermath of the 2003 invasion of Iraq . On 9 November 2005, Al-Qaeda under Abu Musab al-Zarqawi 's leadership launched coordinated explosions in three hotel lobbies in Amman, resulting in 60 deaths and 115 injured. The bombings, which targeted civilians, caused widespread outrage among Jordanians. Jordan's security as

5871-424: The West Bank moved to the city during the 1967 War . By 1970, the population had swelled to an estimated 550,000. A further 200,000 Palestinians arrived after their expulsion from Kuwait during the 1991 Gulf War . Several large Palestinian refugee camps exist around the center of Amman. Because Amman lacks a deep-rooted native population, the city does not have a distinct Arabic dialect , although recently such

5974-440: The body Fossa (planetary nomenclature) , a depression in a planet La Fossa , an Italian rap group Fossa, a fosse ( ditch or moat ) in ancient Roman contexts Fossa, a drowning pit used for executions François de Fossa , musician Formaggio di fossa , a cheese matured in pits native to Romagna, Italy See also [ edit ] Fosse (disambiguation) Fossato (disambiguation) Topics referred to by

6077-486: The busts depicted two-headed characters, the significance of which is not clear. In the 13th century BC, Amman was the capital of the Ammonite Kingdom , and became known as "Rabat Amman". Rabat Amman provided several natural resources to the region, including sandstone and limestone, along with a productive agricultural sector that made it a vital location along the King's Highway , the ancient trade route connecting Egypt with Mesopotamia , Syria and Anatolia . As with

6180-401: The capital of Balqa was transferred from Hisban to Amman, which was considered a madina (city). In 1357, Emir Sirghitmish bought Amman in its entirety, most likely to use revenues from the city to help fund the Madrasa of Sirghitmish , which he built in Cairo that same year. After his purchase of the city, Sirghitmish transferred the courts, administrative bureaucracy, markets and most of

6283-568: The capital of the newly created state, the Emirate of Transjordan , which became the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan in 1950. Its function as the capital of the country attracted immigrants from different Levantine areas, particularly from al-Salt, a nearby city that had been the largest urban settlement east of the Jordan River at the time. The early settlers who came from Palestine were overwhelmingly from Nablus , from which many of al-Salt's inhabitants had originated. They were joined by other immigrants from Damascus. Amman later attracted people from

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6386-424: The changes, much remains of its old character. Jabal Amman is a tourist attraction in old Amman, where the city's largest souks, museums, ancient constructions, monuments, and cultural sites are found. Jabal Amman also contains the famous Rainbow Street and the cultural Souk Jara market. Residential buildings are limited to four stories above street level and if possible another four stories below, according to

6489-418: The city "Philadelphia" ( Ancient Greek : Φιλαδέλφεια ; literally: " brotherly love "), after himself, after occupying it. By the Islamic era, the Rashidun Caliphate restored its ancient semitic name and called it Amman in the 7th century AD. The Neolithic site of ʿAin Ghazal today lies in the outskirts of Amman. At its height, around 7000 BC (9000 years ago), it had an area of 15 hectares (37 acres) and

6592-471: The city contains about 42% of Jordan's entire population. It has a land area of 1,680 km (648.7 sq mi) which yields a population density of about 2,380 inhabitants per square kilometer (6,200/sq mi). The population of Amman has risen exponentially with the successive waves of immigrants and refugees arriving throughout the 20th century. From a population of roughly 1,000 in 1890, Amman grew to around 1,000,000 inhabitants in 1990, primarily as

6695-509: The city for economic opportunities before the 1948 war . Many of the immigrants from al-Salt from that time were originally from Nablus . The 1948 war caused an exodus of urban Muslim and Christian Palestinian refugees, mostly from Jaffa , Ramla and Lydda , to Amman, whose population swelled to 110,000. With Jordan's capture of the West Bank during the war, many Palestinians from that area steadily migrated to Amman between 1950 and 1966, before another mass wave of Palestinian refugees from

6798-440: The city's infrastructure. The recent construction of a public transportation system and a national railway, and the expansion of roads, are intended to ease the traffic generated by the millions of annual visitors to the city. Amman, and Jordan in general, is the Middle East's hub for medical tourism . Jordan receives the most medical tourists in the region and the fifth highest in the world. Amman receives 250,000 foreign patients

6901-422: The damage brought by a major earthquake that hit the region in the year 362. Qasr al-Abd is believed to have been built by Hyrcanus of Jerusalem, who was the head of the powerful Jewish Tobiad family. Shortly after he began the construction of that large building, in c.  170 -168 BC, upon returning from a military campaign in Egypt, Antiochus IV conquered Jerusalem , ransacked the Second Temple where

