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51-489: Artemsil was formed in 1976. It consists of five mines with a complete cycle of salt production, auxiliary services, significant housing and social funds. The number of workers is 3,780. Production activity has been counted since 1881, when the Bryantsev mine was put into operation. Mine No. 1 has been in operation since 1898. The administrative center is the city of Soledar . The association "Artemsil" extracts and processes

102-630: A 24 percent share of the Russian salt market until January 2015, when Russia suspended imports from the company due to the war in Donbas. In early 2022, with the situation deteriorating in Soledar, Artemsil evacuated some of their workers, others left Soledar by their own means. Production of Artemsil salt stopped entirely in May 2022, and after existing supplies were exhausted, by summer of 2022 Artemsil salt

153-486: A December 2018 survey by IranPoll, 63.8% of Iranians have a favorable view of Russia. Diana Șoșoacă , a prominent figure in S.O.S. Romania , has garnered significant support on the social media platform Telegram . Many of her supporters on the platform express Russophile sentiments. Russia is popular in Serbia , and many Serbs have traditionally seen Russia as a close ally due to shared Slavic heritage, culture, and

204-878: A Russian puppet state or a satellite state . The People's Republic of China under the leadership of the Communist Party has supported the Russian Federation closely following international sanctions after Russia invaded Ukraine . China had close ties with the Soviet Union prior to the Sino-Soviet split , owing to ideological kinship between the two communist states. Previous anti-Russian sentiment in China has greatly downgraded, due to perceived common anti-Western sentiment among Russian and Chinese nationalists. Ethnic Russians are one of

255-504: A dire living situation. "There are no more local authorities, no police, no doctors, no pharmacy. Everyone has left. We've been abandoned," a local resident said. By August 2022, Soledar was estimated as "90 percent destroyed". The battle of Soledar began in intensity in early August 2022. In mid-August 2022, Soledar was visited by Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelensky , who handed out state awards to Ukrainian soldiers there, and stated to them: "You will definitely win, and thanks to you,

306-808: A survey conducted by the Carter Center China Focus in April 2022, approximately 75% of respondents agreed that supporting Russia in the war in Ukraine was in China's best interest. In the first days of the Russian invasion of Ukraine , the nationalistic Little Pink movement drew international attention for their role in contributing to the mostly pro-war, pro-Russia sentiments on the Chinese internet. The Communist movement in Finland during

357-440: Is approximately 300 times lower than in ordinary rock," thus minimizing radiation noise. In 2000, a Ukrainian scientist proposed using Soledar's salt mines as a nuclear waste disposal site, believing that the inert environment would be useful. However residents of Soledar and the surrounding area, including Bakhmut, opposed the proposal, holding rallies and writing letters to authorities. Eventually, regional authorities said that

408-615: Is believed to be unpopulated. In terms of ethnicity, at the time of the 2001 census, over 80% of the town's population were ethnic Ukrainians and notable minorities were Russians , Belarusians and Armenians . The native language of Soledar's population, as of the Ukrainian Census of 2001 : Ukrainian 60.10%, Russian 39.43%, Armenian 0.11%, Belarusian 0.09%, Romani 0.05%, Bulgarian 0.02%, Moldovan 0.02%, and one person each for Greek , Karaim , Polish and Romanian (0.01%). Russophilia Russophilia

459-542: Is derived. The last estimate of its population before its destruction was 10,490, in 2022. From 1925 until 1991, it was known as Karlo-Libknekhtovsk after the German socialist Karl Liebknecht . During the Battle of Soledar of the Russian invasion of Ukraine , Soledar was completely destroyed and depopulated by Russian forces, who have occupied the ruins of the city and the surrounding area since January 2023. During

510-560: Is located 3 kilometres (1.9 miles) northwest of the center of Soledar. It was formerly an urban-type settlement of its own until 1999 when the Verkhovna Rada officially declared it administratively subordinate to Soledar. The large railway station served as an essential hub station for shipping out Soledar's salt. The last shipment of Soledar salt went out in May 2022. The Dekonska  [ uk ] ( Ukrainian : Деконська ) railway station, located 2 kilometres (1.2 miles) to

561-664: Is the admiration and fondness of Russia (including the era of the Soviet Union and/or the Russian Empire ), Russian history , and Russian culture . The antonym is Russophobia . In the 19th century, Russophilia was often linked to variants of pan-Slavism , since the Russian Empire and autonomous Serbia were the only two Slavic sovereign states during and after the Springtime of Nations . In politics

