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40-487: The Alfred Caldwell Lily Pool , also known as Lincoln Park Lily Pool , is an important example of Prairie School landscape architecture designed by Alfred Caldwell and located at 125 W. Fullerton Parkway (between Stockton and Cannon Drives) in Lincoln Park , Chicago, Illinois . Developed in 1936-38, it is one of Caldwell's most fully realized designs. It was designated a Chicago Landmark on November 6, 2002. It

80-697: A member of the Chicago Arts and Crafts Society, was inspired by the style to become an innovator in the Prairie School of architecture and design, which shared many common goals with the Arts and Crafts movement. The Arts and Crafts Movement emerged in the United States in Boston in the 1890s. The area was very receptive to the ideas of the Arts and Crafts movement due to prominent thinkers like

120-432: A sense of worldliness. The movement emphasized handwork over mass production. In some ways, it was just as much of a social movement as it was an aesthetic one, emphasizing the plight of the industrial worker and equating moral rectitude with the ability to create beautiful but simple things. These social currents can especially be seen in the writings of John Ruskin and William Morris , both highly influential thinkers for

160-554: A statement on their own. In architecture, reacting to both Victorian architectural opulence and increasingly common mass-produced housing, the style incorporated a visibly sturdy structure of clean lines and natural materials. The movement's name American Craftsman came from the popular magazine, The Craftsman , founded in October 1901 by philosopher, designer, furniture maker, and editor Gustav Stickley . The magazine featured original house and furniture designs by Harvey Ellis ,

200-483: Is a late 19th and early 20th-century architectural style, most common in the Midwestern United States. The style is usually marked by horizontal lines, flat or hipped roofs with broad overhanging eaves , windows grouped in horizontal bands, integration with the landscape, solid construction, craftsmanship, and discipline in the use of ornament. Horizontal lines were thought to evoke and relate to

240-458: Is due to the dominant horizontality of the majority of Prairie style buildings, which echoes the wide, flat, treeless expanses of the mid-Western United States. The most famous proponent of the style, Frank Lloyd Wright , promoted an idea of " organic architecture " (p. 53), the primary tenet of which was that a structure should look as if it naturally grew from the site. In the words of Wright, buildings that appeared as if they were "married to

280-700: Is on the south side of Fullerton Parkway between Stockton and Cannon Drives (125 W Fullerton Parkway). The Lily Pool is open seasonally from mid-April to mid-November from 7:30 a.m. to the earlier of dusk or 7:30 p.m. It is maintained by the Chicago Park District and Lincoln Park Conservancy. Free docent tours are available to the public on Fridays, Saturdays or Sundays from the Spring through Fall. 41°55′31″N 87°38′03″W  /  41.9253°N 87.6341°W  / 41.9253; -87.6341 Prairie School Prairie School

320-623: The Aesthetic Movement , the British Arts and Crafts movement was a reaction against the deteriorating quality of goods during the Industrial Revolution , and the corresponding devaluation of human labor, over-dependence on machines, and disbanding of the guild system . Members of the Arts and Crafts movement also balked at Victorian eclecticism, which cluttered rooms with mismatched, faux-historic goods to convey

360-943: The Gamble House and Robert R. Blacker House in Pasadena, and the Thorsen House in Berkeley, California—with numerous others in California. Other examples in the Los Angeles region include the Arts and Crafts Lummis House by Theodore Eisen and Sumner P. Hunt , along the Arroyo Seco in Highland Park, California and the Journey House, located in Pasadena. The Gamble House is considered to be

400-678: The Greene and Greene company, and others. The designs, while influenced by the ideals of the British movement, found inspiration in specifically American antecedents such as Shaker furniture and the Mission Revival Style , and the Anglo-Japanese style . Emphasis on the originality of the artist/craftsman led to the later design concepts of the 1930s Art Deco movement. The architect and designer Frank Lloyd Wright, himself

440-524: The Transcendentalist philosophy of Ralph Waldo Emerson . In turn, Prairie School architects influenced subsequent architectural idioms, particularly the less is more ethos of Minimalists and form following function in Bauhaus , itself a mixture of De Stijl grid-based design and Constructist emphasis on the structure itself and its building materials. Architectural historians have debated

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480-699: The Chicago group and only after a quarter of a century do we find creative architecture conspicuously evident in the United States. An example of Prairie School architecture is the aptly named " The Prairie School ", a private day school in Racine, Wisconsin , designed by Taliesin Associates (an architectural firm originated by Wright), and located almost adjacent to Wright's Wingspread Conference Center. Mahony's and Griffin's work in Australia and India, notably

520-627: The National Register of Historic Places in 1979. All of the buildings are houses designed in the Prairie School style, and are a part of a planned development. Mason City is also home to The Historic Park Inn Hotel and City National Bank , two adjacent commercial buildings designed in the Prairie School style. Completed in 1910, the Historic Park Inn Hotel is the last remaining Frank Lloyd Wright-designed hotel in

