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79-644: Reverend Maximin Alff , SS.CC., (24 July 1866 – 17 May 1923) was born in Trier , Germany . He completed his theological studies at Louvain, Belgium , and was professed a member of the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary in 1887. He was for a time professor of philosophy at Miranda de Ebro , Spain. He came to Honolulu from Spain, arriving on 25 October 1894. He occupied several positions with

158-528: A call to holiness thus restoring balance. This initial internal conversion is only the beginning of Christianization; it is followed by practices that further the process of Christianizing the individual's lifestyle, which according to Hanigan, will include ethical changes. While Christian theologians such as the fourth century Augustine and the ninth century Alcuin maintained that conversion must be voluntary, there are historical examples of coercion in conversion. Constantine used both law and force to eradicate

237-519: A vehicle-ramming attack . The Ehrang/Quint district of Trier was heavily damaged and flooded during the 16 July 2021 floods of Germany, Belgium, The Netherlands and Luxembourg. Trier sits in a hollow midway along the Moselle valley, with the most significant portion of the city on the east bank of the river. Wooded and vineyard -covered slopes stretch up to the Hunsrück plateau in the south and

316-615: A Frankish fortress to be erected at the Eresburg ". Early historians of Scandinavian Christianization wrote of dramatic events associated with Christianization in the manner of political propagandists according to John Kousgärd Sørensen  [ Da ] who references the 1987 survey by the historian of medieval Scandinavia, Birgit Sawyer . Sørensen focuses on the changes of names, both personal and place names, showing that cultic elements were not banned and are still in evidence today. Large numbers of pre-Christian names survive into

395-573: A conscious desire to find a way to include it in Christian culture. Aspects of paganism remained part of the civic culture of the Roman Empire till its end. Public spectacles were popular and resisted Christianization: gladiatorial combats ( munera ), animal hunts ( venationes ), theatrical performances ( ludi scaenici ), and chariot races ( ludi circenses ) were accommodated by Roman society even while that society disagreed and debated

474-426: A diverse, pluralist, global phenomenon of the largest religion in the world. Historian Dana L. Robert has written that the significant role of Christianization in shaping multiple nations, cultures and societies is understandable only through the concept of Christian mission . Missionaries "go out" among those who have not heard the gospel and preach. Missions, as the primary means of Christianization, are driven by

553-408: A few isolated incidents. According to modern archaeology, of the thousands of temples that existed across the empire, 120 pagan temples were converted to churches with the majority dated after the fifth century. It is likely this stems from the fact that these buildings remained officially in public use, ownership could only be transferred by the emperor, and temples remained protected by law. In

632-479: A million, and became self-sustaining and able to generate further growth. There was a significant rise in the absolute number of Christians in the third century. The Christianization of the Roman Empire is frequently divided by scholars into the two phases of before and after the conversion of Constantine in 312. Constantine did not support the suppression of paganism by force. He never engaged in

711-596: A separate rite which may or may not be considered a condition for becoming a fully accepted member of the church in the sense that one is invited to take part in the celebration of the Eucharist. Among those who see confirmation as a separate rite some see it as a sacrament, while others consider it a combination of intercessory prayer and graduation ceremony after a period of instruction. Christianization has at times involved appropriation, removal and/or redesignation of aspects of native religion and former sacred spaces. This

790-452: A small temple with a sacred grove and a separate altar to Apollo stood on the hill. The population was still mostly pagan. The land was most likely granted as a gift to Benedict from one of his supporters. This would explain the authoritative way he immediately cut down the groves, removed the altar, and built an oratory before the locals were converted. Christianization of the Irish landscape

869-577: A staging post for British soldiers headed for German prisoner-of-war camps . Trier was heavily bombed and bombarded in 1944. The city became part of the new state of Rhineland-Palatinate after the war. The university , dissolved in 1797, was restarted in the 1970s, while the Cathedral of Trier was reopened in 1974 after undergoing substantial and long-lasting renovations. Trier officially celebrated its 2,000th anniversary in 1984. On 1 December 2020 , 5 people were killed by an allegedly drunk driver during

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948-480: A third manner, the term has been used to describe the changes that naturally emerge in a nation when sufficient numbers of individuals convert, or when secular leaders require those changes. Christianization of a nation is an ongoing process. It began in the Roman Empire when the early individual followers of Jesus became itinerant preachers in response to the command recorded in Matthew 28:19 (sometimes called

