127-497: Apple silicon is a series of system on a chip (SoC) and system in a package (SiP) processors designed by Apple Inc. , mainly using the ARM architecture . They are the basis of Mac , iPhone , iPad , Apple TV , Apple Watch , AirPods , AirTag , HomePod , and Apple Vision Pro devices. Apple announced its plan to switch Mac computers from Intel processors to Apple silicon at WWDC 2020 on June 22, 2020. The first Macs built with
254-457: A VoIP application. The iPad 2 also adds the ability to run GarageBand , iMovie , and the iWork apps Pages , Keynote , and Numbers . These applications do not come with the iPad but are instead official applications from Apple sold within the App Store. On March 7, 2012, after the unveiling of the third generation iPad, the firmware of the iPad 2 was upgradable to iOS 5.1. Scott Rohde,
381-516: A communications subsystem to connect, control, direct and interface between these functional modules. An SoC must have at least one processor core , but typically an SoC has more than one core. Processor cores can be a microcontroller , microprocessor (μP), digital signal processor (DSP) or application-specific instruction set processor (ASIP) core. ASIPs have instruction sets that are customized for an application domain and designed to be more efficient than general-purpose instructions for
508-509: A computer or electronic system . These components usually include an on-chip central processing unit (CPU), memory interfaces, input/output devices and interfaces, and secondary storage interfaces, often alongside other components such as radio modems and a graphics processing unit (GPU) – all on a single substrate or microchip. SoCs may contain digital and also analog , mixed-signal and often radio frequency signal processing functions (otherwise it may be considered on
635-459: A high-κ metal gate (HKMG) 32 nm process. The Apple A7 is a 64-bit PoP SoC whose first appearance was in the iPhone 5S , which was introduced on September 10, 2013. The chip would also be used in the iPad Air , iPad Mini 2 and iPad Mini 3 . Apple states that it is up to twice as fast and has up to twice the graphics power compared to its predecessor the Apple A6. The Apple A7 chip
762-447: A memory hierarchy and cache hierarchy . In the mobile computing market, this is common, but in many low-power embedded microcontrollers, this is not necessary. Memory technologies for SoCs include read-only memory (ROM), random-access memory (RAM), Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM ( EEPROM ) and flash memory . As in other computer systems, RAM can be subdivided into relatively faster but more expensive static RAM (SRAM) and
889-494: A microcontroller , microprocessor or perhaps several processor cores with peripherals like a GPU , Wi-Fi and cellular network radio modems or one or more coprocessors . Similar to how a microcontroller integrates a microprocessor with peripheral circuits and memory, an SoC can be seen as integrating a microcontroller with even more advanced peripherals . Compared to a multi-chip architecture, an SoC with equivalent functionality will have reduced power consumption as well as
1016-660: A netlist describing the design as a physical circuit and its interconnections. These netlists are combined with the glue logic connecting the components to produce the schematic description of the SoC as a circuit which can be printed onto a chip. This process is known as place and route and precedes tape-out in the event that the SoCs are produced as application-specific integrated circuits (ASIC). SoCs must optimize power use , area on die , communication, positioning for locality between modular units and other factors. Optimization
1143-399: A semiconductor foundry . This process is called functional verification and it accounts for a significant portion of the time and energy expended in the chip design life cycle , often quoted as 70%. With the growing complexity of chips, hardware verification languages like SystemVerilog , SystemC , e , and OpenVera are being used. Bugs found in the verification stage are reported to
1270-410: A 6-core GPU for iPhone 15 Pro series, and a 16-core Neural Engine capable of 35 trillion operations per second. The GPU was described as their biggest redesign in the history of Apple GPUs, adding hardware accelerated ray tracing and mesh shading support. The Apple A18 is a 64-bit ARM-based SoC designed by Apple that first appeared in the iPhone 16 and iPhone 16 Plus. The Apple A18 Pro
1397-424: A 9.7 inch multi-touch screen with a maximum resolution of 1024×768 hence resulting in 132 ppi . The iPad 2 has four physical switches, including a home button near the display that returns the user to the home screen, and three plastic physical switches on the sides: wake/sleep, volume up/down, and a third switch for either screen rotation lock or mute. The home button on the iPad 2 is "easier to double tap" than
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#17328013398321524-495: A GPS chipset and the GSM model uses a different chipset. The iPad 2 features an Apple A5 package-on-package (PoP) System-on-chip (SoC), which comprises a 1 GHz dual-core 32-bit Cortex-A9 CPU , 512 MB of RAM and a dual-core PowerVR SGX543MP2 GPU . Other features include front and rear cameras, a three-axis gyroscope , headset controls, proximity and ambient light sensors, microphone , magnetometer , accelerometer and
1651-515: A certain level of computational performance , but power is limited in most SoC environments. SoC designs are optimized to minimize waste heat output on the chip. As with other integrated circuits , heat generated due to high power density are the bottleneck to further miniaturization of components. The power densities of high speed integrated circuits, particularly microprocessors and including SoCs, have become highly uneven. Too much waste heat can damage circuits and erode reliability of
1778-527: A chip consists of both the hardware , described in § Structure , and the software controlling the microcontroller, microprocessor or digital signal processor cores, peripherals and interfaces. The design flow for an SoC aims to develop this hardware and software at the same time, also known as architectural co-design. The design flow must also take into account optimizations ( § Optimization goals ) and constraints. Most SoCs are developed from pre-qualified hardware component IP core specifications for
1905-1005: A circuit is the integral of power consumed with respect to time, and the average rate of power consumption is the product of current by voltage . Equivalently, by Ohm's law , power is current squared times resistance or voltage squared divided by resistance : P = I V = V 2 R = I 2 R {\displaystyle P=IV={\frac {V^{2}}{R}}={I^{2}}{R}} SoCs are frequently embedded in portable devices such as smartphones , GPS navigation devices , digital watches (including smartwatches ) and netbooks . Customers want long battery lives for mobile computing devices, another reason that power consumption must be minimized in SoCs. Multimedia applications are often executed on these devices, including video games, video streaming , image processing ; all of which have grown in computational complexity in recent years with user demands and expectations for higher- quality multimedia. Computation