560-514: The Prairie School and Craftsman styles of architecture constructed between 1917 and 1929. The Oak Circle Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 21, 2001; it was the first historic district to be designated in Wilmette. The Rock Crest–Rock Glen Historic District is a nationally recognized historic district located in Mason City, Iowa . It was listed on

600-508: The Prairie School movement and help preserve the designs associated with it. Some of these organizations and sites are listed in the External links section below. American Craftsman "Craftsman" was appropriated from furniture-maker Gustav Stickley , whose magazine The Craftsman was first published in 1901. The architectural style was most widely used in small-to-medium-sized Southern California single-family homes from about 1905, so

640-538: The business side of design and architecture, and were able to produce wares for a staunchly middle-class market. Gustav Stickley , in particular, hit a chord in the American populace with his goal of ennobling modest homes for a rapidly expanding American middle class, embodied in the Craftsman Bungalow style. American Craftsman homes still had an ornamental nature to them, the hand crafted woodwork made

680-679: The collection of homes at Castlecrag , New South Wales, are fine examples of how the Prairie School spread far from its Chicago roots. Isabel Roberts ' Veterans' Memorial Library in St. Cloud, Florida , is another. The House at 8 Berkley Drive at Lockport, New York was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009. The Oak Circle Historic District is a historic district in Wilmette , Illinois, United States. It primarily consists of fifteen single-family homes representative of

720-467: The early 1950s, under Zoo Director Marlin Perkins , the pool was transformed into a water exhibit featuring exotic birds and water fowl and came to be known as The Rookery. Overgrazing by zoo birds had a devastating effect on the lily pond . A lack of landscaping management allowed invasive plants and "weed" trees to take over the understory. Combined with heavy human foot traffic, uncontrolled erosion,

760-520: The formation of the Boston Society of Arts and Crafts in June 1897 with Charles Eliot Norton as president. The society aimed to "develop and encourage higher standards in the handicrafts." The Society focused on the relationship of artists and designers to the world of commerce and high-quality craft. The Society of Arts and Crafts mandate was soon expanded into a credo that read: This Society

800-436: The ground." (p. 53) Wright also felt that a horizontal orientation was a distinctly American design motif, in that the younger country had much more open, undeveloped land than found in most older and highly urbanized European nations. The Prairie School is mostly associated with a generation of architects employed or influenced by Frank Lloyd Wright or Louis Sullivan , though usually not including Sullivan himself. While

840-550: The ideals and design aesthetics of the Arts and Crafts Movement begun in the late 19th century in England by John Ruskin , William Morris , and others. Along with the kindred American Craftsman movement it shared an embrace of handcrafting and craftsman guilds as a reaction against the new assembly line mass production manufacturing techniques, which was felt to create inferior products and dehumanize workers. The Prairie School

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880-570: The ideas and designs of the Prairie School artists and architects has grown since the late 1980s, thanks in large part to celebrity collecting habits and high-profile auction results on many of the decorative designs from buildings of the era. In addition to numerous books, magazine articles, videos and merchandise promoting the movement, a number of original Prairie School building sites have become public museums, open for tours and special interactive events. Several not-for-profit organizations and on-line communities have been formed to educate people about

920-597: The introduction of plants materials that were invasive to the existing lilies, and inappropriate repairs (eroded areas covered with loose stones ) this resulted in what Caldwell called (in 1990) "a dead world". From 1998 to 2002, the 2.7 acre Lily Pool underwent a major restoration by the Chicago Park District and the Lincoln Park Conservancy. The Friends of Lincoln Park (now called The Lincoln Park Conservancy) raised $ 1.2 million toward

960-607: The largest Craftsman style house made. In Northern California, architects renowned for their well-planned and detailed projects in the Craftsman style include Bernard Maybeck , with the Swedenborgian Church , and Julia Morgan , with the Asilomar Conference Grounds and Mills College projects. Many other designers and projects represent the style in the region. In San Diego, California,

1000-478: The movement. In addition, adherents sought to elevate the status of art forms that had previously been seen as a mere trade and not fine art. The American movement also reacted against the eclectic Victorian "over-decorated" aesthetic; however, the arrival of the Arts and Crafts movement in late 19th century America coincided with the decline of the Victorian era . American Arts and Crafts were largely based on

1040-630: The nature surrounding their location, they have a rustic nature to them due to materials and their design. While the American Arts and Crafts movement shared many of the same goals as the British movement, such as social reform, a return to traditional simplicity over gaudy historic styles, the use of local natural materials, and the elevation of handicraft, it was also able to innovate: unlike the British movement, which had never been very good at figuring out how to make handcrafted production scalable, American Arts and Crafts designers were more adept at