1027-681: A universalist logic, cannot be equated with western colonialism, but are instead a multi-cultural, often complex, historical process. David Abulafia and Nóra Berend speak of religious activity in relation to the "frontier" regions at the borders of civilizations. Berend sees a frontier as "a contact zone where an interchange of cultures was constantly taking place". In this way, the missionary religions of Buddhism, Islam and Christianity spread themselves geographically, through teaching and preaching, with interaction sometimes producing conflict, and other times mingling and accommodation. Alan Neely writes that, "wherever Christianity (or any other faith)

1106-567: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about a Catholic clergyman is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Trier Founded by the Romans in the late 1st century BC as Augusta Treverorum ("The City of Augustus among the Treveri "), Trier is considered Germany's oldest city. It is also the oldest seat of a bishop north of the Alps . Trier

1185-500: Is a term for the specific type of change that occurs when someone or something has been or is being converted to Christianity . Christianization has, for the most part, spread through missions by individual conversions, but has also, in some instances, been the result of violence by individuals and groups such as governments and militaries. Christianization is also the term used to designate the conversion of previously non-Christian practices, spaces and places to Christian uses and names. In

1264-610: Is agreement among twenty-first century scholars that Christianization of the Roman Empire in its first three centuries did not happen by imposition. Christianization emerged naturally as the cumulative result of multiple individual decisions and behaviors. While enduring three centuries of on-again, off-again persecution, from differing levels of government ranging from local to imperial, Christianity had remained 'self-organized' and without central authority. In this manner, it reached an important threshold of success between 150 and 250, when it moved from less than 50,000 adherents to over

1343-809: Is also used for river cruises. A new passenger railway service on the western side of the Mosel is scheduled to open in December 2024. Major sports clubs in Trier include: Trier is a fellow member of the QuattroPole union of cities, along with Luxembourg , Saarbrücken and Metz (neighbouring countries: Luxembourg and France ). Trier is twinned with: Heinz Monz: Trierer Biographisches Lexikon . Landesarchivverwaltung Rheinland-Pfalz, Koblenz 2000. 539 p.  ISBN   3-931014-49-5 . Christianization Christianization (or Christianisation )

1422-471: Is carried from one culture to another, intentionally or not, consciously or not, it is either adapted to that culture or it becomes irrelevant." In his book Christian Mission, Neely provides multiple historical examples of adaptation, accommodation, indigenization, inculturation, autochthonization and contextualization as the means of successful Christianization through missions. Neely's definitions are these: James P. Hanigan writes that individual conversion

1501-512: Is central to the greater region encompassing Saar-Lor-Lux ( Saarland , Lorraine and Luxembourg ), Rhineland-Palatinate, and Wallonia . The first traces of human settlement in the area of the city show evidence of linear pottery settlements dating from the early Neolithic period. Since the last pre-Christian centuries, members of the Celtic tribe of the Treveri settled in the area of today's Trier. The city of Trier derives its name from

1580-436: Is common for details in the literary sources to be ambiguous and unclear. For example, Malalas claimed Constantine destroyed all the temples, then he said Theodisius destroyed them all, then he said Constantine converted them all to churches. Additional calculated acts of desecration – removing the hands and feet or mutilating heads and genitals of statues, and "purging sacred precincts with fire" – were acts committed by

1659-519: Is the foundational experience and the central message of Christianization, adding that Christian conversion begins with an experience of being "thrown off balance" through cognitive and psychological "disequilibrium", followed by an "awakening" of consciousness and a new awareness of God. Hanigan compares it to "death and rebirth, a turning away..., a putting off of the old..., a change of mind and heart". The person responds by acknowledging and confessing personal lostness and sinfulness, and then accepting

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1738-679: The Eifel in the north. The border with the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg is some 15 km (9 mi) away. Listed in clockwise order, beginning with the northernmost; all municipalities belong to the Trier-Saarburg district Schweich , Kenn and Longuich (all part of the Verbandsgemeinde Schweich an der Römischen Weinstraße ), Mertesdorf , Kasel , Waldrach , Morscheid , Korlingen and Gusterath (all in

1817-541: The Great Commission ) to go to all the nations of the world and preach the good news of the gospel of Jesus. Christianization spread through the Roman Empire and into its surrounding nations in its first three hundred years. The process of Christianizing the Roman Empire was never completed, and Armenia became the first nation to designate Christianity as its state religion in 301. After 479, Christianization spread through missions north into western Europe. In