2032-866: A different processor. For further discussion of multi-processing memory issues, see cache coherence and memory latency . SoCs include external interfaces , typically for communication protocols . These are often based upon industry standards such as USB , Ethernet , USART , SPI , HDMI , I²C , CSI , etc. These interfaces will differ according to the intended application. Wireless networking protocols such as Wi-Fi , Bluetooth , 6LoWPAN and near-field communication may also be supported. When needed, SoCs include analog interfaces including analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters , often for signal processing . These may be able to interface with different types of sensors or actuators , including smart transducers . They may interface with application-specific modules or shields. Or they may be internal to
2159-439: A discrete application processor). High-performance SoCs are often paired with dedicated and physically separate memory and secondary storage (such as LPDDR and eUFS or eMMC , respectively) chips that may be layered on top of the SoC in what is known as a package on package (PoP) configuration, or be placed close to the SoC. Additionally, SoCs may use separate wireless modems (especially WWAN modems). An SoC integrates
2286-536: A dual core PowerVR SGX543MP2 GPU. This GPU can push between 70 and 80 million polygons/second and has a pixel fill rate of 2 billion pixels/second. The iPad 2's technical specifications page says the A5 is clocked at 1 GHz, though it can adjust its frequency to save battery life. The clock speed of the unit used in the iPhone 4S is 800 MHz. Like the A4, the A5 process size is 45 nm. An updated 32 nm version of
2413-406: A dual-channel memory subsystem . It is manufactured by TSMC on their 20 nm fabrication process, and consists of 3 billion transistors . The Apple A9 is a 64-bit ARM-based SoC that first appeared in the iPhone 6S and 6S Plus, which were introduced on September 9, 2015. Apple states that it has 70% more CPU performance and 90% more graphics performance compared to its predecessor,
2540-507: A hardware upgrade. The upgraded variant of the iPad 2 features a smaller version of the Apple A5 SoC , which is able to reduce battery consumption. Benchmark tests conducted by Anandtech concluded that the upgraded variant is able to last longer by at least an hour and a half, depending on the task that is conducted on the device. The maximum temperature that the device heated up to was also less than original iPad 2, tests conducted by
2667-464: A manner independent of time scales, which are typically specified in HDL. Other components can remain software and be compiled and embedded onto soft-core processors included in the SoC as modules in HDL as IP cores . Once the architecture of the SoC has been defined, any new hardware elements are written in an abstract hardware description language termed register transfer level (RTL) which defines
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#17328013398322794-411: A new "banner" style instead of the previously used pop-up "alert" style. The iPad 2 comes with several applications by default, including Safari , Mail, Photos, Video, Music, iTunes Store , Maps, Notes, Calendar, Photo Booth , and Contacts. The App Store is also available as a default application, it enables users to download from a database of 800,000 applications, the price of these applications
2921-486: A power source while needing to maintain autonomous function, and often are limited in power use by a high number of embedded SoCs being networked together in an area. Additionally, energy costs can be high and conserving energy will reduce the total cost of ownership of the SoC. Finally, waste heat from high energy consumption can damage other circuit components if too much heat is dissipated, giving another pragmatic reason to conserve energy. The amount of energy used in
3048-444: A quad-core graphics unit (PowerVR SGX543MP4) instead of the previous dual-core as well as a quad-channel memory controller that provides a memory bandwidth of 12.8 GB/s, roughly three times more than in the A5. The added graphics cores and extra memory channels add up to a very large die size of 165 mm², for example twice the size of Nvidia Tegra 3 . This is mainly due to the large PowerVR SGX543MP4 GPU. The clock frequency of
3175-418: A senior Sony executive described the iPad as "a game console disguised as a device that can be appropriated in the business workplace." On September 19, 2012, almost a week after the announcement of the iPhone 5 , iOS 6 was released for numerous iOS devices, including the iPad 2 and iPhone 4s. However, on iOS 6, not all features are available on the iPad 2. The software upgrade was downloadable as an over
3302-464: A smaller semiconductor die area. This comes at the cost of reduced replaceability of components. By definition, SoC designs are fully or nearly fully integrated across different component modules . For these reasons, there has been a general trend towards tighter integration of components in the computer hardware industry , in part due to the influence of SoCs and lessons learned from the mobile and embedded computing markets. SoCs are very common in
3429-495: A software integrated development environment . SoCs components are also often designed in high-level programming languages such as C++ , MATLAB or SystemC and converted to RTL designs through high-level synthesis (HLS) tools such as C to HDL or flow to HDL . HLS products called "algorithmic synthesis" allow designers to use C++ to model and synthesize system, circuit, software and verification levels all in one high level language commonly known to computer engineers in
3556-429: A specific type of workload. Multiprocessor SoCs have more than one processor core by definition. The ARM architecture is a common choice for SoC processor cores because some ARM-architecture cores are soft processors specified as IP cores . SoCs must have semiconductor memory blocks to perform their computation, as do microcontrollers and other embedded systems . Depending on the application, SoC memory may form
3683-528: A stand, which is also held together by magnets. While original iPad owners could purchase a black case that included a similarly folding cover, the Smart Cover is meant to be more minimal, easily detachable, and protects only the screen. Smart Covers have a microfiber bottom that cleans the front of the iPad, and wakes up the iPad when the cover is removed. There are five different colors of both polyurethane and leather, with leather being more expensive than
3810-482: A standalone power adapter ("wall charger") also used for contemporary iPods and iPhones, and a 10 W charger was included with the iPad. The iPad 2 received generally positive reviews, praising its Apple A5 processor and 720p camera. Joshua Topolsky of Engadget said that "for those of you who haven't yet made the leap, feel free to take a deep breath and dive in – the iPad 2 is as good as it gets right now. And it's really quite good." Jason Snell of Macworld said
3937-546: A yearly subscription to distribute apps developed for the iOS), the centralized approval process for apps, as well as Apple's general control and lockdown of the platform itself. Particularly at issue is the ability for Apple to remotely disable or delete apps at will. Some in the tech community have expressed concern that the locked-down iOS represents a growing trend in Apple's approach to computing, particularly Apple's shift away from machines that hobbyists can "tinker with" and note
Apple silicon - Misplaced Pages Continue