7004-420: The district in the first half of the 14th century was the minor administrative post of Hisban , which had a considerably smaller garrison than the other administrative centers in Transjordan, namely Ajlun and al-Karak. In 1321, the geographer Abu'l Fida , recorded that Amman was "a very ancient town" with fertile soil and surrounded by agricultural fields. For unclear, though likely financial reasons, in 1356,

7107-553: The excavations started, around 600 meters (2,000 feet) of road ran through the site. Despite the damage brought by urban expansion, the remains of ʿAin Ghazal provided a wealth of information. ʿAin Ghazal is well known for a set of small human statues found in 1983, when local archeologists stumbled upon the edge of a large pit containing them. These statues are human figures made with white plaster, with painted eyes. Thirty-two figures were found in two caches, fifteen of them full figures, fifteen busts, and two fragmentary heads. Three of

7210-425: The first governors, 1895, was Hussein Helmy Bey Effendi (see also Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha ), aged 40, formerly the General Secretary at Damascus. He ruled with a garrison of 1,200 troops, in 3 regiments, mostly conscripts from West of the River Jordan doing their three years of military service. There were also 200 Circassian cavalry. One of his achievements was the disarming of the local population. He also established

7313-441: The 💕 [REDACTED] Look up fossa  or fossá in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Fossa may refer to: Animals [ edit ] Fossa (animal) , the common name of a carnivoran mammal of genus Cryptoprocta endemic to Madagascar Fossa , the Latin genus name of the Malagasy civet , a related but smaller mammal endemic to Madagascar Places [ edit ] Fossa, Abruzzo ,

7416-475: The government increased the price of bread. The town and castle were the scene of an attack by gunmen on 18 December 2016 in which at least 19 people were killed; 13 Jordanian civilians and security forces, a Canadian tourist, and all 5 attackers. Al-Karak has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate ( Köppen climate classification Csa ). Most rain falls in the winter. The average annual temperature in Al-Karak

7519-525: The higher-altitude western and northern regions of Amman (with an average altitude of 1,000 m or 3,300 ft above sea level), the city center (at an elevation of 700 m or 2,300 ft) might experience rainfall simultaneously. This variation in elevation leads to extreme microclimates within Amman, with each district having its own distinct weather patterns. Amman is governed by a 41-member city council elected in four-year term direct elections. All Jordanian citizens above 18 years old are eligible to vote in

7622-415: The inhabitants of Hisban to Amman. Moreover, he financed new building works in the city. Ownership of Amman following Sirghitmish's death in 1358 passed to successive generations of his descendants until 1395, when his descendants sold it to Emir Baydamur al-Khwarazmi, the na'ib as-saltana (viceroy) of Damascus. Afterward, part of Amman's cultivable lands were sold to Emir Sudun al-Shaykhuni (died 1396),

7725-565: The late 9th century, Amman was noted as the "capital" of the Balqa by geographer al-Yaqubi . Likewise, in 985, the Jerusalemite historian al-Muqaddasi described Amman as the capital of Balqa, and that it was a town in the desert fringe of Syria surrounded by villages and cornfields and was a regional source of lambs, grain and honey. Its inhabitants he reports, at the time, were Shia Muslims . Furthermore, al-Muqaddasi describes Amman as

7828-545: The lordship of Oultrejordain . In 1166 Philip joined the military order of the Knights Templar , passing on to them a significant part of his fief including the castle of Ahamant or "Haman", as it is named in the deed of confirmation issued by King Amalric . By 1170, Amman was in Ayyubid hands. The remains of a watch tower on Citadel Hill, first attributed to the Crusaders, now are preferentially dated to

7931-426: The municipal elections. However, the mayor is appointed by the king and not through elections. In 1909 a city council was established in Amman by Circassian Ismael Babouk who became the first-ever mayor of the capital, and in 1914 Amman's first city district center was founded. The Greater Amman Municipality (GAM) has been investing in making the city a better place, through a number of initiatives. Green Amman 2020

8034-483: The need for new accommodation, and new districts of the city were established at a quick pace. This strained Jordan's scarce water supply and exposed Amman to the dangers of quick expansion without careful municipal planning. Amman is situated on the East Bank Plateau , an upland characterized by three major wadis which run through it. Originally, the city had been built on seven hills . Amman's terrain

8137-557: The oldest Christian communities in the world, dating as early as the 1st century AD. Under the Byzantine Empire , Charach ( ‹See Tfd› Greek : Χαραχ , Kharkh ) or Charach of the Moabites ( Χαραχμωβα , Kharakhmōba ) was the seat of a bishopric , housing the much venerated Church of Nazareth, and remained predominantly Christian under Arab rule following the 629 Battle of Mu'tah . Its bishop Demetrius took part in

