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45-570: All India Radio ( AIR ), also known as Akashvani ( lit.   ' Voice from the sky ' or ' Oracle ' ), is an Indian state-owned public radio broadcaster founded by the Government of India , owned by the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting and one of Prasar Bharati 's two divisions. It was established in 1936. It is the sister service of Prasar Bharati's Doordarshan , an Indian television broadcaster . Headquartered in

90-545: A booster service on the FM band. Some of these transmitters are 1000 kW (1 MW) or 500 kW. Programmes are beamed to different parts of the world, except for the Americas, and the reception quality is very good in the target areas. In each language service, the programme consists of news, commentary, a press review, talks on matters of general or cultural interest, feature programmes, documentaries, and music from India and

135-415: A government owning all or a controlling stake of the company's shares . This form is often referred to as a state-owned enterprise . A state-owned enterprise might variously operate as a not-for-profit corporation , as it may not be required to generate a profit; as a commercial enterprise in competitive sectors; or as a natural monopoly . Governments may also use the profitable entities they own to support

180-541: A news broadcaster. She was a friend of the singer and actress Begum Akhtar , and helped introduce her to society in Lucknow, including introducing Akhtar to her future husband, Ishtiaq Abbasi. After her separation from her husband, Bano entered into a long-term relationship with lawyer Nuruddin Ahmed , who later served as the mayor of India's capital, Delhi . Following her separation from her husband, Bano applied for, and

225-914: A number of languages, each serving different regions across India. Vividh Bharati began in 1957 and is one of the best-known services of All India Radio. Its name roughly translates as "Diverse Indian". It is also known as the Commercial Broadcasting Service or CBS. Commercially, it is the most accessible AIR network and is popular in Mumbai and other large cities. Vividh Bharati offers a wide range of programmes including news, film music, short plays, music and comedy. It operates on different mediumwave as well as FM frequencies in each city. Some programmes broadcast on Vividh Bharati are: The Central Sales Unit (CSU), located in Mumbai, handles commercial aspects of AIR. The headquarters of

270-501: A single woman, and working professionally as a news broadcaster, during this period. She began her work on 13 August 1947, two days before India's independence day , marking the end of British colonial rule in India. In her memoir, Bano describes receiving letters from Indian audiences telling her to 'Go to Pakistan' following the partition of India and notes that while the amount of such letters reduced, she continued to receive them over

315-423: A specific state institution or branch of government, used exclusively by that branch, such as a research laboratory. The latter refers to assets and resources owned by the population of a state which are mostly available to the entire public for use, such as a public park (see public space ). In neoclassical economic theory , the desirability of state ownership has been studied using contract theory . According to

360-403: A territory from a high-power satellite. AIR broadcasts various national and regional stations available to listen on DD Free Dish . The DTH signals can be received directly at homes using a small-sized dish receiver unit containing a dish antenna installed on a building's rooftop or on a wall facing clear south and one indoors. DTH service is offered on twenty one channels via Insat . Details of

405-406: A whole. As such, state ownership is only one possible expression of public ownership, which itself is one variation of the broader concept of social ownership. In the context of socialism, public ownership implies that the surplus product generated by publicly owned assets accrues to all of society in the form of a social dividend , as opposed to a distinct class of private capital owners. There

450-550: Is a natural monopoly or because the government is promoting economic development and industrialization . State-owned enterprises may or may not be expected to operate in a broadly commercial manner and may or may not have monopolies in their areas of activity. The transformation of public entities and government agencies into government-owned corporations is sometimes a precursor to privatization . State capitalist economies are capitalist market economies that have high degrees of government-owned businesses. Public ownership of

495-509: Is a long tradition of broadcasting documentary features on AIR. There is great interest in radio documentaries, particularly in countries like India, Iran, South Korea, and Malaysia. The most prominent broadcaster of English Features was Melville de Mellow , and of Hindi Features, Shiv Sagar Mishra. This format has been revived by AIR producers across India because of its flexibility, its relative low cost to produce, its messaging potential, and its creative potential. AIR's Central Drama Unit (CDU)

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540-416: Is a process of transferring private or municipal assets to a central government or state entity. Municipalization is the process of transferring private or state assets to a municipal government. A state-owned enterprise is a commercial enterprise owned by a government entity in a capitalist market or mixed economy . Reasons for state ownership of commercial enterprises are that the enterprise in question

585-416: Is a wide variety of organizational forms for state-run industry, ranging from specialized technocratic management to direct workers' self-management . In traditional conceptions of non-market socialism, public ownership is a tool to consolidate the means of production as a precursor to the establishment of economic planning for the allocation of resources between organizations, as required by government or by