4064-559: Is a 64-bit ARM-based SoC designed by Apple that first appeared in the iPhone 16 Pro . The Apple "H" series is a family of SoCs with low-power audio processing and wireless connectivity for use in headphones. The Apple H1 chip was used in the second and third generation AirPods and the first generation AirPods Pro . It was also used in the Powerbeats Pro, the Beats Solo Pro, Beats Fit Pro,
4191-521: Is a 64-bit ARM-based SoC that first appeared in the iPhone 8 , iPhone 8 Plus, and iPhone X , which were introduced on September 12, 2017. It has two high-performance cores, which are 25% faster than the A10 Fusion , four high-efficiency cores, which are 70% faster than the energy-efficient cores in the A10, and for the first time an Apple-designed three-core GPU with 30% faster graphics performance than
4318-562: Is a 64-bit SoC that was announced on September 9, 2015, and released on November 11, 2015, and first appeared in the iPad Pro . It offers 80% more CPU performance and two times the GPU performance of its predecessor, the Apple A8X . It is manufactured by TSMC using a 16 nm FinFET process. The Apple A10 Fusion is a 64-bit ARM-based SoC that first appeared in the iPhone 7 and 7 Plus, which were introduced on September 7, 2016. The A10
4445-475: Is a PoP SoC manufactured by Samsung , the first SoC Apple designed in-house. It combines an ARM Cortex-A8 CPU – also used in Samsung's S5PC110A01 SoC – and a PowerVR SGX 535 graphics processor (GPU), all built on Samsung's 45-nanometer silicon chip fabrication process. The design emphasizes power efficiency. The A4 commercially debuted in 2010, in Apple's iPad tablet , and
4572-533: Is a tablet developed and marketed by Apple Inc. Compared to the first iPad , as the second model in the iPad line, it gained a faster dual core A5 processor , a lighter build structure with a flat, rather than curved, back, and was the first iPad to feature VGA front-facing and 720p rear-facing cameras designed for FaceTime video calling. The device was available initially with three storage sizes – 16, 32 and 64 GB – and two varying connectivity options – Wi-Fi only or Wi-Fi and cellular. Each variation of
4699-475: Is a family of SoCs used in the iPhone , certain iPad models, and the Apple TV . "A" series chips were also used in the discontinued iPod Touch line and the original HomePod . They integrate one or more ARM-based processing cores ( CPU ), a graphics processing unit ( GPU ), cache memory and other electronics necessary to provide mobile computing functions within a single physical package. The Apple A4
4826-599: Is a high performance variant of the Apple A8 . Apple states that it has 40% more CPU performance and 2.5 times the graphics performance of its predecessor, the Apple A7 . Unlike the A8, this SoC uses a triple-core CPU , a new octa-core GPU , dual channel memory and slightly higher 1.5 GHz CPU clock rate. It uses an integrated custom octa-core PowerVR GXA6850 graphics processing unit (GPU) running at 450 MHz and
4953-473: Is also featured in the second-generation iPhone SE (released April 15, 2020), the 9th generation iPad (announced September 14, 2021) and in the Studio Display (announced March 8, 2022) The entire A13 SoC features a total of 18 cores – a six-core CPU, four-core GPU, and an eight-core Neural Engine processor, which is dedicated to handling on-board machine learning processes; four of the six cores on
5080-477: Is also featured in the sixth-generation iPad , seventh-generation iPad and seventh-generation iPod Touch . It has a new ARM big.LITTLE quad core design with two high performance cores, and two smaller highly efficient cores. It is 40% faster than the A9, with 50% faster graphics. It is manufactured by TSMC on their 16 nm FinFET process. The Apple A10X Fusion is a 64-bit ARM-based SoC that first appeared in
5207-675: Is an SoC manufactured by Samsung that replaced the A4 . The chip commercially debuted with the release of Apple's iPad 2 tablet in March 2011, followed by its release in the iPhone 4S smartphone later that year. Compared to the A4, the A5 CPU "can do twice the work" and the GPU has "up to nine times the graphics performance", according to Apple. The A5 contains a dual-core ARM Cortex-A9 CPU with ARM's advanced SIMD extension, marketed as NEON , and
Apple silicon - Misplaced Pages Continue
5334-419: Is built on a 5-nanometer manufacturing process with 15 billion transistors. It has 2 high-performance processing cores, 4 high-efficiency cores, a new 5-core graphics for iPhone 13 Pro series (4-core for iPhone 13 and 13 mini) processing unit, and a new 16-core Neural Engine capable of 15.8 trillion operations per second. It is also used in the third-generation iPhone SE , iPhone 14 , iPhone 14 Plus and
5461-488: Is manufactured by Samsung on a high-κ metal gate (HKMG) 28 nm process and the chip includes over 1 billion transistors on a die 102 mm in size. The Apple A8 is a 64-bit PoP SoC manufactured by TSMC. Its first appearance was in the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus , which were introduced on September 9, 2014. A year later it would drive the iPad Mini 4 . Apple states that it has 25% more CPU performance and 50% more graphics performance while drawing only 50% of
5588-492: Is more demanding as expectations move towards 3D video at high resolution with multiple standards , so SoCs performing multimedia tasks must be computationally capable platform while being low power to run off a standard mobile battery. SoCs are optimized to maximize power efficiency in performance per watt: maximize the performance of the SoC given a budget of power usage. Many applications such as edge computing , distributed processing and ambient intelligence require
5715-780: Is necessarily a design goal of SoCs. If optimization was not necessary, the engineers would use a multi-chip module architecture without accounting for the area use, power consumption or performance of the system to the same extent. Common optimization targets for SoC designs follow, with explanations of each. In general, optimizing any of these quantities may be a hard combinatorial optimization problem, and can indeed be NP-hard fairly easily. Therefore, sophisticated optimization algorithms are often required and it may be practical to use approximation algorithms or heuristics in some cases. Additionally, most SoC designs contain multiple variables to optimize simultaneously , so Pareto efficient solutions are sought after in SoC design. Oftentimes
5842-529: Is of a new design. Markings tell that it is named APL7498 , and in software, the chip is called S5L8947 . The Apple A5X is an SoC announced on March 7, 2012, at the launch of the third-generation iPad . It is a high-performance variant of the Apple A5 ; Apple claims it has twice the graphics performance of the A5. It was superseded in the fourth-generation iPad by the Apple A6X processor. The A5X has
5969-425: Is set by the developers. Like all iOS devices, the iPad 2 can sync music, videos, apps and photos with a Mac or PC using iTunes, although when using iOS 5 and later, the user does not have to connect the iPad to the computer. iCloud also allows users to backup and sync their data with other compatible iOS devices via the internet. Game Center is available as a native social gaming platform on iOS, games downloaded via
6096-581: Is the first 64-bit chip to be used in a smartphone and later a tablet computer. The A7 features an Apple-designed 1.3–1.4 GHz 64-bit ARMv8 -A dual-core CPU, called Cyclone, and an integrated PowerVR G6430 GPU in a four cluster configuration. The ARMv8-A architecture doubles the number of registers of the A7 compared to the A6. It now has 31 general-purpose registers that are each 64-bits wide and 32 floating-point/ NEON registers that are each 128-bits wide. The A7
