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46-501: Al Jalali Fort , or Ash Sharqiya Fort , is a fort in the harbor of Old Muscat , Oman . The fort was built by the Portuguese under Philip I of Portugal in the 1580s on an earlier Omani fortress to protect the harbor after Muscat had twice been sacked by Ottoman forces. The fort fell to Omani forces in 1650. During the civil wars between 1718 and 1747, the fort was twice captured by Persians who had been invited to assist one of

92-505: A defensive purpose. Massive doors with protruding iron spikes protect sections of the fort. Exhibits include cannons at the gun ports with shot, ropes and firing equipment, as well as old muskets and matchlocks . There are maps and historical illustrations, including a plaque that depicts the winds and the currents in Muscat bay. One room, with a ceiling made from palm-logs, is filled with cultural relics of Oman. The central square tower holds

138-548: A fort to the west of the harbor, where al-Mirani stands today. The Portuguese built this first Muscat fort in 1550 on perhaps the foundations of an earlier existing fortress mentioned by Albuquerque in his description of Muscat. In April 1552 an Ottoman fleet of twenty four galleys and four supply ships under Piri Reis left Suez en route to Hormuz, aiming to eliminate Portuguese presence in the region. An advance force landed at Muscat in July 1552. After an eighteen-day siege of Muscat

184-554: A general revolt against Portuguese rule over Hormuz broke out in November 1521, Muscat was the one place where the Portuguese were not attacked. In 1527 the Portuguese began to construct barracks, a warehouse and chapel at Muscat, apparently completed in 1531. A force of four Ottoman galiots entered the harbor in 1546 and bombarded the town, but did not land. To make their base more secure, the Portuguese sent an engineer to build

230-400: A guard helped two members of the royal family escape, but they were caught after a few days. The prison was closed in the 1970s. Fort al-Jalali was restored in 1983. Today little remains of the Portuguese period apart from a few inscriptions in that language. It has been converted into a museum of Omani cultural history. It is open to important people such as visiting heads of state, but not to

276-578: A major Omani industrial hub. As the largest town in the region, it has been argued that Sohar is to be identified with the ancient town called 'Omanah' ( Arabic : عُمَانَة ) mentioned by Pliny the Elder in his Natural History . This settlement is believed to have given Oman its name. According to Al-Tabari , in 893 or 894 C.E. , during the Abbasid era , there was a dispute about who should rule Oman amongst local factions. A faction that approached

322-829: A major role in the sultanate’s economic diversification strategy. Sohar has four high educational institutes: Suhar also has a number of international schools such as: Sohar has four main parks. The first is Sohar Park, located in Al Humbar. The second is the Silver Jubilee Park which is located in Sallan. The third is the Entertainment Park in Sanaiyyah. The fourth is in falaj alqabail. There are many other parks, like Alminyal, Alsanqar, Alsuwaihra, Al Ons, Corniche park and Aluwaynat park. The city also has

368-578: A period by the governor of Muscat, until another of his sons managed to free him. The fort is mentioned several times in the history of 19th century Oman. While the ruler of Oman was away on a pilgrimage to Mecca early in 1803, his nephew Badr bin Saif made an attempt to get control of Fort Jalali. The story is that he was being smuggled into the fort in a large box, but was detected by a Hindu trader. He managed to escape and took refuge in Qatar . In June 1849

414-612: A period of ruin, Sohar was re-established in the 15th century as a minor port under the Hormuzi- Qalhati sphere of influence. It was still an international port until at least the 16th century. In the early 16th century , Sohar was conquered by the Portuguese Empire , which used the city to control the entrances to the Arabian Gulf and trade in the region. It was part of a web of fortresses controlled by

460-399: A successful assault against Muscat. He slaughtered most of the inhabitants, and then plundered and burned the town. The Portuguese continued along the coast. The governor of Sohar agreed to transfer his allegiance to the king of Portugal and to pay tribute. The Portuguese arrived at Hormuz on 26 September 1507. They took the town after fierce resistance on 10 October 1507. Albuquerque signed

506-525: A treaty under which the Portuguese were free of customs duties and could build a fort and trading factory at Hormuz. Muscat now became a regular port of call for the Portuguese. Diogo Fernandes de Beja came there in 1512 to collect the tribute. Albuquerque, now Viceroy of India, visited in March 1515. In 1520 a fleet of twenty three Portuguese ships anchored in the harbor en route from the Red Sea to Hormuz. When