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612-503: The Artemsil salt plant in Soledar. The company's facilities and equipment were destroyed, its building left in ruins. It was the first time the company had closed since World War II. By the end of the month, Artemsil was forced to stop production due to constant Russian shelling. In July 2022, France 24 reported that Soledar was under constant shelling and was largely destroyed, with the remaining population of 2,000 people experiencing

663-631: The Cold War inclined towards pro-Soviet tendencies, of which the Taistoist movement was especially pro-Soviet. The Finnish political party Power Belongs to the People (VKK) was unique in its strong support of Russia, being the only pro-Russian party in Finland as of 2022. It protested against sanctions on Russia and supported the 2022 invasion of Ukraine . The party has since dissasociated from

714-509: The Indonesian invasion of East Timor . Russophiles are also found among the political left , who support Russia due to inaugural Indonesian president Sukarno 's closeness to the Soviet Union. Pro-Russian sentiment is especially strong among members of the governing Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle , led by Sukarno's daughter Megawati Sukarnoputri , who publicly criticized Ukraine and president Volodymyr Zelenskyy . According to

765-751: The Muslim world . Public animosity towards the West has resulted from the wars waged in Afghanistan and Iraq by the US and its allies, and their perceived neglectful treatment of the Palestinians in the territories occupied by Israel . Some Indonesians have positively compared support for Russian president Vladimir Putin in the Russo-Ukrainian War to support for former president Suharto in

816-717: The Orthodox faith . According to the European Council on Foreign Relations , 54% of Serbians see Russia as an ally. In comparison, 11% see the European Union as an ally, and only 6% see the United States in the same manner. During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, People's Patrol , a far-right group, organized pro-Russian rallies in Belgrade , which were attended by 4,000 people. In 2017,

867-678: The Russian invasion of Ukraine , these numbers surged. A YouGov poll found nearly 62% of Republicans preferred Vladimir Putin over Joe Biden , noting that the former was a stronger leader than the latter. Many notable Republicans, including former President Donald Trump , television presenter Tucker Carlson , and incumbent Georgia Representative Marjorie Taylor Greene have all expressed admiration for Russia and its leaders. Favorable perceptions of Russia in Vietnam have 83% of Vietnamese people viewing Russia's influence positively in 2017. This stems from historic Soviet support of Vietnam during

918-597: The United24 website. Soledar Soledar ( Ukrainian : Соледар , IPA: [soɫeˈdɑr] ; Russian : Соледар , IPA: [səlʲɪˈdar] ; lit.   ' gift of salt ' ) is a destroyed city in Bakhmut Raion , Donetsk Oblast , Ukraine . Situated in the Donbas region of eastern Ukraine , the city was formerly highly important for its salt mining industry, from which its name Soledar

969-469: The 2014–2022 years of the war in Donbas, Soledar was peaceful, and not a theatre of conflict. However, the events of 2014 accelerated Soledar's population decline, which fell from 14,600 in 1971 to 10,490 at the beginning of 2022. In August 2014, Soledar was used as the base for the identification team and OSCE observers dealing with the MH17 plane crash due to its proximity to the site. On 14 January 2015,

1020-513: The 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine . A survey by the Kyiv International Institute of Sociology in 2016 found that 67% of Ukrainians had a positive attitude to Russians, but that only 8% had a positive attitude to the Russian government. 41% of Ukrainians had a "good" attitude towards Russians (42% negatively), while in general 54% of Russians had a positive attitude towards Ukraine, according to an October 2021 poll of

1071-570: The 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China. According to a 2019 survey by the Pew Research Center , 71% of Russians have a favourable view of China. A YouGov survey conducted in the same year found that 71% of the Chinese think Russia has a positive effect on world affairs. During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, many social media users in China showed sympathy for Russian narratives due in part to distrust of US foreign policy . According to

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1122-658: The Nazis take advantage of them. The village was eventually liberated by the Soviet Red Army in September 1943. The salt mines were later restored and returned to full functionality. In 1965, Karlo-Libknekhtovsk received the status of a city. In July 1991, Karlo-Libknekhtovsk changed its name to Soledar . This name literally means "a gift of salt" in the Russian language, reflecting its prominent salt-mining industry. Around 2,500 local people, approximately 1 in 4 of

1173-405: The Russian invasion of Ukraine. Guided tours went to as deep as 200–300 metres (660–980 ft), with attractions including sculptures made of salt crystals, a museum, and a church. The expansive tunnels have been the site of numerous publicity stunts and events, including classical music concerts, a soccer match, and the first ever underground hot air balloon flight. Since the early 1990s,