1896-590: The High and Late Middle Ages , Christianization was instrumental in the creation of new nations in what became Eastern Europe , and in the spread of literacy there. In the modern era, Christianization became associated with colonialism , which, in an almost equal distribution, missionaries both participated in and opposed. In the post-colonial era, it has produced dramatic growth in China as well as in many former colonial lands in much of Africa . Christianization has become

1975-629: The Humboldt Gymnasium Trier , Max Planck Gymnasium , Auguste Viktoria Gymnasium , Angela Merici Gymnasium , Friedrich Wilhelm Gymnasium and the Nelson-Mandela Realschule Plus , Kurfürst-Balduin Realschule Plus , Realschule Plus Ehrang . Trier has a municipal theatre, Theater Trier , for musical theatre, plays and dance. Trier station has direct railway connections to many cities in

2054-563: The Kynêgion . Herrin says it is difficult to assess the degree to which Christians are responsible for the losses of ancient documents in many cases, but in the mid-sixth century, active persecution in Constantinople destroyed many ancient texts. The "Venerable Bede" was a Christian monk (672 - 735) who wrote what sociologist and anthropologist Hutton Webster describes as "the first truly historical work by an Englishman" describing

2133-600: The Treveri in the 1st century BC and establishing Augusta Treverorum about 16 BC. The name distinguished it from the empire's many other cities honoring the first Roman emperor , Augustus . The city later became the capital of the province of Belgic Gaul ; after the Diocletian Reforms , it became the capital of the prefecture of the Gauls , overseeing much of the Western Roman Empire . In

2212-757: The Verbandsgemeinde Ruwer ), Hockweiler , Franzenheim (both part of the Verbandsgemeinde Trier-Land ), Konz and Wasserliesch (both part of the Verbandsgemeinde Konz ), Igel , Trierweiler , Aach , Newel , Kordel , Zemmer (all in the Verbandsgemeinde Trier-Land ). The Trier urban area is divided into 19 city districts . For each district there is an Ortsbeirat (local council) of between 9 and 15 members, as well as an Ortsvorsteher (local representative). The local councils are charged with hearing

2291-598: The 11th century. Richard A. Fletcher suggests that, within the British Isles and other areas of northern Europe that were formerly druidic , there are a dense number of holy wells and holy springs that are now attributed to a saint , often a highly local saint, unknown elsewhere. In earlier times many of these were seen as guarded by supernatural forces such as the melusina , and many such pre-Christian holy wells appear to have survived as baptistries. According to Willibald 's Life of Saint Boniface , about 723,

2370-654: The 4th century, Trier was one of the largest cities in the Roman Empire with a population around 75,000 and perhaps as much as 100,000. The Porta Nigra ("Black Gate") dates from this era. A residence of the Western Roman emperor , Roman Trier was the birthplace of Saint Ambrose . Sometime between 395 and 418, probably in 407 the Roman administration moved the staff of the Praetorian Prefecture from Trier to Arles . The city continued to be inhabited but

2449-528: The Baptist which can be dated to approximately AD 28–35 based on references by the Jewish historian Josephus in his ( Antiquities 18.5.2 ). Individual conversion is followed by the initiation rite of baptism. In Christianity's earliest communities, candidates for baptism were introduced by someone willing to stand surety for their character and conduct. Baptism created a set of responsibilities within

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2528-443: The Christian community. Candidates for baptism were instructed in the major tenets of the faith, examined for moral living, sat separately in worship, were not yet allowed to receive the communion eucharist, but were still generally expected to demonstrate commitment to the community, and obedience to Christ 's commands, before being accepted into the community as a full member. This could take months to years. The normal practice in

2607-513: The Christianization of Britain. Pope Gregory I had sent Augustine and several helpers as missionaries to Kent and its powerful King Ethelbert. One of those helpers, Abbott Mellitus, received this letter from Gregory on the proper methods for converting the local people. I think that the temples of the idols in that nation ought not to be destroyed; but let the idols that are in them be destroyed; let holy water be made and sprinkled in