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552-687: Is also known as the Ash Sharqiya Fort. "Muscat" means "anchorage". True to its name, Old Muscat is a natural port in a strategic location between the Persian Gulf and the Indian Ocean . It lies on the coast of the Gulf of Oman on a bay about 700 metres (2,300 ft) long, protected from the sea by a rocky island. The port is surrounded by mountains, making it difficult to access from the landward side. Muscat may have been described by

598-418: Is protected by a wall with round towers, built in 1625, on the western and southern sides. The Gulf of Oman and the surrounding mountains form a natural boundary to the east and north. Until the mid-20th century, the gates were closed three hours after dusk. Anyone on the streets after this time had to carry a lantern with them. In addition, smoking was banned on the main streets and the public playing of music

644-643: The Abbasids was the Bani Sama, who were based in Al-Buraimi or Tawam, before moving to Sohar. Bani Sama also referred to themselves as the Wajihid Dynasty , and assumed leadership over the region. The present-day town of Al-Buraimi is part of a historical region that Tabari referred to as ' Tawam ', which nowadays also includes the adjacent U.A.E. city of Al Ain . By the 10th century , Sohar

690-519: The Dhofar Rebellion (1962–76). It was the most notorious of Omani prisons, which were known for their appalling conditions. Colonel David Smiley , commander of the Sultan's armed forces at Muscat, called the prison "a veritable hellhole". In 1963 forty four prisoners escaped in a well-planned break-out, but most were quickly recaptured, handicapped by their weakened physical condition. In 1969

736-593: The Strait of Hormuz . It is operated by the Sohar Industrial Port Company (SIPC). With current investments exceeding $ 12 billion, it is one of the world’s largest port development projects. The port's container terminal, managed by Hutchison Ports handles the majority of the container cargo of North Al Batinah region of the Sultanate. The industrial development of Sohar was prioritised in

782-527: The 16th century it was becoming an important trading center. At this time the interior of Oman was ruled by an Arab Imam, but the coast on which Muscat lay was subject to the Persian King of Hormuz . In 1497 the Portuguese navigator Vasco da Gama found a route around the southern cape of Africa and east to India and the Spice Islands. The Portuguese quickly began trying to establish a monopoly on

828-620: The Omani Government's economic development plan in 2020. Investments include more than $ 5 billion in the steel industry in which Oman aims to be one of the Gulf Cooperation Council 's leading producers. In addition to the steel industry, there is also the industry of aluminium in Sohar industrial area. The Sohar Aluminium Company was established in 2004 and it is considered one of the leading projects that play

874-660: The Persian forces. The Persians reembarked for Persia, taking their loot with them. A few years later Saif bin Sultan II, who had been deposed, again called for help. A Persian expedition arrived at Julfar around October 1742. The Persians made an unsuccessful attempt to take Muscat, defeated by a stratagem of the new Imam Sultan bin Murshid . Later in 1743 the Persians returned, bringing Saif bin Sultan II with them. They took

920-728: The Persian market was closed to them until 1630. By then the Dutch and English dominated trade in the Persian Gulf. Nasir bin Murshid (r. 1624–49) was the first Imam of the Yaruba dynasty in Oman, elected in 1624. He was able to unify the tribes with a common goal of expelling the Portuguese. Nasir bin Murshid drove the Portuguese out of all their bases in Oman except Muscat. He was succeeded by his cousin Sultan bin Saif in 1649. In December 1649

966-698: The Portuguese, from Bahrain to Hormuz , and was depicted in António Bocarro's 17th-century Book of Fortresses . Starting on 26 February 2011, Sohar was the site of mass protests , part of the Arab Spring uprisings. Although protests also occurred in Muscat and Salalah , the Sohar protests were the biggest in the country, attracting an estimated 2,000 people at times. The protesters' initial demands were for more job opportunities and greater political participation; later demonstrations also called for

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1012-539: The battlements. Old Muscat Old Muscat is the original historic city of Muscat , the capital of Oman , on the coast in the Gulf of Oman . The old city of Muscat is separated from the rest of modern Muscat by coastal mountains. It is located along the Muttrah Corniche coastal road (entering via the Muscat Gate Museum ) between Port Sultan Qaboos and Al Bustan Beach . The city

1058-532: The commander of al Mirani to fire on al Jalali while his ships joined in from the east of the fort. While this was in progress Said bin Ahmad bribed his jailer and escaped. Isolated and without a hostage, the two brothers agreed to surrender. The Imam took Saif and held him under surveillance to prevent a fresh rebellion. Said bin Ahmad ruled from 1783 to 1789. During his reign his son was held prisoner in Fort al-Jalali for