1224-737: The Russophilic political party , the Party of Regions , became the largest party in the Verkhovna Rada in the 2006 Ukrainian parliamentary election , receiving 33% of the votes. It would remain a dominant force in Ukrainian politics, until the 2014 Revolution of Dignity . Following the 2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine , the overall attitude of Ukrainians towards Russia and Russians has become much more negative, with most Ukrainians favoring NATO and European Union membership . Their views on Russia would further deteriorate following

1275-540: The Soledar salt mines, with the Soledar salt mine regarded as the largest salt mine in Europe. However Artemsil is now defunct, and the Soledar salt mine has not been in operation since May 2022. In 2021, the mine provided around 95% of Ukraine's salt. Outside of Ukraine, the company exported salt to 22 countries, mostly in the former Soviet sphere , but also about 40 percent to Europe. Russia had been an important export destination in particular, with Artemsil having

1326-539: The antithesis of that pitiable European petty-state politics and nervousness, with which the foundation of the German Reich has entered its crucial phase..." in his 1895 book The Antichrist . A poll conducted in summer 2022 shows that Indians most frequently named Russia their most trusted partner, with 43% naming Russia as such compared to 27% who named the US. Support for Russia remains high among Indonesians, owing to Moscow's perceived ties to Muslims and

1377-417: The body of Ivan Reznichenko, a local council politician missing since June 2014, was found. The press service of political party Batkivshchyna said the criminals who killed him, who were now in custody, had been ordered to do so by the pro-Russian separatists while they controlled Soledar. During the full-scale 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine , on 28 May 2022, it was reported that a Russian missile had hit

1428-546: The chambers have also contained "speleosanatoriums": rooms made of salt that attempt to "recreate the allegedly restorative conditions of salt mines ", where 100 patients with respiratory diseases are treated. This practice is part of the controversial halotherapy industry, in which it is believed that the inhalation of salt dust is a "miracle cure for respiratory illnesses". The Sil  [ uk ] ( Ukrainian : Сіль ; Russian : Соль , romanized :  Sol , both literally translated as "Salt") railway station

1479-414: The city, Donetsk People's Republic head Pushilin, in his late January 2023 visit, stated that the salt mines were "damaged and difficult to descend into". Pushilin has pledged that the salt mines will, in time, be restored, however there have been no further updates on this. There is no timetable for the resumption of tourist activities in the mines. There is also an abundance of gypsum in Soledar, which

1530-623: The connections to Russia after Ano Turtiainen was replaced by Antti Asikainen. The Finnish political activist Johan Bäckman is known for his pro-Russian views and he has recruited Finns to fight for Russia in the war with Ukraine. Bäckman later joined the VKK, led by Ano Turtiainen . Some members of the Finns Party also held pro-Russian views. German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche described Russia as "the only power that has durability in it, which can wait, which can still produce something...

1581-634: The country's population. According to an interview made by the Ukrainian "Rada" TV channel , former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Boris Johnson is a Russophile, admiring Russian language and culture, even after the Russian invasion of Ukraine . Many members of the Republican Party in the United States express positive views on Russia. A 2017 poll highlighted that around 32% of respondents had favorable views of Russian president Vladimir Putin . Following

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1632-596: The inhabitants of the Serbian village of Adžinci renamed their village Putinovo , in honor of Vladimir Putin. Following Ukrainian independence in 1991, in the 1991 Ukrainian independence referendum 92% (including 55% of ethnic Russians ) voted for independence from Moscow, but some Ukrainians, mostly in the east and south of the country, voted to see a more Russophile attitude of the government , ranging from closer economic partnership to full national union. Russia and Ukraine had especially close economic ties, and

1683-846: The main Pro-Russian political parties in Armenia . Belarus has close political and economic ties with Russia, both being part of the Union State , the Collective Security Treaty Organization , the Commonwealth of Independent States , and the Eurasian Economic Union , due to their shared Soviet heritage. Following the 2020-2021 Belarusian protests and the Russian invasion of Ukraine , many observers have described Belarus as

1734-408: The mineral halite, providing the population and industry with table rock salt, and metallurgy, the chemical industry, agriculture and other industries with high-quality and cheap sodium chloride for industrial use. The company extracts about 70 percent of Ukraine's salt. The facility also exported its product to European countries such Hungary , Poland , Georgia , and Moldova . On March 3, 2020, it

1785-507: The mines, and settle in the area. In 1925, during the Soviet period, several mining villages in the area were administratively merged into a new village named Karlo-Libknekhtovsk after the German socialist Karl Liebknecht . During World War II , Karlo-Libnekhtovsk was occupied by Nazi Germany starting in October 1941. Soviet partisans sabotaged the mines and factories as to not let

