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22-845: Alto Biobío is a commune in central Chile , located in the Province of Biobío , in the Biobío Region . It is part of District No. 21 of the Deputies and Senate Circumscription, No. 10. The commune of Alto Biobío is characterized mainly by the presence of the Mapuche Pewenche People, who represent 86% of the commune’s population and who are distributed on the banks of the Queuco and Biobio rivers in 12 different communities, named: The commune of Alto Biobío spans an area of 2,124.6 km (820 sq mi). According to

44-482: A coastal range of mountains running parallel to the Andes. Lying between the two mountain ranges is the so-called Central Valley, which contains some of the richest agricultural land in the country, especially in its northern portion. The area just north and south of Santiago is a large producer of fruits, including the grapes from which the best Chilean wines are made. Exports of fresh fruit began to rise dramatically in

66-542: A result of the winter rains and the spring melting of the Andean snows, and they contract considerably in the summer. The combination of abundant snow in the Andes and relatively moderate winter temperatures creates excellent conditions for Alpine skiing. The annual mean temperature in Santiago is 57 °F (14 °C). The temperate action of the ocean prevents temperatures from dropping drastically, and if snow falls in

88-455: Is Félix Vita Manqueti ( PPD ). Within the electoral divisions of Chile , Alto Bío Bío is represented in the Chamber of Deputies by Juan Lobos ( UDI ) and José Pérez ( PRSD ) as part of the 47th electoral district, together with Los Ángeles , Tucapel , Antuco , Quilleco , Santa Bárbara , Quilaco , Mulchén , Negrete , Nacimiento , San Rosendo and Laja . The commune is represented in

110-712: Is of the temperate Mediterranean type, with the amount of rainfall increasing considerably and progressively from north to south. In the Santiago area, the average high temperatures are about 30 °C (86 °F) in the summer months of January and February and 15 °C (59 °F) in the winter months of June and July. The average monthly precipitation is no more than a trace in January and February and 69.7 millimetres (2.74 in) in June and July. By contrast, in Concepción

132-689: Is reflected in the travel books of the Polish naturalist Ignacio Domeyko and the Bavarian artist Mauricio Rugendas , who made the first portraits of the indigenous people. The tranquility of the area was interrupted in the 19th century by the hunts of the Chilean armies of the montoneros still faithful to the Spanish Kingdom or of the bands of rustlers that ravaged the haciendas of the Creoles in

154-576: The Andes Mountains. To the north is the semi-desert region known as El Norte Chico , (the "little north"), which lies between 28° and 32° south latitude . To the south lies the cooler and wetter Valdivian temperate rain forests ecoregion , in Los Lagos Region ; (the latter includes most of South America 's temperate rain forests). The Central valley is a fertile region and the agricultural heartland of Chile. The climate

176-749: The Senate by Victor Pérez Varela (UDI) and Mariano Ruiz-Esquide Jara ( PDC ) as part of the 13th senatorial constituency (Bío Bío-Coast). This commune is a border zone according to the National Directorate of Borders and Limits of the State of Chile (DIFROL), due to its location close to the international border with the Argentine Republic . In 2018, 35 companies were registered in Alto Biobío. The Economic Complexity Index (ECI) in

198-550: The 2002 census of the National Statistics Institute , Alto Bío Bío had 7,027 inhabitants; of these, 1,094 (15.6%) lived in urban areas and 5,933 (84.4%) in rural areas . The population grew by 31.2% (1,671 persons) between the 1992 and 2002 censuses. According to the census in 2017, the commune had a population of 5,923 people. Existing literature barely mentions the area or the Pehuenches . With

220-666: The area it does not usually stay on the ground for more than a few hours. In Santiago the annual rainfall is 13 inches (330 mm) and in Valparaíso, it amounts to 15 inches (380 mm). Along the Central Valley rainfall increases gradually southward until it reaches 52 inches (1,300 mm) in Concepción . The area has experienced a significant drought since 2010, and mean rainfall reduced by 20–40% between 2010 and 2018. The topography of central Chile includes

242-494: The area near the volcano was evacuated. The army supported the evacuations in the Ralco National Reserve area. The alert was lifted the following week and since then only yellow alerts have been decreed by ONEMI . Central Chile Central Chile is one of the five main geographical zones in which Chile is divided. The Chilean Central Valley lies between the coastal range ("Cordillera de la Costa") and