8240-474: The only remaining springs in Amman now supplies the Zarqa River with water. Trees found in Amman include Aleppo pine , Mediterranean cypress and Phoenician juniper . Amman features a hot-summer Mediterranean climate ( Köppen : Csa) in its western and northern neighborhoods, while its eastern and southern neighborhoods experience a semi-arid climate (Köppen: BSh/BSk). The summer season in Amman

8343-479: The prophet Jeremiah foresaw the coming destruction and final desolation of the city ( Jeremiah 49:2 ). Several Ammonite ruins across Amman exist, such as Rujm Al-Malfouf and some parts of the Amman Citadel . The ruins of Rujm Al-Malfouf consist of a stone watchtower used to ensure the protection of their capital and several store rooms to the east. The city was later conquered by the Assyrians , followed by

8446-685: The re-established city. Jordan gained its independence in 1946 and Amman was designated the country's capital. Amman received many refugees during wartime events in nearby countries, beginning with the 1948 Arab–Israeli War . A second wave arrived after the Six-Day War in 1967. In 1970, Amman was a battlefield during the conflict between the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and the Jordanian Army known as Black September . The Jordanian Army defeated

8549-621: The region of Amman in 1516, but for much of the Ottoman period, al-Salt functioned as the virtual political center of Transjordan. Amman began to be resettled in 1878, when several hundred Muslim Circassians arrived following their expulsion from the North Caucasus by the Russian Empire during the events of the Russo-Circassian War . Between 1878 and 1910, tens of thousands of Circassians became refugees in

8652-725: The remains of an inscription was found in Wadi al-Karak that has been dated to the late 9th century BC. During the late Hellenistic Period , Al-Karak became an important town taking its name from the Aramaic word for town, Kharkha ( כרכא ). The area eventually fell under the power of the Nabateans . The Roman Empire conquered it from them in AD105. The city was known in Late Antiquity as Harreketh . Al-Karak contains some of

8755-446: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Fossa . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fossa&oldid=1216909216 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

8858-527: The security of the Damascus– Medina highway. The first Circassian settlers, who belonged to the Shapsug dialect group, lived near Amman's Roman theater and incorporated its stones into the houses they built. The English traveller Laurence Oliphant noted in his 1879 visit that most of the original Circassian settlers had left Amman by then, with about 150 remaining. They were joined by Circassians from

8961-743: The seventh century, several bishops and churches were based in the city. In the 630s, the Rashidun Caliphate conquered the region from the Byzantines , beginning the Islamic era in the Levant. Philadelphia was renamed "Amman" by the Muslims and became part of the district of Jund Dimashq . A large part of the population already spoke Arabic , which facilitated integration into the caliphate , as well as several conversions to Islam . Under

9064-403: The southern part of the country, particularly al-Karak and Madaba . The city's population was around 10,000 in the 1930s. The British report from 1933 shows around 1,700 Circassians living in Amman. Yet the community was far from insulated. Local urban and nomadic communities formed alliances with the Circassians, some of which are still present today. This cemented the status of Circassians in

9167-402: The structure was originally covered with a wooden roof to shield the audience from the weather. The Nymphaeum is situated southwest of the Odeon and served as Philadelphia's chief fountain. The Nymphaeum is believed to have contained a 600 square meters (6,500 sq ft) pool which was 3 meters (9.8 ft) deep and was continuously refilled with water. During the late Byzantine period in

9270-456: The tombs of Ja'afar at Tayyar and his companions. Below Al Karak is a valley, in which is a thermal bath ( hammam ), and many gardens with excellent fruits, such as apricots , pears , pomegranates , and others." Al-Karak was the birthplace of Ibn al-Quff (1233–1286), an Arab Christian physician and surgeon , author of the earliest medieval Arabic treatise intended solely for surgeons. In 1355, Ibn Battuta visited and wrote: "Al Karak

9373-592: The treasure of Hyrcanus was kept, and appeared determined to attack Hyrcanus. Upon hearing this, Hyrcanus committed suicide, leaving his palace in Philadelphia uncompleted. The Tobiads fought the Arab Nabateans for twenty years until they lost the city to them. After losing Philadelphia, the Tobiad family disappears from written sources. The Romans conquered much of the Levant in 63 BC, inaugurating