2686-587: The Eucharist. In the Middle Ages , the Eucharist came to be understood as a sacrament (wherein God is present) that evidenced Christ's sacrifice, and the prayer given with the rite was to include two strophes of thanksgiving and one of petition. The prayer later developed into the modern version of a narrative, a memorial to Christ and an invocation of the Holy Spirit. In the early 1500s, confirmation

2765-849: The Jews. In 612, the Visigothic King Sisebut , prompted by Heraclius, declared the obligatory conversion of all Jews in Spain. In the many new nation-states being formed in Eastern Europe of the Late Middle Ages , some kings and princes pressured their people to adopt the new religion. And in the Northern crusades , the fighting princes obtained widespread conversion through political pressure or military coercion. Jesus began his ministry after his baptism by John

2844-494: The Roman and Holy Roman empires, several monuments and cathedrals within Trier are listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site . With an approximate population of 110,000, Trier is the fourth-largest city in its state, after Mainz , Ludwigshafen , and Koblenz . The nearest major cities are Luxembourg City (50 km or 31 mi to the southwest), Saarbrücken (80 kilometres or 50 miles southeast), and Koblenz (100 km or 62 mi northeast). The University of Trier ,

2923-638: The Saxon's most important holy site, a sacred grove in southern Engria . "It was dominated by the Irminsul ('Great Pillar'), which was either a (wooden) pillar or an ancient tree and presumably symbolized Germanic religion's 'Universal Tree'. The Franks cut down the Irminsul, looted the accumulated sacrificial treasures (which the King distributed among his men), and torched the entire grove... Charlemagne ordered

3002-495: The Titans had been worshipped (Pfeiffer 1980, 79). [The] Monte Giove "Hill of Jupiter" came to be known as San Bernardo, in honour of St Bernhard (Pfeiffer 1980, 79). In Germany an old Wodanesberg "Hill of Ódin" was renamed Godesberg (Bach 1956, 553). Ä controversial but not unreasonable suggestion is that the locality named by Ädam of Bremen as Fosetisland "land of the god Foseti" is to be identified with Helgoland "the holy land",

3081-615: The administration of the Trier-Saarburg district and the seat of the ADD ( Aufsichts- und Dienstleistungsdirektion ), which until 1999 was the borough authority of Trier, and the Academy of European Law (ERA) are all based in Trier. It is one of the five " central places " of the state of Rhineland-Palatinate. Along with Luxembourg, Metz and Saarbrücken, fellow constituent members of the QuattroPole  [ de ] union of cities, it

3160-404: The ancient church was baptism by immersion of the whole head and body of an adult, with the exception of infants in danger of death, until the fifth or sixth century. Historian Philip Schaff has written that sprinkling, or pouring of water on the head of a sick or dying person, where immersion was impractical, was also practiced in ancient times and up through the twelfth century. Infant baptism

3239-769: The church in Hawaii , as pastor at South Kona , Koloa and Hana . He then went to Maui , where he was pastor of the Wailuku church. He became provincial of the Catholic mission on 12 August 1912, and remained in Honolulu since that time. He died on 17 May 1923 and was buried in the King Street Catholic Cemetery . This article about a member of the Christian clergy in the United States

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3318-664: The city and the electoral archbishopric was dissolved. After the Napoleonic Wars ended in 1815, Trier passed to the Kingdom of Prussia . Karl Marx , the German philosopher and one of the founders of Marxism , was born in the city in 1818. As part of the Prussian Rhineland , Trier developed economically during the 19th century. The city rose in revolt during the revolutions of 1848 in the German states , although

3397-931: The city during the Thirty Years' War . The bishop was imprisoned by Spain and the Holy Roman Emperor for his support for France between 1635 and 1645. In later wars between the Empire and France, French troops occupied the city during the Nine Years' War , the War of the Spanish Succession , and the War of the Polish Succession . After conquering Trier again in 1794 during the French Revolutionary Wars , France annexed

3476-400: The city of Rome were converted to churches primarily to preserve their exceptional architecture. They were also used pragmatically because of the importance of their location at the center of town. During his long reign (307 - 337), Constantine (the first Christian emperor) both destroyed and built a few temples, plundered more, and generally neglected the rest. In the 300 years prior to