630-561: Is also used to reach neighbouring countries. In addition to broadcasts targeted at specific countries by language, there is a General Overseas Service broadcasting in English with 8 + 1 ⁄ 4 hours of programming each day aimed at a general international audience. The external broadcasts began on 1 October 1939 by the British government to counter the propaganda of the Nazis directed at

675-563: Is desirable. In their model, the government and a private firm can invest to improve the quality of a public good and to reduce its production costs. It turns out that private ownership results in strong incentives to reduce costs, but it may also lead to poor quality. Hence, depending on the available investment technologies, there are situations in which state ownership is better. The Hart-Shleifer-Vishny theory has been extended in many directions. For instance, some authors have also considered mixed forms of private ownership and state ownership. In

720-694: Is now Bangladesh , opened in 1939. This station catered to and nurtured the pioneers of Bengali intellectuals. The foremost among them, Natyaguru Nurul Momen , became the trailblazer of the talk show in 1939. He wrote and directed the first modern radio play for this station in 1942. In December 1940, The Standing Committee of the Finance had sanctioned a sum of Rupees 9,30,000 for the establishment of new headquarters of All India Radio in Delhi. The new “Broadcasting House” of AIR at Parliament Street in New Delhi

765-451: Is responsible for the national broadcast of plays. Plays produced by the CDU are translated and produced by regional stations. Since its inception in the 1960s, the unit has produced more than 1,500 plays, and the CDU houses a repository of old scripts and productions. The National Programme of Plays is broadcast by the CDU on the fourth Thursday of each month at 9:30 pm. Each play included in

810-1070: Is the Urdu Service to Pakistan, around the clock on DTH ( direct-broadcast satellite ) and on short- and medium wave for 12 1 ⁄ 4 hrs. The English-language General Overseas Service is broadcast 8 1 ⁄ 4 hours daily. During Hajj , there are special broadcasts beamed to Saudi Arabia in Urdu. AIR is planning to produce programmes in the Balochi language . The external services of AIR are also broadcast to Europe in DRM ( Digital Radio Mondiale ) on 9950 kHz between 17:45 and 22:30 UTC. These external transmissions are broadcast by high-power transmitters located in Aligarh, Bengaluru, Chennai, Delhi, Gorakhpur, Guwahati, Mumbai, and Panaji on shortwave and from Jalandhar, Kolkata, Nagpur, Rajkot, and Tuticorin on mediumwave. All India Radio Amritsar plans to start

855-758: The Afghan people. The first broadcasts were in Pashto , beamed to Afghanistan and the North-West Frontier Province . Broadcasts soon began in other languages including Dari , Persian , Arabic , English, Burmese , Japanese, Chinese, Malay and French. The external services broadcast in 16 foreign and 11 Indian languages, with a total programme output of 70¼ hours per day on medium and shortwave frequencies. Two high powered FM stations of All India Radio are being installed in Amritsar and Fazilka in

900-423: The means of production is a subset of social ownership , which is the defining characteristic of a socialist economy. However, state ownership and nationalization by themselves are not socialist, as they can exist under a wide variety of different political and economic systems for a variety of different reasons. State ownership by itself does not imply social ownership where income rights belong to society as

945-608: The 1990s. Deccan Radio (Nizam Radio 1932) , the first radio station in Hyderabad State (now Hyderabad ), went live on air on 3 February 1935. It was launched by Mir Osman Ali Khan the seventh Nizam of Hyderabad with a transmitting power of 200 Watts . On 1 April 1950, Deccan Radio was taken over by the Indian Government, and in 1956 it was merged with All India Radio (AIR). Since then, it has been known as AIR-Hyderabad (100 kW). AIR has many services in

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990-818: The Akashvani Bhavan building in New Delhi , it houses the Drama Section, the FM Section, and the National Service, and is also home to the Indian television station Doordarshan Kendra, ( Delhi ). In terms of the number of languages transmitted, the range of socioeconomic variety it serves, and the size of its broadcasting organisation, Akashvani is the largest radio network in the world. AIR's home service comprises 420 stations located across

1035-595: The Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM) transmissions and frequencies are as follows: the All India Radio launched news-on-phone service on 25 February 1998 in New Delhi; it now has service in Chennai, Mumbai, Hyderabad, Indore , Patna, and Bangalore. The service is accessible through subscriber trunk dialling (STD), international direct dialing (ISD), and local calls. There are plans to establish