9476-521: The two main demographic groups in the city today are Arabs of Palestinian or Jordanian descent. Other ethnic groups comprise about 2% of the population. There are no official statistics about the proportion of people of Palestinian or Jordanian descent. New arrivals consisting of Jordanians from the north and south of the country and immigrants from Palestine had increased the city's population from 30,000 in 1930 to 60,000 in 1947. About 10,000 Palestinians, mostly from Safed , Haifa and Acre , migrated to

9579-647: The unrest and economic difficulties in the Arab world resulting from the Arab Spring uprisings, Jordan's banking sector maintained its growth in 2014. The sector consists of 25 banks, 15 of which are listed on the Amman Stock Exchange . Amman is the base city for the international Arab Bank , one of the largest financial institutions in the Middle East, serving clients in more than 600 branches in 30 countries on five continents. Arab Bank represents 28% of

9682-442: The war, Joab , the captain of King David 's army, laid siege to Rabbah, Hanun's royal capital, and destroyed it ( 2 Samuel 12:26–28 , 1 Chronicles 20:1–2 ). David took a great quantity of plunder from the city, including the king's crown, and brought it to his capital, Jerusalem ( 2 Samuel 12:29–31 ). Hanun's brother, Shobi , was made king in his place, and became a loyal vassal of David ( 2 Samuel 17:27 ). Hundreds of years later,

9785-691: Was based in Al-Karak with a small detachment of policemen. He established what he named The National Government of Moab with himself as president. In January 1921 Emir Abdullah Hussein began assembling an army in Ma'an and announced his intention to attack the French in Syria . After a brief consultation with his superiors Kirkbride's government welcomed the arrival of the Emir. At the Cairo conference , March 1921, Abdullah

9888-527: Was established in 1874 and in 1886 Al Majali gave permission to the English Mission to work in the town. The town's Orthodox school had 120 boys and 60 girls. The same source notes that the town's Mufti had been educated in Hebron and al Azhar , Cairo , and that there was a newly built mosque. Merchants from Damascus came to the town twice each year. The Karak revolt erupted on 4 December 1910 as

9991-594: Was given as an adulation to his own nickname, Philadelphus. One of the most original monuments in Jordan, and perhaps in the Hellenistic period in the Near East, is the village of Iraq al-Amir in the valley of Wadi Al-Seer , southwest of Amman, which is home to Qasr al-Abd ('Castle of the Slave'). Other nearby ruins include a village, an isolated house and a fountain, all of which are barely visible today due to

10094-412: Was governor of the district until becoming ruler of Egypt and Syria in 1199. Yaqut (1179–1229) noted that "Al Karak is a very strongly fortified castle on the borders of Syria, towards Balka province, and in the mountains. It stands on a rock surrounded by Wadis , except on the side towards the suburb." Al-Dimashqi (1256–1327) noted that Karak: "is an impregnable fortress, standing high on the summit of

10197-410: Was inhabited by ca. 3000 people (four to five times the population of contemporary Jericho ). At that time, the site was a typical aceramic Neolithic village. Its houses were rectangular mud-bricked buildings that included a main square living room, whose walls were made up of lime plaster. The site was discovered in 1974 as construction workers were working on a road crossing the area. By 1982, when

10300-416: Was initially built on seven hills , but now spans over 19 hills combining 22 areas, which are administered by the Greater Amman Municipality . Areas of Amman have gained their names from either the hills ( jabal ) or the valleys ( wadi ) they occupy, such as Jabal al-Luweibdeh and Wadi Abdoun. East Amman is predominantly filled with historic sites that frequently host cultural activities, while West Amman

10403-568: Was initiated in 2014, aiming to turn the city to a green metropolis by 2020. According to official statistics, only 2.5% of Amman is green space . In 2015 GAM and Zain Jordan started operating free-of-charge Wi-Fi services at 15 locations, including Wakalat Street , Rainbow Street , The Hashemite Plaza , Ashrafieh Cultural Complex, Zaha Cultural Center, Al Hussein Cultural Center, Al Hussein Public Parks and others. Jordan

10506-472: Was recognised by the British as ruler of Emirate of Transjordan . In the 1920s, Al-Karak had a population of 8,000 and had the third largest urban population (after Amman and Salt with 20,000 each) in Transjordan . In 1961, the population of Karak town was 7,422 persons, of whom 1,622 were Orthodox Christian while the remaining were Muslim. In August 1996, there were food riots in the town after

10609-454: Was rendered useless, after the destruction of the flotilla used to transport grain across the Dead Sea, on 28 January 1918. Following the San Remo conference , 1920, Great Britain was given a mandate to govern the area. The newly appointed High Commissioner in Jerusalem, Herbert Samuel , sent several officials east of the River Jordan to create a local administration. Major Alec Kirkbride

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