6223-452: Is the first commercially available 5 nm chipset and it contains 11.8 billion transistors and a 16-core AI processor. It includes Samsung LPDDR4X DRAM , a 6-core CPU, and 4-Core GPU with real time machine learning capabilities. It was later used in the tenth-generation iPad , released on October 26, 2022. The Apple A15 Bionic is a 64-bit ARM-based SoC that first appeared in the iPhone 13 , unveiled on September 14, 2021. The A15
6350-438: Is upgraded to LPDDR5 for 50% higher bandwidth and a 7% faster 16-core Neural Engine capable of 17 trillion operations per second. The chip was later used in the iPhone 15 and iPhone 15 Plus. The Apple A17 Pro is a 64-bit ARM-based SoC that first appeared in the iPhone 15 Pro , unveiled on September 12, 2023. It is Apple's first 3 nm SoC. The chip has 2 high-performance processing cores, 4 high-efficiency cores,
6477-709: The ARM Cortex-A15 such as support for the Advanced SIMD v2 , and VFPv4 . The A6 is manufactured by Samsung on a high-κ metal gate (HKMG) 32 nm process. Apple A6X is an SoC introduced at the launch of the fourth-generation iPad on October 23, 2012. It is a high-performance variant of the Apple A6 . Apple claims the A6X has twice the CPU performance and up to twice the graphics performance of its predecessor,
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#17328013398326604-440: The Apple A5 . It is 22% smaller and draws less power than the 45 nm A5. The A6 is said to use a 1.3 GHz custom Apple-designed ARMv7 based dual-core CPU , called Swift, rather than a licensed CPU from ARM like in previous designs, and an integrated 266 MHz triple-core PowerVR SGX 543MP3 graphics processing unit (GPU). The Swift core in the A6 uses a new tweaked instruction set, ARMv7s, featuring some elements of
6731-480: The Apple A5X . Like the A6, this SoC continues to use the dual-core Swift CPU, but it has a new quad core GPU, quad channel memory and slightly higher 1.4 GHz CPU clock rate. It uses an integrated quad-core PowerVR SGX 554MP4 graphics processing unit (GPU) running at 300 MHz and a quad-channel memory subsystem . Compared to the A6 the A6X is 30% larger, but it continues to be manufactured by Samsung on
6858-435: The Apple A8 . It is dual sourced, a first for an Apple SoC; it is manufactured by Samsung on their 14 nm FinFET LPE process and by TSMC on their 16 nm FinFET process. It was subsequently included in the first-generation iPhone SE , and the iPad (5th generation) . The Apple A9 was the last CPU that Apple manufactured through a contract with Samsung, as all A-series chips after are manufactured by TSMC. The Apple A9X
6985-457: The Apple M1 chip were unveiled on November 10, 2020. As of June 2023, the entire Mac lineup uses Apple silicon chips. Apple fully controls the integration of Apple silicon chips with the company's hardware and software products. Johny Srouji is in charge of Apple's silicon design. Manufacturing of the chips is outsourced to semiconductor contract manufacturers such as TSMC . The "A" series
7112-484: The Free Software Foundation who protested the iPad's introductory event and have targeted the iPad with their " Defective by Design " campaign. Competitor Microsoft , via a PR spokesman, has also criticized Apple's control over its platform. At issue are restrictions imposed by the design of iOS, namely DRM intended to lock purchased media to Apple's platform, the development model (requiring
7239-476: The Health app. iOS 9 is said to feature performance improvements that may help the aging device function more smoothly, and initial tests suggest that it did not significantly impact available space. Other A5-based devices will also run iOS 9 including the iPhone 4s (five major iOS versions), the iPad Mini (four major iOS versions) and iPod Touch (5th generation) (four major iOS versions). On June 13, 2016, with
7366-895: The bottlenecks of bus-based networks. Networks-on-chip have advantages including destination- and application-specific routing , greater power efficiency and reduced possibility of bus contention . Network-on-chip architectures take inspiration from communication protocols like TCP and the Internet protocol suite for on-chip communication, although they typically have fewer network layers . Optimal network-on-chip network architectures are an ongoing area of much research interest. NoC architectures range from traditional distributed computing network topologies such as torus , hypercube , meshes and tree networks to genetic algorithm scheduling to randomized algorithms such as random walks with branching and randomized time to live (TTL). Many SoC researchers consider NoC architectures to be
7493-529: The mobile computing (as in smart devices such as smartphones and tablet computers ) and edge computing markets. In general, there are three distinguishable types of SoCs: SoCs can be applied to any computing task. However, they are typically used in mobile computing such as tablets, smartphones, smartwatches, and netbooks as well as embedded systems and in applications where previously microcontrollers would be used. Where previously only microcontrollers could be used, SoCs are rising to prominence in
7620-565: The sixth-generation iPad Mini . The Apple A16 Bionic is a 64-bit ARM-based SoC that first appeared in the iPhone 14 Pro , unveiled on September 7, 2022. The A16 has 16 billion transistors and is built on TSMC 's N4P fabrication process , being touted by Apple as the first 4 nm processor in a smartphone. However, N4 is an enhanced version of N5 technology, a de facto fourth-generation 5 nm manufacturing process . The chip has 2 high-performance processing cores, 4 high-efficiency cores and 5-core graphics for iPhone 14 Pro series. Memory
7747-546: The 10.5" iPad Pro and the second generation of the 12.9" iPad Pro, which were both announced on June 5, 2017. It is a variant of the A10 and Apple claims that it has 30 percent faster CPU performance and 40 percent faster GPU performance than its predecessor, the A9X . On September 12, 2017, Apple announced that the Apple TV 4K would be powered by an A10X chip. It is made by TSMC on their 10 nm FinFET process. The Apple A11 Bionic
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#17328013398327874-511: The 12.9" iPad Pro, which were both announced on October 30, 2018. It offers 35% faster single-core and 90% faster multi-core CPU performance than its predecessor, the A10X. It has four high-performance cores and four high-efficiency cores. The A12X is manufactured by TSMC using a 7 nm FinFET process. The Apple A12Z Bionic is an updated version of the A12X Bionic, first appearing in
8001-497: The 2020 Powerbeats, and AirPods Max . Specifically designed for headphones, it has Bluetooth 5.0, supports hands-free "Hey Siri" commands, and offers 30 percent lower latency than the W1 chip used in earlier AirPods. System on a chip A system on a chip or system-on-chip ( SoC / ˌ ˈ ɛ s oʊ s iː / ; pl. SoCs / ˌ ˈ ɛ s oʊ s iː z / ) is an integrated circuit that integrates most or all components of
8128-485: The 2nd-generation Apple TV have an A4 mounted with two low-power 128 MB DDR SDRAM chips (totaling 256 MB), while the iPhone 4 has two 256 MB packages for a total of 512 MB. The RAM is connected to the processor using ARM's 64-bit -wide AMBA 3 AXI bus. To give the iPad high graphics bandwidth, the width of the RAM data bus is double that used in previous ARM11- and ARM9-based Apple devices. The Apple A5