1104-613: The fifth Yaruba Imam of Oman, Sultan bin Saif II , a struggle began between rival contenders for the Imamate. Fort al-Jalali was damaged during this civil war. The country became divided between Saif bin Sultan II and his cousin Bal'arab bin Himyar , rival Imams. Finding his power dwindling, Saif bin Sultan II asked for help from Nader Shah of Persia. In 1738 the two forts were surrendered to

1150-527: The first ruler of the Al Said dynasty, blockaded Muscat and captured the forts in 1749. He renovated them, particularly al-Jalali. The function of al-Jalali changed from passive defense of the harbor to a base from which troops could be dispatched. In the decades that followed the large central buildings and the round towers were added. Early in 1781 two of Ahmad bin Said's sons, Sultan and Saif, took control of

1196-461: The forces of Sultan bin Saif captured the town of Muscat. About 600 Portuguese managed to escape by sea, while others fled into Forte do Almirante (al Mirani). They surrendered on 23 January 1650. The capture of Muscat from the Portuguese marked the beginning of an expansion of Omani sea power in which the Portuguese possessions in India and East Africa soon came under threat. After the death in 1718 of

1242-725: The forts of al-Mirani and al-Jalali. When the governor of Muscat tried to recover the forts, Sultan and Saif began a damaging bombardment of the town. The two brothers gained the support of the powerful Sheikh Saqar, who marched on the capital in April 1781. Their father agreed to an amnesty, letting his rebellious sons hold both the forts. He changed his mind and took al Mirani, while the brothers held al Jelali for some months. Sultan and Saif then kidnapped their brother Said bin Ahmad and imprisoned him in al Jalali. The Imam, their father, hurried to Muscat which he reached in January 1782. He ordered

1288-454: The geographer Ptolemy in the 2nd century, who noted a "concealed harbor" in the region. Al Jalali Fort lies on a rocky outcrop on the east side of the Muscat harbor. It faces Fort Al-Mirani , which is built on another outcrop on the west side. Muscat was strongly defended against attack from the sea by these twin forts, by the Muttrah fort further to the west and by other fortifications on

1334-519: The governor of Sohar made a treaty with the British resident to suppress the slave trade. This triggered a revolt by the religious party in which the governor was killed and his father, Hamad, was made governor. The Sultan of Oman, then residing in Zanzibar , arranged for Hamad to be seized and thrown in jail in Fort al Jalali. Hamad died on 23 April 1850, either from starvation or from poison. In 1895

1380-527: The intention of making it the main fort. However, in 1623 Forte do Almirante (today's Fort Al-Mirani ) was still considered the more important of the two forts, and was used as a residence in the hot weather by the governor of Muscat. In 1625 the Portuguese built walls and towers around Muscat to improve the defenses. Remains of these fortifications exist today. Muscat was a drain on Portuguese finances, with its requirement to maintain large military and naval forces to defend it. Trade did not prosper as hoped since

1426-426: The main museum exhibits including rugs, pottery, jewelry, weapons, household utensils and incense holders. A dining hall overlooks the courtyard for use by the distinguished visitors. An old breeze-maker has been preserved in this room, once manually operated but now mechanized. The fort plays a role in special events where the royal dhow and yacht sail in through the harbor, fireworks are launched and bagpipers play on

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1472-641: The merchants of Kish across the gulf, who briefly took control of the city around 1100. Sohar then became the initial seat of the Sultanate of Sohar , under the rule of the Bani Nabhan dynasty. They achieved ascendancy after being appointed governors of Sohar by their Buyid suzerains. The city's famous fort was constructed in the late 13th century by the " Princes of Hormuz " while the city remained under Nabhani control. The two entities maintained an agreement over maritime and internal control of Oman. After

1518-439: The objective. The Portuguese sailed along the Oman coast destroying ships and looting the towns. At Qurayyat , which they took after a hard fight, the Portuguese mutilated their captives, killed the inhabitants regardless of sex or age, and despoiled and burned the town. Muscat, at first, surrendered unconditionally to avoid the same fate. However, the people withdrew their submission when reinforcements arrived. Albuquerque launched

1564-427: The public. The fort is made up of two towers with a connecting wall pierced by gun ports for cannon. The interior is now landscaped with fountains and pools, trees and gardens. The result has been described as "Disneyfication". In the center of the fort there is a courtyard planted with trees. Around it on various levels are rooms, enclosures and towers accessible through a complex set of stairways that may have once had