3555-692: The common people during the early centuries. While seen as 'proving' the impotence of the gods, pagan icons were also seen as having been "polluted" by the practice of sacrifice. They were, therefore, in need of "desacralization" or " deconsecration ". Antique historian Peter Brown says that, while it was in some ways studiously vindictive, it was not indiscriminate or extensive. Once temples, icons or statues were detached from 'the contagion' of sacrifice, they were seen as having returned to innocence. Many statues and temples were then preserved as art. Professor of Byzantine history Helen Saradi-Mendelovici writes that this process implies appreciation of antique art and

3634-523: The definition and scope of christianization. Historian of antiquity Richard Lim writes that it was within this process of debate that "the category of the secular was developed ... [which] helped buffer select cultural practices, including Roman spectacles, from the claims of those who advocated a more thorough christianization of Roman society." This produced a vigorous public culture shared by polytheists, Jews and Christians alike. The Roman Empire cannot be considered Christianized before Justinian I in

3713-657: The destruction of Aphrodite's temple. Using the vocabulary of reclamation, Constantine acquired several more sites of Christian significance in the Holy Land. In Eusebius' church history, there is a bold claim of a Constantinian campaign to destroy the temples, however, there are discrepancies in the evidence. Temple destruction is attested to in 43 cases in the written sources, but only four have been confirmed by archaeological evidence. Historians Frank R. Trombley and Ramsay MacMullen explain that discrepancies between literary sources and archaeological evidence exist because it

3792-726: The first time in the Christian catacombs - i.e. the Good Shepherd, Baptism, and the Eucharistic meal – the Orant figures (women praying with upraised hands) probably came directly from pagan art. Bruce David Forbes says "Some way or another, Christmas was started to compete with rival Roman religions, or to co-opt the winter celebrations as a way to spread Christianity, or to baptize the winter festivals with Christian meaning in an effort to limit their [drunken] excesses. Most likely all three". Michelle Salzman has shown that, in

3871-564: The fourth century, there were no conversions of temples in the city of Rome itself. It is only with the formation of the Papal State in the eighth century, (when the emperor's properties in the West came into the possession of the bishop of Rome), that the conversions of temples in Rome took off in earnest. According to Dutch historian Feyo L. Schuddeboom, individual temples and temple sites in

3950-404: The important issues that affect the district, although the final decision on any issue rests with the city council. The local councils nevertheless have the freedom to undertake limited measures within the bounds of their districts and their budgets. The districts of Trier with area and inhabitants (December 31, 2009): Trier has an oceanic climate ( Köppen : Cfb ), but with greater extremes than

4029-445: The island off the coast of northern Friesland which, according to Ädam, was treated with superstitious respect by all sailors, particularly pirates (Laur 1960, 360 with references). The practice of replacing pagan beliefs and motifs with Christian, and purposefully not recording the pagan history (such as the names of pagan gods, or details of pagan religious practices), has been compared to the practice of damnatio memoriae . There

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4108-642: The later Latin locative in Trēverīs for earlier Augusta Treverorum . According to the Archbishops of Trier , in the Gesta Treverorum , the founder of the city of the Trevians is Trebeta . German historian Johannes Aventinus also credited Trebeta with building settlements at Metz , Mainz , Basel , Strasbourg , Speyer and Worms . The historical record describes the Roman Empire subduing

4187-480: The marine versions of northern Germany . Summers are warm except in unusual heat waves and winters are recurrently cold, but not harsh. Precipitation is high despite not being on the coast. As a result of the European heat wave in 2003 , the highest temperature recorded was 39 °C on 8 August of that year. On 25 July 2019, a record-breaking temperature of 40.6 °C was recorded. The lowest recorded temperature

4266-451: The missioner Boniface cut down the sacred Donar's Oak also called the 'Oak of Jupiter' and used the lumber to build a church dedicated to St. Peter. By 771, Charlemagne had inherited the long established conflict with the Saxons who regularly specifically targeted churches and monasteries in brutal raids into Frankish territory. In January 772, Charlemagne retaliated with an attack on

4345-401: The practice of sacrifice and repress heresy though not specifically to promote conversion. Theodosius also wrote laws to eliminate heresies, but made no requirement for pagans or Jews to convert to Christianity. However, the sixth century Eastern Roman emperor Justinian I and the seventh century emperor Heraclius attempted to force cultural and religious uniformity by requiring baptism of

4424-573: The present day, and Sørensen says this demonstrates the process of Christianization in Denmark was peaceful and gradual and did not include the complete eradication of the old cultic associations. However, there are local differences. Outside of Scandinavia, old names did not fare as well. The highest point in Paris was known in the pre-Christian period as the Hill of Mercury, Mons Mercuri. Evidence of