8255-404: The 3rd-generation Apple TV (Rev A, model A1469) containing a smaller, single-core version of the A5 processor. Unlike the other A5 variants, this version of the A5 is not a PoP, having no stacked RAM. The chip is very small, just 6.1×6.2 mm, but as the decrease in size is not due to a decrease in feature size (it is still on a 32 nm fabrication process), this indicates that this A5 revision
8382-441: The 720p standard, although only the central 4:3 part of the recording is shown on the screen during recording. The forward-facing camera shoots in 4:3. The Apple A5 chip doubles processing speed and has graphics processing that is up to nine times faster than the previous iPad. However, benchtests and hardware assessments performed by various third party news sources and technology blogs indicate that those claims are exaggerated;
8509-486: The A10. It is also the first A-series chip to feature Apple's "Neural Engine," which enhances artificial intelligence and machine learning processes. The Apple A12 Bionic is a 64-bit ARM-based SoC that first appeared in the iPhone XS , XS Max and XR , which were introduced on September 12, 2018. It is also used in the third-generation iPad Air , fifth-generation iPad Mini , and the eighth-generation iPad . It has two high-performance cores, which are 15% faster than
8636-475: The A11 Bionic, and four high-efficiency cores, which have 50% lower power usage than the energy-efficient cores in the A11 Bionic. The A12 is manufactured by TSMC using a 7 nm FinFET process, the first to ship in a smartphone. It is also used in the 6th generation Apple TV . The Apple A12X Bionic is a 64-bit ARM-based SoC that first appeared in the 11.0" iPad Pro and the third generation of
8763-613: The A5 processor was used in the 3rd-generation Apple TV, the fifth-generation iPod Touch , the iPad Mini, and the new version of iPad 2 (version iPad2,4). The chip in the Apple TV has one core locked. Markings on the square package indicate that it is named APL2498 , and in software, the chip is called S5L8942 . The 32 nm variant of the A5 provides around 15% better battery life during web browsing, 30% better when playing 3D games and about 20% better battery life during video playback. In March 2013, Apple released an updated version of
8890-402: The App Store that have this feature enabled are able to integrate their achievement points, high-scores and bonus system across all iOS devices into a single accumulative points and social platform. Although the tablet is not designed to make phone calls over a cellular network, a user can use a wired headset or the built-in speaker and microphone and place phone calls over Wi-Fi or cellular using
9017-607: The Apple A5 to have received six major versions of iOS. Apple sent invitations to journalists on February 23, 2011, for a media event on March 2. On March 2, 2011, CEO Steve Jobs unveiled the device at the Yerba Buena Center for the Arts , despite being on medical leave. Upon the announcement of the iPad 2, the original iPad was discontinued from sales online and at Apple authorized retail stores. Apple began selling
9144-406: The Apple line-up as an entry-level iPad model for three years until March 2014, latterly with a silent upgrade to a die-shrunk version of the A5 processor. Its basic design formed the core of the first iPad Mini , which had the same screen pixel count and similar features at a smaller size. Originally shipped with iOS 4.3 , with the release of iOS 9 , the iPad 2 became the only device powered by
9271-492: The CDMA model at 1.34 lb (608 g). The size of the iPad 2 is also less than the original iPad at only 9.50 in ×7.31 in ×0.34 in (241.2 mm ×185.7 mm ×8.8 mm), compared to the original iPad's size at 9.56 in ×7.47 in ×0.5 in (242.8 mm ×189.7 mm ×13.4 mm). After the announcement and release of the third generation iPad, the iPad 2, which continued to be available for purchase, received
9398-511: The CDMA model of the iPad 2 to fix issues caused by the GPS week number rollover . The issues would impact accuracy of GPS location and set the device's date and time to an incorrect value, preventing connection to HTTPS servers and, consequently, Apple's servers for activation, iCloud and the iTunes and App stores. The WiFi model and the GSM model are not affected by the rollover as the WiFi model lacks
9525-497: The CPU are low-powered cores that are dedicated to handling less CPU-intensive operations, such as voice calls, browsing the Web, and sending messages, while two higher-performance cores are used only for more CPU-intensive processes, such as recording 4K video or playing a video game. The Apple A14 Bionic is a 64-bit ARM-based SoC that first appeared in the fourth-generation iPad Air and iPhone 12 , released on October 23, 2020. It
9652-492: The FPGA RTL that make signals available for observation. This is used to debug hardware, firmware and software interactions across multiple FPGAs with capabilities similar to a logic analyzer. In parallel, the hardware elements are grouped and passed through a process of logic synthesis , during which performance constraints, such as operational frequency and expected signal delays, are applied. This generates an output known as
9779-471: The OS runs on the device, most of its new features do not work because of relatively aged hardware and therefore, its performance is limited. Users have also reported numerous problems after receiving the update including the accessibility features and battery-related issues. Many users speculated that the iPad 2 was going to be dropped from updating to iOS 8 along with the iPhone 4, the same process that happened with
9906-737: The SoC, if needed. Popular time sources are crystal oscillators and phase-locked loops . SoC peripherals including counter -timers, real-time timers and power-on reset generators. SoCs also include voltage regulators and power management circuits. SoCs comprise many execution units . These units must often send data and instructions back and forth. Because of this, all but the most trivial SoCs require communications subsystems . Originally, as with other microcomputer technologies, data bus architectures were used, but recently designs based on sparse intercommunication networks known as networks-on-chip (NoC) have risen to prominence and are forecast to overtake bus architectures for SoC design in
10033-1228: The SoC, such as if an analog sensor is built in to the SoC and its readings must be converted to digital signals for mathematical processing. Digital signal processor (DSP) cores are often included on SoCs. They perform signal processing operations in SoCs for sensors , actuators , data collection , data analysis and multimedia processing. DSP cores typically feature very long instruction word (VLIW) and single instruction, multiple data (SIMD) instruction set architectures , and are therefore highly amenable to exploiting instruction-level parallelism through parallel processing and superscalar execution . SP cores most often feature application-specific instructions, and as such are typically application-specific instruction set processors (ASIP). Such application-specific instructions correspond to dedicated hardware functional units that compute those instructions. Typical DSP instructions include multiply-accumulate , Fast Fourier transform , fused multiply-add , and convolutions . As with other computer systems, SoCs require timing sources to generate clock signals , control execution of SoC functions and provide time context to signal processing applications of