1080-520: The necessity of sobriety and restraint, of ordered arrangement, of due regard for the relation between the form of an object and its use, and of harmony and fitness in the decoration put upon it. The society held its first exhibition in 1899 at Copley Hall. In Southern California, the Pasadena-based firm Greene and Greene was the most renowned practitioner of the original American Craftsman Style. Their projects for Ultimate bungalows include

1120-409: The reasons why the Prairie School went out of favor by the mid-1920s. In her autobiography, Prairie School architect Marion Mahony suggests: The enthusiastic and able young men as proved in their later work were doubtless as influential in the office later as were these early ones but Wright's early concentration on publicity and his claims that everybody was his disciple had a deadening influence on

1160-541: The restoration of the lily pools. A similar sum was obtained from a grant from the USDA Forest Service . Wolff Landscape Architecture was hired to complete the project. Five focus groups were conducted to develop a consensus plan for restoration of the site; The Chicago Park District and the Lincoln Park Conservancy manage a docent program at the Caldwell Lily Pool. The Lily Pool's main gate

1200-539: The smaller-scale Craftsman style became known alternatively as " California bungalow ". The style remained popular into the 1930s and has continued with revival and restoration projects. The American Craftsman style was a 20th century American offshoot of the British Arts and Crafts movement , which began as early as the 1860s. A successor of other 19th century movements, such as the Gothic Revival and

1240-541: The style originated in Chicago, some Prairie School architects spread its influence well beyond the Midwest. A partial list of Prairie School architects includes: Prairie School houses are characterized by open floor plans, horizontal lines, and indigenous materials. These were related to the American Arts and Crafts movement and its emphasis on hand craftsmanship, simplicity, and function. Both were alternatives to

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1280-557: The style was also popular. Architect David Owen Dryden designed and built many Craftsman California bungalows in the North Park district , now a proposed Dryden Historic District . The 1905 Marston House of George Marston in Balboa Park was designed by local architects Irving Gill and William Hebbard. In the early 1900s, developer Herbert J. Hapgood built several Craftsman-style homes, many from stucco , that comprise

1320-470: The then-dominant Classical Revival Style of Greek forms with occasional Roman influences. Some firms, such as Purcell & Elmslie , which accepted the honest presence of machine worked surfaces, consciously rejected the term "Arts and Crafts" for their work. The Prairie School was also heavily influenced by the Idealistic Romantics who believed better homes would create better people, and

1360-478: The transcendentalist Ralph Waldo Emerson and Harvard Art History professor Charles Eliot Norton , who was a personal friend of British Art and Crafts leader William Morris . The movement began with the first American Arts and Crafts Exhibition organized by the printer Henry Lewis Johnson in April 1897 at Copley Hall , featuring over 1,000 objects made by designers and craftspeople. The exhibition's success led to

1400-440: The wide, flat, treeless expanses of America's native prairie landscape. The Prairie School was an attempt at developing an indigenous North American style of architecture in sympathy with the ideals and design aesthetics of the Arts and Crafts Movement , with which it shared an embrace of handcrafting and craftsman guilds as an antidote to the dehumanizing effects of mass production. The Prairie School developed in sympathy with

1440-587: The world, of the six for which he was the architect of record. The Dr. G.C. Stockman House is another example of Frank Lloyd Wright's Prairie School style found in Mason City, Iowa. Built in 1908, the Stockman House was the first Wright-designed Prairie School-style house in Iowa. Today, the house functions as a museum welcoming visitors and architectural enthusiasts from all around the world. Interest in

1480-472: Was also an attempt at developing an indigenous North American style of architecture that did not share design elements and aesthetic vocabulary with earlier styles of European classical architecture. Many talented and ambitious young architects had been attracted by building opportunities stemming from the Great Chicago Fire of 1871. The World's Columbian Exposition (Chicago World's Fair) of 1893

1520-453: Was incorporated for the purpose of promoting artistic work in all branches of handicraft. It hopes to bring Designers and Workmen into mutually helpful relations, and to encourage workmen to execute designs of their own. It endeavors to stimulate in workmen an appreciation of the dignity and value of good design; to counteract the popular impatience of Law and Form, and the desire for over-ornamentation and specious originality. It will insist upon

1560-495: Was listed on the National Register of Historic Places and as a National Historic Landmark on February 17, 2006. A Victorian-style artificially heated lily pool had originally been built in 1889 at the behest of Lincoln Park Commission Superintendent John Pettigrew to cultivate tropical water lilies . The pool area is located just north of Lincoln Park Zoo and next to the Lincoln Park Conservatory . In

1600-492: Was supposed to be a heralding of the city of Chicago's rebirth. But many of the young Midwestern architects of what would become the Prairie School were offended by the Greek and Roman classicism of nearly every building erected for the fair. In reaction, they sought to create new work in and around Chicago that would display a uniquely modern and authentically American style, which came to be called Prairie. The designation Prairie

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