4503-473: The process of converting the Roman Empire's aristocracy, Christianity absorbed the values of that aristocracy. Some scholars have suggested that characteristics of some pagan gods — or at least their roles — were transferred to Christian saints after the fourth century. Demetrius of Thessaloniki became venerated as the patron of agriculture during the Middle Ages. According to historian Hans Kloft, that

4582-665: The rebels were forced to concede. It became part of the German Empire in 1871. The synagogue on Zuckerbergstrasse was looted during the November 1938 Kristallnacht and later completely destroyed in a bomb attack in 1944. Multiple Stolperstein have been installed in Trier to commemorate those murdered and exiled during the Shoah . In June 1940 during World War II over 60,000 British prisoners of war, captured at Dunkirk and Northern France, were marched to Trier, which became

4661-412: The region. The nearest cities by train are Cologne, Saarbrücken and Luxembourg. Via the motorways A 1 , A 48 and A 64 Trier is linked with Koblenz, Saarbrücken and Luxembourg. The nearest commercial (international) airports are in Luxembourg (0:40 h by car), Frankfurt-Hahn (1:00 h), Saarbrücken (1:00 h), Frankfurt (2:00 h) and Cologne/Bonn (2:00 h). The Moselle is an important waterway and

4740-507: The reign of Constantine, Roman authority had confiscated various church properties. For example, Christian historians recorded that Hadrian (2nd century), when in the military colony of Aelia Capitolina ( Jerusalem ), had constructed a temple to Aphrodite on the site of the crucifixion of Jesus on Golgotha hill in order to suppress veneration there. Constantine was vigorous in reclaiming such properties whenever these issues were brought to his attention, and he used reclamation to justify

4819-411: The rite of baptism came directly from Jesus of Nazareth . Father Enrico Mazza writes that the "Eucharist is an imitation of the Last Supper " when Jesus gathered his followers for their last meal together the night before he was arrested and killed. While the majority share the view of Mazza, there are others such as New Testament scholar Bruce Chilton who argue that there were multiple origins of

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4898-472: The said temples, and let altars be erected and relics placed. For if those temples are well built, it is requisite that they be converted from the worship of devils to the service of the true God; that the people, seeing that their temples are not destroyed, may remove error from their hearts, and, knowing and adoring the true God, may the more familiarly resort to the places to which they have become accustomed. When Benedict moved to Monte Cassino about 530,

4977-467: The sixth century, though most scholars agree the Empire was never fully Christianized. Archaeologist and historian Judith Herrin has written in her article on "Book Burning as Purification" that under Justinian, there was considerable destruction. The decree of 528 barred pagans from state office when, decades later, Justinian ordered a "persecution of surviving Hellenes, accompanied by the burning of pagan books, pictures and statues". This took place at

5056-430: The way Christians buried one another: they gathered unrelated Christians into a common burial space, as if they really were one family, "commemorated them with homogeneous memorials and expanded the commemorative audience to the entire local community of coreligionists" thereby redefining the concept of family. R. P. C. Hanson says the direct conversion of temples into churches began in the mid-fifth century but only in

5135-430: The worship of this Roman god here was removed in the early Christian period and in the ninth century a sanctuary was built here, dedicated to the 10000 martyrs. The hill was then called Mons Martyrum , the name by which it is still known (Mont Martres) (Longnon 1923, 377; Vincent 1937, 307). San Marino in northern Italy, the shrine of Saint Marino, replaced a pre-Christian cultic name for the place: Monte Titano , where

5214-418: Was a complex process that varied considerably depending on local conditions. Ancient sites were viewed with veneration, and were excluded or included for Christian use based largely on diverse local feeling about their nature, character, ethos and even location. In Greece, Byzantine scholar Alison Frantz has won consensus support of her view that, aside from a few rare instances such as the Parthenon which

5293-441: Was added to the rites of initiation. While baptism, instruction, and Eucharist have remained the essential elements of initiation in all Christian communities, theologian Knut Alfsvåg writes on the differing status of confirmation in different denominations: Some see baptism, confirmation, and first communion as different elements in a unified rite through which one becomes a part of the Christian church. Others consider confirmation