10160-578: The United Kingdom. The April 29, 2011 release date for Japan was postponed due to the earthquake and tsunami which struck the nation on March 11, 2011. The iPads were delayed due to the NAND flash storage chip used in the iPads being created by Toshiba , which was affected by the earthquake and tsunami thus resulting in the suspension of operations for an indefinite period of time. The slowdown caused analysts to downgrade Apple's stock. The iPad 2
10287-404: The air (OTA) update package and contains two hundred new features, including a mapping software designed by Apple dubbed Apple Maps , a "Clock" app, which features a timer, stopwatch and alarm, and Facebook integration among other new features and tweaks. The iPad 2 is compatible with iOS 7 , which was released on September 18, 2013. However, some features are not available. For example, like
10414-469: The announcement of iOS 10 , Apple dropped support for the iPad 2 due to hardware limitations and performance issues, making iOS 9.3.5 (Wi-Fi) or iOS 9.3.6 (Wi-Fi + Cellular) the final version that will run on the device. The iPad 2 is one of many computers, tablets, and mobile devices susceptible to the "Broadpwn" exploit, which was publicized in July 2017. Apple quickly released an update for iOS 10 to fix
10541-405: The benchmark assessment conducted by Anandtech showed that the GPU of the iPad 2 is only 3 times faster than that of the original iPad. CPU benchmarks conducted on the iPad 2 by iOSnoops indicate a 66% performance increase compared to the original iPad. 3G versions of the iPad 2 offer CDMA2000 support for customers using the device on a CDMA network or GSM / UMTS support for customers using
10668-592: The cellular network. The device is 15% lighter and 33% thinner than the original iPad; it is thinner than the iPhone 4 by 0.5 mm. The Wi-Fi version is 1.33 lb (600 g). Both the GSM and CDMA versions (known respectively as the AT&;T and Verizon versions in the US) differ in weight slightly due to the mass difference between the GSM and CDMA cellular radios, with the GSM model at 1.35 lb (612 g) and
10795-427: The circuit behavior, or synthesized into RTL from a high level language through high-level synthesis. These elements are connected together in a hardware description language to create the full SoC design. The logic specified to connect these components and convert between possibly different interfaces provided by different vendors is called glue logic . Chips are verified for validation correctness before being sent to
10922-435: The circuit over time. High temperatures and thermal stress negatively impact reliability, stress migration , decreased mean time between failures , electromigration , wire bonding , metastability and other performance degradation of the SoC over time. In particular, most SoCs are in a small physical area or volume and therefore the effects of waste heat are compounded because there is little room for it to diffuse out of
11049-532: The data throughput of the SoC. This is similar to some device drivers of peripherals on component-based multi-chip module PC architectures. Wire delay is not scalable due to continued miniaturization , system performance does not scale with the number of cores attached, the SoC's operating frequency must decrease with each additional core attached for power to be sustainable, and long wires consume large amounts of electrical power. These challenges are prohibitive to supporting manycore systems on chip. In
11176-664: The design provided by ARM. The A4 runs at different speeds in different products: 1 GHz in the first iPads, 800 MHz in the iPhone 4 and fourth-generation iPod Touch, and an undisclosed speed in the 2nd-generation Apple TV. The A4's SGX535 GPU could theoretically push 35 million polygons per second and 500 million pixels per second, although real-world performance may be considerably less. Other performance improvements include additional L2 cache . The A4 processor package does not contain RAM , but supports PoP installation. The 1st-generation iPad, fourth-generation iPod Touch , and
11303-676: The designer. Traditionally, engineers have employed simulation acceleration, emulation or prototyping on reprogrammable hardware to verify and debug hardware and software for SoC designs prior to the finalization of the design, known as tape-out . Field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) are favored for prototyping SoCs because FPGA prototypes are reprogrammable, allow debugging and are more flexible than application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs). With high capacity and fast compilation time, simulation acceleration and emulation are powerful technologies that provide wide visibility into systems. Both technologies, however, operate slowly, on
11430-417: The device is available with either a black or white front glass panel. However, upon the release of the 3rd generation iPad in March 2012, only the 16 GB variation remained available. The product became available in March through May 2011. The device received generally positive reception from various blogs and publications. Although it was praised for its hardware improvement, such as the new Apple A5 chip,
11557-430: The device on a GSM/UMTS network. The iPad Wi-Fi + 3G model includes an A-GPS receiver for tracking the user's location given permission. Also, the iPad 2 3G model includes a plastic cap-like band at the top on the back for the 3G antenna. The metallic grille for the microphone is replaced with a matching plastic black grille on the 3G model. GSM models of iPad 2 use a SIM card while CDMA models use an ESN to connect to
11684-464: The digital AV adapter and through AirPlay as of iOS 5. The iPad 2 has a 25 W·h rechargeable lithium-ion polymer battery that lasts 10 hours, like the original iPad. It is charged via USB or included 10 W, 2 A power adapter. The battery is 2.5 mm thick, 59% smaller than the original and has three cells instead of two. The improvements allowed the injection-molded plastic support frame to be omitted. The 10 W USB power adapter provides 4x
11811-481: The dual ARM Cortex-A9 cores have been shown to operate at the same 1 GHz frequency as in A5. The RAM in A5X is separate from the main CPU package. The Apple A6 is a PoP SoC introduced on September 12, 2012, at the launch of the iPhone 5 , then a year later was inherited by its minor successor the iPhone 5C . Apple states that it is up to twice as fast and has up to twice the graphics power compared to its predecessor
11938-804: The embedded systems market. Tighter system integration offers better reliability and mean time between failure , and SoCs offer more advanced functionality and computing power than microcontrollers. Applications include AI acceleration , embedded machine vision , data collection , telemetry , vector processing and ambient intelligence . Often embedded SoCs target the internet of things , multimedia, networking, telecommunications and edge computing markets. Some examples of SoCs for embedded applications include: Mobile computing based SoCs always bundle processors, memories, on-chip caches , wireless networking capabilities and often digital camera hardware and firmware. With increasing memory sizes, high end SoCs will often have no memory and flash storage and instead,
12065-470: The following: "Though the iPad 2 is an improvement on the original iPad in numerous ways, it's still an evolutionary product, not a revolutionary one. If you're happy with your current iPad, there's no reason to dump it just because there's a shinier, newer one. (This is not to say that millions of people won't do just that. I mean: shiny!) If you've invested in iPad accessories such as a dock or case, keep in mind that you probably won't be able to use them with