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264-418: The average hightemperatures are somewhat lower in the summer at 23 °C (73 °F) but higher in the winter at 13 °C (55 °F), and the amount of rain is much greater. In the summer, Concepción receives an average of twenty millimeters of rain per month; in June and July, the city is pounded by an average of 253 millimetres (10.0 in) per month. The numerous rivers greatly increase their flow as

286-458: The coastal mountains and the ocean, many areas of central Chile contain stretches of land that are lower than the Central Valley and are generally quite flat. The longest beaches can be found in such sections. From north to south; the following regions are traditionally considered as being part of Chile's central Valley: Historically, the Central valley has been the heartland of the country with

308-450: The geographical proximity of the area and ease of access, rather than moving along the winding road to Santa Bárbara The current commune was created on 25 of August 2003 away from the town of Santa Barbara. The capital is the town of Ralco. As a commune, Alto Bío Bío is a third-level administrative division of Chile administered by a municipal council , headed by an alcalde who is directly elected every four years. The 2008-2012 alcalde

330-879: The highest concentration of population (two thirds of the country's population) and, in addition, the area where the greater proportion of the economic productivity of the country is concentrated. Its economy is characterized by its diversity and the strongest pillars lie in the use of natural resources, through the copper mining , logging , agriculture and wine producing , fishing , and manufacturing sector. The main cities are: Santiago , Valparaíso , Viña del Mar , Quilpué , Villa Alemana , Quillota , Puente Alto , San Antonio , Melipilla , Rancagua , Curicó , Talca , Linares , Chillán , Concepción , Talcahuano , Coronel and Los Ángeles . 35°20′07″S 70°43′48″W  /  35.33529°S 70.72998°W  / -35.33529; -70.72998 Ralco National Reserve Too Many Requests If you report this error to

352-519: The installation of a fortified line, associated with the evangelizing activity of the Catholic missionaries in the 18th century small chapters were written. The line went from Rucalhue, passing through Villucura and Santa Bárbara . There was more information written on the Antuco area (a few dozen kilometers to the north) where there was a strong commercial activity between Creoles and Pehuenches. This

374-492: The lumber, especially for the cellulose and paper industries. New investments during the 1980s in these industries transformed the rural economy of the region. The pre-Andean highlands and some of the taller and more massive mountains in the coastal range (principally the Cordillera de Nahuelbuta) still contain large tracts of old-growth forests of remarkable beauty, some of which have been set aside as national parks. Between

396-711: The mid-1970s because Chilean growers had the advantage of being able to reach markets in the Northern Hemisphere during that part of the world's winter. Most of these exports, such as grapes, apples, and peaches, go by refrigerator ships, but some, such as berries, go by air freight. The southern portion of central Chile contains a mixture of some excellent agricultural lands, many of which were covered originally with old-growth forests . They were cleared for agriculture but were soon exhausted of their organic matter and left to erode. Large tracts of this worn-out land, many of them on hilly terrain, have been reforested for

418-636: The plain (Los Pincheira brothers wrote some of their chapters in Alto Bio Bío). In the easternmost part of the mountain range a workers revolt took place with tragic death toll. With these exceptions, the history of the area is only recorded by the Pehuenches, who remained in a condition of virtual isolation. They even chose to market their products in Argentine territory rather than in Chile due to

440-522: The presence of two active volcanoes (Callaqui and Copahue). There are also cultural attractions linked to the presence of the 12 Pewenche or Pehuenche communities that exist today in its territory. The current communal tourism plan formulated in 2014 has defined Community Tourism as the main development strategy, which relies on the Pehuenche's natural and cultural heritage and the living and organized presence of its communities. A milestone in this process

462-466: The same year was -0.98, while the economic activities with the highest Revealed Comparative Advantage index (RCA) were Medium Stores for Food Sales, Supermarkets and Minimarkets (48.23), Reproduction and Raising of Marine Fish (42.36) and Primary Education Establishments (32.88). The commune has impressive natural attractions characterized by the native flora and fauna of the Andes Mountains and

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484-464: Was the holding of the 4th National Community Tourism Meeting on March 26–29, 2015. The main food and lodging services of the commune can be found in Ralco, its main town and capital, as well as the excellent Pehuenche Museum that maintains a living sample of the Pehuenche culture. Among the important attractions we find: In May 2013 Copahue volcano erupted. A red alert was decreed and the population in

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