1610-531: The release of detained protesters and an inquiry into the use of violence by security forces. The protests centered on Sohar's Globe Roundabout . In response, Sultan Qaboos announced reforms and a jobs program, and reshuffled the Omani cabinet. A number of enterprises and investment projects in Sohar are centred around the Port of Sohar . Established in 2002, the port has a strategic importance due to its nearness to

1656-514: The rival Imams. The fort was extensively rebuilt later. At times, Al Jalali served as a refuge or a jail for a member of the royal family. For much of the 20th century it was used as Oman's main prison, but this function ended in the 1970s. Fort al-Jalali was restored in 1983 and converted into a private museum of Omani cultural history that is accessible only to dignitaries visiting the country. Exhibits include cannons, old muskets and matchlocks , maps, rugs and other artifacts. The Portuguese called

1702-399: The rocky ridges surrounding the bay. Until recently, the fort was only accessible from the harbor side by way of a steep flight of stone steps. Land reclamation on the seaward side of the rock has now provided space for a heliport. A funicular railway makes the fort more accessible. In the early 15th century Muscat was a minor port, used by ships as a place to collect water. By the start of

1748-464: The structure Forte de São João (Fort St. John). The origin of the present name "Al Jalali" is disputed. One theory is that it comes from the Arabic Al Jalal , which means "great beauty". Legend states that it was named after a Baluchi commander called Mir Jalal Khan from the tribe of Hooth , so was Fort Al-Mirani named after his brother, Mir Miran, who also a commander. Al Jalali Fort

1794-632: The town fell and the fort was destroyed. The commander, João de Lisboa, and 128 Portuguese were taken captive. The main Ottoman fleet arrived, and the combined fleet went on to Hormuz. The Portuguese regained the town two years later, and in 1554 repulsed another attack by the Turks. Fort Al Jalali was built after the Ottomans sacked Muscat for a second time in 1582. In 1587 Captain Belchior Calaça

1840-409: The town of Muscat, but the al-Jalali and al-Mirani forts held out and Saif bin Sultan II would not order them to yield. Omani historians say that the Persian commander, Mirza Taki, invited Saif to a banquet on his ship. Saif became stupefied by wine and his seal was taken from him. It was used to forge orders to the forts' commanders to surrender, a ruse that was successful. Ahmad bin Said al-Busaidi ,

1886-511: The trade in spices, silk and other goods. They came into conflict with Mamluk Egypt , whose trade with Europe through the Red Sea was threatened. Hormuz was the main center for the trade route with modern Iraq and Iran through the Persian Gulf. The Portuguese wanted control of this route, too. On 10 August 1507, an expedition of six ships under Admiral Afonso de Albuquerque left the newly established Portuguese base on Socotra with Hormuz as

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1932-528: The tribes sacked Muscat. Sultan Faisal bin Turki took refuge in Fort al-Jalali until his brother, who was holding Fort al-Mirani, regained control of the town. For most of the 20th century Fort al-Jalali was the main prison in Oman, holding about 200 prisoners. Some were Omanis from the interior captured during the Jebel Akhdar War (1954–59), or taken after that war. Other prisoners were taken during

1978-445: The twin Fort al-Mirani were both completed between 1586 and 1588. The Portuguese faced growing competition in the region from English and Dutch traders. In 1622 a joint Persian-English force took Hormuz. After this the Portuguese built forts in other ports on the Omani coast, although they abandoned most of them in 1633–34, concentrating on defending Muscat. After 1622 the Portuguese began to strengthen Fort al Jalali, apparently with

2024-547: Was also banned. Tourist attractions in Old Muscat include: 23°36′50″N 58°35′38″E  /  23.61389°N 58.59389°E  / 23.61389; 58.59389 Sohar At the 2010 census, Sohar's population was 140,006, making it Oman's fifth most-populated settlement. Described as an industrial town, the development of the Sohar Industrial Port during the 2000s has transformed it into

2070-500: Was one of the richest ports of the Persian Gulf . It was praised by Ibn Hawqal and Al-Maqdisi , who called it "flourishing, populous, beautiful, pleasant and delightful", and compared it favourably with the ports of China . Aloes , wood, bamboo, sandalwood and spices were brought from India and frankincense from Dhofar . The city was sacked by the Buwayhids in 971 and its trade went into decline. It also suffered from attacks by

2116-427: Was sent to Muscat to build the fortress, which was named Forte de São João . The top of the prominence on which the fort stands was first leveled, and the rock was scarped. Calaça built a cistern to hold water for the occupants and armed the fort with cannon. It seems to have been built on older foundations. The main improvement made by the Portuguese was to construct a gun deck looking over the harbor. Fort al-Jalali and

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