1080-498: The Hart-Shleifer-Vishny model it is assumed that all parties have the same information, while Schmitz (2023) has studied an extension of their analysis allowing for asymmetric information . Moreover, the Hart-Shleifer-Vishny model assumes that the private party derives no utility from provision of the public good. Besley and Ghatak (2001) have shown that if the private party (a non-governmental organization) cares about

1125-441: The Indian point of view on matters of national and international importance, and demonstrates the Indian way of life through its programs. QSL cards (which are sought-after by international radio hobbyists) are issued to radio hobbyists by AIR in New Delhi for reception reports of their broadcasts. Direct-to-home (DTH) service is a satellite broadcast service in which a large number of radio channels are digitally beamed down over

1170-693: The National Programme of Plays is produced in 22 Indian languages and broadcast at the same time by all regional and national network stations. The CDU also produces Chain Plays, half-hour dramas broadcast in succession by a chain of stations. The News Service Division's Social Media Cell was established on 20 May 2013 and is responsible for providing AIR news on new media platforms such as websites, Twitter, Facebook, and SMS. State-owned In market-based economies, state-owned assets are often managed and operated as joint-stock corporations with

1215-966: The Punjab to supplement the programmes broadcast from transmitters operating from Jalandhar, New Delhi, Chandigarh and Mumbai, and to improve the broadcast services during unfavourable weather conditions in the border regions of Punjab. Today, the External Services Division of All India Radio broadcasts daily with 57 transmissions with almost 72 hours or programming covering over 108 countries in 27 languages, of which 15 are foreign and 12 are Indian. The foreign languages are Arabic, Baluchi, Burmese, Chinese, Dari, French, Indonesian, Persian, Pushtu, Russian, Sinhala, Swahili, Thai, Tibetan, and English (General Overseas Service). The Indian languages are Bengali, Gujarati, Marathi, Konkani, Kashmiri, Hindi, Kannada, Malayalam, Nepali, Punjabi, Saraiki, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, and Urdu. The longest daily broadcast

1260-538: The Regional Deputy Directors General are located in Delhi and Chandigarh (NR), Lucknow and Bhopal (CR), Guwahati (NER), Kolkata (ER), Mumbai and Ahmedabad (WR), Chennai and Bangalore (SR). All frequencies are in kHz, unless otherwise noted. Most of the channels are also available online. The external services of All India Radio are broadcast in 27 languages to countries outside India via high-power shortwave radio broadcasts. Mediumwave

1305-714: The broadcasting facilities and began the Indian State Broadcasting Service (ISBS) on 1 April 1930 on an experimental basis for two years, and permanently in May 1932 it then went on to become All India Radio on 8 June 1936. The building was contracted by Sir Sobha Singh . On 1 October 1939, the External Service began with a broadcast in Pashto . It was intended to counter radio propaganda from Germany directed at Afghanistan , Iran , and Arab nations. The Dhaka station of Eastern India, in what

1350-413: The country, reaching nearly 92% of the country's area and 99.19% of the total population, and has programming in 23 languages and 179 dialects. When the Indian State Broadcasting Service (ISBS) was renamed to All India Radio, Rabindranath Tagore rechristened it as Akashvani, the voice that comes over from the skies , through a poem penned for the inauguration of Kolkata 's shortwave service. Akashvani

1395-467: The general budget. The creation of a state-owned enterprise from other forms of public property is called corporatization . In Soviet-type economies , state property was the dominant form of industry as property. The state held a monopoly on land and natural resources, and enterprises operated under the legal framework of a nominally planned economy , and thus according to different criteria than enterprises in market and mixed economies. Nationalization

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1440-533: The means of production may be labelled state socialism . State ownership was recognized by Friedrich Engels in Socialism: Utopian and Scientific as, by itself, not doing away with capitalism, including the process of capital accumulation and structure of wage labor. Engels argued that state ownership of commercial industry would represent the final stage of capitalism, consisting of ownership and management of large-scale production and manufacture by

1485-399: The property rights approach based on incomplete contracting (developed by Oliver Hart and his co-authors), ownership matters because it determines what happens in contingencies that were not considered in prevailing contracts. The work by Hart, Shleifer and Vishny (1997) is the leading application of the property rights approach to the question whether state ownership or private ownership

1530-533: The public good, then the party with the larger valuation of the public good should always be the owner, regardless of the parties' investment technologies. More recently, some authors have shown that the investment technology also matters in the Besley-Ghatak framework if an investing party is indispensable or if there are bargaining frictions between the government and the private party. Saeeda Bano Saeeda Bano ( Urdu : سعیدہ بانو ) (1920-2001)