5372-447: Was allowed, or required, or sometimes forbidden by the missionaries involved. The church adapts to its local cultural context, just as local culture and places are adapted to the church, or in other words, Christianization has always worked in both directions: Christianity absorbs from native culture as it is absorbed into it. When Christianity spread beyond Judaea, it first arrived in Jewish diaspora communities. The Christian church

5451-500: Was because the Eleusinian Mysteries , Demeter's cult , ended in the 4th century, and the Greek rural population gradually transferred her rites and roles onto the Christian saint. Several early Christian writers, including Justin (2nd century), Tertullian , and Origen (3rd century) wrote of Mithraists copying Christian beliefs and practices yet remaining pagan. In both Jewish and Roman tradition, genetic families were buried together, but an important cultural shift took place in

5530-445: Was controversial for the Protestant Reformers , but according to Schaff, it was practiced by the ancients and is neither required nor forbidden in the New Testament . The celebration of the eucharist (also called communion) was the common unifier for early Christian communities, and remains one of the most important of Christian rituals. Early Christians believed the Christian message, the celebration of communion (the Eucharist) and

5609-448: Was converted to a church in the sixth century, temple conversions (including the Erechtheion and the Theseion ) took place in and after the seventh century, after the displacements caused by the Slavic invasions. In early Anglo-Saxon England , non-stop religious development meant paganism and Christianity were never completely separate. Archaeologist Lorcan Harney has reported that Anglo-Saxon churches were built by pagan barrows after

5688-674: Was definitively established. In the years from 1581 to 1593, the Trier witch trials were held. It was one of the four largest witch trials in Germany alongside the Fulda witch trials , the Würzburg witch trial , and the Bamberg witch trials , perhaps even the largest one in European history. The persecutions started in the diocese of Trier in 1581 and reached the city itself in 1587, where it

5767-538: Was firm, as evidenced by the continuing operation of the imperial arms factory at Amiens . The Franks seized Trier from Roman administration in 459. In 870, it became part of Eastern Francia , which developed into the Holy Roman Empire . Relics of Saint Matthias brought to the city initiated widespread pilgrimages. The bishops of the city grew increasingly powerful and the Archbishopric of Trier

5846-494: Was modeled on the synagogue , and Christian philosophers synthesized their Christian views with Semitic monotheism and Greek thought. The Latin church adopted aspects of Platonic thought and used the Latin names for months and weekdays that etymologically derived from Roman mythology. Christian art in the catacombs beneath Rome rose out of a reinterpretation of Jewish and pagan symbolism. While many new subjects appear for

5925-561: Was not as prosperous as before. However, it remained the seat of a governor and had state factories for the production of ballistae and armor and woolen uniforms for the troops , clothing for the civil service, and high-quality garments for the Court. Northern Gaul was held by the Romans along a line ( līmes ) from north of Cologne to the coast at Boulogne through what is today southern Belgium until 460. South of this line, Roman control

6004-642: Was one of the four capitals of the Roman Empire during the Tetrarchy period in the late 3rd and early 4th centuries. In the Middle Ages , the archbishop-elector of Trier was an important prince of the Church who controlled land from the French border to the Rhine . The archbishop-elector of Trier also had great significance as one of the seven electors of the Holy Roman Empire . Because of its significance during

6083-662: Was recognized as an electorate of the empire, one of the most powerful states of Germany. The University of Trier was founded in the city in 1473. In the 17th century, the Archbishops and Prince-Electors of Trier relocated their residence to Philippsburg Castle in Ehrenbreitstein , near Koblenz . A session of the Reichstag was held in Trier in 1512, during which the demarcation of the Imperial Circles

6162-573: Was to lead to the death of about 368 people, and was as such perhaps the biggest mass execution in Europe in peacetime. This counts only those executed within the city itself. The exact number of people executed in all the witch hunts within the diocese has never been established; a total of 1,000 has been suggested but not confirmed. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the French-Habsburg rivalry brought war to Trier. Spain and France fought over

6241-640: Was −19.3 °C on February 2, 1956. Trier is known for its well-preserved Roman and medieval buildings, which include: Trier is home to the University of Trier , founded in 1473, closed in 1796 and restarted in 1970. The city also has the Trier University of Applied Sciences . The Academy of European Law (ERA) was established in 1992 and provides training in European law to legal practitioners. In 2010 there were about 40 Kindergärten , 25 primary schools and 23 secondary schools in Trier, such as

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