12192-612: The fourth generation iPad Pro , which was announced on March 18, 2020. It adds an additional GPU core, compared to the A12X, for improved graphics performance. The A12Z is also used in the Developer Transition Kit prototype computer that helps developers prepare their software for Macs based on Apple silicon. The Apple A13 Bionic is a 64-bit ARM-based SoC that first appeared in the iPhone 11 , 11 Pro , and 11 Pro Max , which were introduced on September 10, 2019. It
12319-565: The fourth quarter of 2011 indicate that Apple sold 11.4 million iPads in the third quarter, a 166% increase from the third quarter of 2010. The product helped create newer, larger markets for Apple in south east Asia. In 2011 two iPad 2 tablets were taken to the International Space Station after being approved. Other Apple products that were taken to ISS include the iPod and also two iPhone 4 phones. The other personal computing system aboard ISS were various versions of
12446-425: The future of SoC design because they have been shown to efficiently meet power and throughput needs of SoC designs. Current NoC architectures are two-dimensional. 2D IC design has limited floorplanning choices as the number of cores in SoCs increase, so as three-dimensional integrated circuits (3DICs) emerge, SoC designers are looking towards building three-dimensional on-chip networks known as 3DNoCs. A system on
12573-512: The goals of optimizing some of these quantities are directly at odds, further adding complexity to design optimization of SoCs and introducing trade-offs in system design. For broader coverage of trade-offs and requirements analysis , see requirements engineering . SoCs are optimized to minimize the electrical power used to perform the SoC's functions. Most SoCs must use low power. SoC systems often require long battery life (such as smartphones ), can potentially spend months or years without
12700-431: The hardware elements and execution units , collectively "blocks", described above, together with software device drivers that may control their operation. Of particular importance are the protocol stacks that drive industry-standard interfaces like USB . The hardware blocks are put together using computer-aided design tools, specifically electronic design automation tools; the software modules are integrated using
12827-625: The iPad 2 on its website on March 11, and in its U.S. retail stores at 5 pm local time on that date. Many stores in major cities, such as New York, sold out within hours. Online shipping delays had increased to three to four weeks on Sunday and four to five weeks by Tuesday. The iPad 2 was released internationally in 25 other countries on March 25, 2011. The countries included Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Ireland, Hungary, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and
12954-404: The iPad 2 was released alongside iOS 4.3, which primarily introduced Airplay Mirroring and Home Sharing among other features. On October 12, 2011, upon the release of the iPhone 4s , the iPad was upgradable to the iOS 5 firmware update which brought over 200 new user features to iOS compatible devices including Notification Center, iMessage, Reminders, and an updated notifications system, using
13081-477: The iPhone 3GS and the iPod Touch (fourth generation) and earlier models, considering that the model was more than 3 years old. It was confirmed on June 8, 2015, at Apple's WWDC that the iPad 2 would run iOS 9, making it one of the only iOS devices to run six major versions of iOS. As with previous releases, though, several features were unavailable on the iPad 2, including Siri , translucency effects, split-view, slide-over and picture-in-picture multitasking and
13208-553: The iPhone 4, the Notification Center and the Control Center use the transparent style instead of the translucent style in later iOS models. Also, AirDrop , which was first released in iOS 7, required the iPad (4th generation) or later. The iPad 2 can run iOS 8 , which was released on September 17, 2014, making it the first iOS device to run five major versions of iOS (including iOS 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8). While
13335-443: The initial sales of the iPad 2 and reported that 70% of all iPad 2 sales were to first-time iPad buyers with 49% of buyers owning a PC compared to the initial buyers of the original iPad where only 26% of buyers owned a PC. 12,000 units were sold on auction site eBay in its first two weeks of release. When the iPhone 4S was released, rumors about the third generation iPad caused a decline in iPad 2 sales. Official figures released in
13462-632: The interconnection delays and maximize the speed at which data is communicated between modules, functional units and memories. In general, optimizing to minimize latency is an NP-complete problem equivalent to the Boolean satisfiability problem . For tasks running on processor cores, latency and throughput can be improved with task scheduling . Some tasks run in application-specific hardware units, however, and even task scheduling may not be sufficient to optimize all software-based tasks to meet timing and throughput constraints. IPad 2 The iPad 2
13589-482: The late 2010s, a trend of SoCs implementing communications subsystems in terms of a network-like topology instead of bus-based protocols has emerged. A trend towards more processor cores on SoCs has caused on-chip communication efficiency to become one of the key factors in determining the overall system performance and cost. This has led to the emergence of interconnection networks with router -based packet switching known as " networks on chip " (NoCs) to overcome
13716-400: The manufacturer of Apple's mobile device processors. It contains 2 billion transistors. Despite that being double the number of transistors compared to the A7, its physical size has been reduced by 13% to 89 mm (consistent with a shrink only, not known to be a new microarchitecture). The Apple A8X is a 64-bit SoC introduced at the launch of the iPad Air 2 on October 16, 2014. It
13843-598: The memory and flash memory will be placed right next to, or above ( package on package ), the SoC. Some examples of mobile computing SoCs include: In 1992, Acorn Computers produced the A3010, A3020 and A4000 range of personal computers with the ARM250 SoC. It combined the original Acorn ARM2 processor with a memory controller (MEMC), video controller (VIDC), and I/O controller (IOC). In previous Acorn ARM -powered computers, these were four discrete chips. The ARM7500 chip
13970-425: The near future. Historically, a shared global computer bus typically connected the different components, also called "blocks" of the SoC. A very common bus for SoC communications is ARM's royalty-free Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture ( AMBA ) standard. Direct memory access controllers route data directly between external interfaces and SoC memory, bypassing the CPU or control unit , thereby increasing
14097-569: The new iPad." TechCrunch 's MG Siegler stated: "Let me sum all of this up in a simple way: the iPad 2, should you buy one? Maybe — it depends on a few factors. Will you want to buy one? Yes. Use that information wisely." The closed and proprietary nature of iOS has garnered criticism, particularly by digital rights advocates such as the Electronic Frontier Foundation , computer engineer and activist Brewster Kahle , Internet-law specialist Jonathan Zittrain , and