1575-490: The service in 11 additional cities including: Ahmedabad, Bhopal, Guwahati, Gwalior, Jabalpur, Jaipur, Kolkata, Lucknow, Ranchi, and Shimla. English and Hindi hourly news bulletins may be heard live. News in MP3 format may be directly played from the site, and filenames are time-stamped. AIR news bulletins are available in nine regional languages: Tamil, Kannada, Gujarati, Bengali, Marathi, North East, Punjabi, Telugu, and Urdu. There

1620-484: The state's management policies, though these rights are not property rights as they are not transmissible. For example, if a family is allocated an apartment that is state owned, it will have been granted a tenancy of the apartment, which may be lifelong or inheritable, but the management and control rights are held by various government departments . There is a distinction to be made between state ownership and public property. The former may refer to assets operated by

1665-577: The state. Within the United Kingdom, public ownership is mostly associated with the Labour Party (a centre-left democratic socialist party), specifically due to the creation of Clause IV of the "Labour Party Manifesto" in 1918. "Clause IV" was written by Fabian Society member Sidney Webb . When ownership of a resource is vested in the state, or any branch of the state such as a local authority , individual use "rights" are based on

1710-527: The state. State ownership is advocated as a form of social ownership for practical concerns, with the state being seen as the obvious candidate for owning and operating the means of production. Proponents assume that the state, as the representative of the public interest , would manage resources and production for the benefit of the public. As a form of social ownership, state ownership may be contrasted with cooperatives and common ownership. Socialist theories and political ideologies that favor state ownership of

1755-409: The target region. Most programmes originate at New Broadcasting House on Parliament Street in New Delhi, with a few originating at SPT Bengaluru, Chennai, Hyderabad, Jalandhar, Kolkata, HPT Malad Mumbai, Thiruvananthapuram, and Tuticorin. The External Services Division of AIR is a link between India and rest of the world, especially in countries with Indian emigrants and Indian diaspora . It broadcasts

1800-619: Was about 250,000. In August 1947, All India Radio hired its first female newsreader, Saeeda Bano , who read the news in Urdu . On 3 October 1957, the Vividh Bharati Service was launched, to compete with Radio Ceylon . Television broadcasting began in Delhi in 1959 as part of AIR, but was split off from the radio network as Doordarshan on 1 April 1976. FM broadcasting began on 23 July 1977 in Chennai , and expanded during

1845-508: Was accepted, to a job at the All India Radio , to read the news in Urdu . Prior to that, she had worked in a private radio station set up in Lucknow, which broadcast shows for women and children. She had written directly to diplomat and politician Vijay Lakshmi Pandit , who supported her application. Bano was the first woman to read the news as a public broadcaster in India. Bano has also described facing criticism for living alone as

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1890-470: Was also used in the context of radio by M. V. Gopalaswami in 1936 after setting up India's first private radio station in his residence, "Vittal Vihar" (about two hundred yards from AIR's current Mysore radio station). Akashvani was later given as All India Radio's on-air name in 1956; given its literal meaning in Sanskrit, it was believed to be a more than suitable name for a broadcaster. The name Akashvani

1935-587: Was an India news broadcaster who joined All India Radio in 1947 and subsequently became the first professional female news broadcaster in India, reading the news in Urdu . She also published a memoir titled Dagar Se Hat Kar ( Off the Beaten Track ) in 1994. Bano spent her early childhood in Lucknow , Uttar Pradesh and Bhopal , Madhya Pradesh. At 17 she married Abbas Raza, a judge, but separated from him in 1947, moving with her children to Delhi to work as

1980-612: Was inaugurated in February 1943. In 1956, AIR was renamed as “Akashvani”, and AIR Headquarters were renamed as “Akashvani Bhawan”. When India became independent in 1947, the AIR network had only six stations ( Delhi , Mumbai , Kolkata , Chennai , Lucknow , and Tiruchirappalli ). The three radio stations in Lahore , Peshawar and Dhaka remained in what became Pakistan after the division. The total number of radio sets in India at that time

2025-759: Was suggested by the poet Pandit Narendra Sharma . Broadcasting began in June 1923 during the British Raj with programmes by the Bombay Presidency Radio Club and other radio clubs. According to an agreement on 23 July 1927, the private Indian Broadcasting Company Ltd (IBC) was authorized to operate two radio stations: the Mumbai station which began on 23 July 1927, and the Kolkata station which followed on 26 August 1927. The company went into liquidation on 1 March 1930. The government took over

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