14224-430: The order of MHz, which may be significantly slower – up to 100 times slower – than the SoC's operating frequency. Acceleration and emulation boxes are also very large and expensive at over US$ 1 million. FPGA prototypes, in contrast, use FPGAs directly to enable engineers to validate and test at, or close to, a system's full operating frequency with real-world stimuli. Tools such as Certus are used to insert probes in
14351-404: The polyurethane version. Apple offered several more accessories for the iPad 2, most of which were adapters for the proprietary 30-pin dock connector , the iPad's only port besides the headphone jack. A dock holds the iPad upright at an angle, and has a dock connector and audio line out port. The iPad can use Bluetooth keyboards that also work with Macs and PCs . The iPad can be charged by
14478-497: The potential for such restrictions to stifle software innovation. Some iPad 2 users reported performance issues when running iOS 8 . Apple improved performance on the iPad 2 and the iPhone 4S on the iOS 8.1.1 update. During the first weekend of sale, more than one million units were sold. Soon after the first weekend, Ashok Kumar, a technology analyst for a financial firm predicted that Apple would sell 35 million iPad 2s in 2011. Investment banking firm, Piper Jaffray monitored
14605-510: The power compared to its predecessor, the Apple A7 . On February 9, 2018, Apple released the HomePod, which is powered by an Apple A8 with 1 GB of RAM. The A8 features an Apple-designed 1.4 GHz 64-bit ARMv8 -A dual-core CPU, and an integrated custom PowerVR GX6450 GPU in a four cluster configuration. The GPU features custom shader cores and compiler. The A8 is manufactured on a 20 nm process by TSMC , which replaced Samsung as
14732-406: The power of a conventional USB port. The tablet has an audio frequency response of 20 Hz to 20 kHz. Without third-party software it can play the following audio formats: HE-AAC, AAC, Protected AAC, MP3, MP3 VBR, Audible formats (2, 3, 4, AEA, AAX, and AAX+), ALAC , AIFF, and WAV. The revised tablet adds front- and rear-facing cameras, which allow FaceTime video calls with other iPad 2s,
14859-403: The previous generation of the iPad. Apple reduced the size of the iPad by eliminating the stamped sheet metal frame from the display, integrating new thinner glass technology for the touch screen overlay, and slightly reducing the space between the display and battery. The iPad 2's screen is thinner, lighter, and yet stronger than the original iPad's. The iPad 2 also supports screen mirroring via
14986-431: The problem, but a fix was never released for iOS 9 or earlier versions of iOS. As a result, older Apple devices incompatible with iOS 10, including the iPad 2, were left vulnerable indefinitely. This has raised concerns of potentially widespread attacks using the exploit, particularly in locations of concentrated iPad 2 deployment, such as certain primary and secondary schools. On July 22, 2019, Apple released iOS 9.3.6 for
15113-633: The risk of catastrophic failure . Due to increased transistor densities as length scales get smaller, each process generation produces more heat output than the last. Compounding this problem, SoC architectures are usually heterogeneous, creating spatially inhomogeneous heat fluxes , which cannot be effectively mitigated by uniform passive cooling . SoCs are optimized to maximize computational and communications throughput . SoCs are optimized to minimize latency for some or all of their functions. This can be accomplished by laying out elements with proper proximity and locality to each-other to minimize
15240-401: The same organisation revealed that the upgraded variant was able to operate at 1 degree lower when performing intensive tasks. Performance difference between the two variants, according to Anandtech is negligible. The Smart Cover , first introduced with the iPad 2, is a screen protector that magnetically attaches to the face of the iPad. The cover has three folds which allow it to convert into
15367-458: The slower but cheaper dynamic RAM (DRAM). When an SoC has a cache hierarchy, SRAM will usually be used to implement processor registers and cores' built-in caches whereas DRAM will be used for main memory . "Main memory" may be specific to a single processor (which can be multi-core ) when the SoC has multiple processors , in this case it is distributed memory and must be sent via § Intermodule communication on-chip to be accessed by
15494-435: The software restriction on the iPad 2 and iOS in general drew criticism from various technology commentators. The device sold well in its first month of sales with 2.4–2.6 million units sold and 11.12 million units were sold in the third quarter of 2011. A popular product, with a lower screen resolution and performance than the two Retina models that followed it but a lighter build and longer battery life, it remained in
15621-420: The system. Because of high transistor counts on modern devices, oftentimes a layout of sufficient throughput and high transistor density is physically realizable from fabrication processes but would result in unacceptably high amounts of heat in the circuit's volume. These thermal effects force SoC and other chip designers to apply conservative design margins , creating less performant devices to mitigate
15748-459: The third generation iPad, iPhone 4 and 4s, fourth-generation iPod Touch and Macintosh computers (running Mac OS X 10.6.6 or later with a webcam). The 0.3 MP front camera shoots VGA -quality 30 frame/s video and VGA-quality still photos. The 0.7 MP back camera can shoot 720p HD video at 30 frame/s and has a 5× times digital zoom . Both shoot photo in a 4:3 fullscreen aspect ratio. The rear camera shoots video in 16:9 widescreen to match
15875-577: Was later released in Hong Kong, India, South Korea, Singapore, Philippines, Malaysia and other countries including Japan on April 29, 2011. It was then released in numerous other nations which include China, Estonia, Thailand, Brazil, Russia and Taiwan on two major release dates, May 6 and 27. The 32 and 64GB models were discontinued on March 7, 2012, upon the introduction of the third generation iPad . The 16GB Wi-Fi and 16GB Wi-Fi + 3G models were discontinued on March 18, 2014. In late March 2011,
16002-431: Was later used in the iPhone 4 smartphone, the fourth-generation iPod Touch , and the 2nd-generation Apple TV . The Cortex-A8 core used in the A4, dubbed " Hummingbird ", is thought to use performance improvements developed by Samsung in collaboration with chip designer Intrinsity , which was subsequently acquired by Apple It can run at far higher clock rates than other Cortex-A8 designs yet remains fully compatible with
16129-713: Was their second-generation SoC, based on the ARM700, VIDC20 and IOMD controllers, and was widely licensed in embedded devices such as set-top-boxes, as well as later Acorn personal computers. Tablet and laptop manufacturers have learned lessons from embedded systems and smartphone markets about reduced power consumption, better performance and reliability from tighter integration of hardware and firmware modules , and LTE and other wireless network communications integrated on chip (integrated network interface controllers ). An SoC consists of hardware functional units , including microprocessors that run software code , as well as
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