1836-586: The new government, took control of swathes of settlements across the Donbas and proclaimed the creation of two breakaway states , the Donetsk People's Republic (DPR) and the Luhansk People's Republic . Soledar would remain under the control of pro-Russian rebels for around 3 months, without being a central theatre of events, as nearby Sloviansk and Donetsk were. On 21 July 2014, Ukrainian forces announced that they had retaken Soledar. During

1887-420: The pattern of Russian military reverses in the second half of 2022. Russian forces used Soledar as a staging post to press onto Bakhmut , which they took several months later, in May 2023. Over the following months, Russia reported periodic Ukrainian attacks on Soledar, which it claimed to have repelled. Soledar remains in ruins, and as of 2024 is believed to be completely or nearly unpopulated. Situated in

1938-650: The plan would not be implemented. On 15 March 2005, the Donetsk Oblast Council gave the Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences the right to use 0.63 hectares of area in the mine and the station for research. At this time, the station had 11 employees. Soledar's population has fallen over the past few decades, from 14,600 in 1971 to 10,490 in 2022, and only an estimated 550 as of early 2023. As of 2024, Soledar

1989-448: The point that a person cannot dive deep, and gets pushed upwards. Soledar's primary industry was the mining and processing of salt. Salt company Artemsil, founded in 1976, was the former owner of Soledar's salt industry, and said that the salt deposits of Soledar are "almost inexhaustible.... in 300 years of exploitation, the salt reserves have only decreased by one percent." There were estimated to be 5 billion tonnes of salt reserves in

2040-416: The pre-invasion population of 10,490, only "559 civilians including 15 children" remained in the settlement by 13 January. Analysts were divided over the value of Soledar, with some stating that a Russian victory in Soledar would be " pyrrhic at best". However, the capture of Soledar, Russia's first territorial gain since July 2022, gave Russia both a morale-boosting victory and territorial gain, arresting

2091-516: The second half of the 17th century, the Don Cossacks settled in the region of Donbas , building a village at the site what is now known as of Soledar and naming it Brіantsіvka ( Ukrainian : Брянцівка , Russian : Брянцовка ). Salt mining on an industrial scale began in the settlement in 1881, by which time it was part of the Russian Empire . Over the following years, the scale of salt mining increased, and hundreds of workers came to work in

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2142-460: The settlement's population, were employed either in the salt mine, or related industries. In February 2014, the pro-Russian Ukrainian President Victor Yanukovych was removed from power as a result of the Euromaidan protests and subsequent Revolution of Dignity . This caused a backlash in southern and eastern Ukraine . In mid-April 2014, local pro-Russian militias , refusing to recognise

2193-524: The south of the centre of Soledar, is another formerly separate settlement that is now part of the city. From November 1977, the Artyomovsk Scintillation Detector has been located in Soledar salt mine, operating at a depth of 570 metres (1,870 ft). Its main purpose is to detect neutrino radiation from collapsing stars . This location inside the salt mine was chosen because the "natural-radioactivity background in salt

2244-490: The term has been used to describe politicians and political parties that support their nations having stronger or closer relations to Russia and/or support a number of Russia's domestic and foreign policies. Some Russophilic politicians may also support russification of their country (especially in former Soviet states or Soviet satellite states ) such as Alexander Lukashenko . The Armenian Revolutionary Federation , Republican Party of Armenia and Prosperous Armenia are

2295-515: The traditionally industrial Donbas region within eastern Ukraine , Soledar is located 18 km (11 mi) from the city of Bakhmut , 40 km (25 mi) from Sloviansk , 78 km (48 mi) from Donetsk , and 580 km (360 mi) from Kyiv . There is a group of lakes on the edge of Soledar, some with a diameter of 100 metres (330 ft). Some of them have an "abnormally warm temperature" that can reach up to 40 °C (104 °F). Some are freshwater , while others are salty to

2346-612: The whole of Ukraine will win". Yet by September, Russian forces had captured much of the eastern half of Soledar. Russia's momentum seemed to have stalled towards the end of 2022, however starting on 27 December 2022, the Russian Wagner Group began a breakthrough attempt to take the settlement and return it to the control of the Donetsk People Republic, which by then had been annexed by Russia . The battle descended into heavy attritional fighting, and

2397-579: Was called the "most bloody battle" of the war at the time. Ukraine evacuated the remaining civilians of Soledar at the start of January, as Russia's Wagner forces moved in. On January 11, 2023, after days of uncertainty as to whether Russia controlled the city, it was reported that Russia had definitively secured control of Soledar. By the end of the battle, the settlement was almost entirely destroyed, with Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky saying that "barely any walls in Soledar remain[ed] standing". According to Donetsk Oblast governor Pavlo Kyrylenko , of

2448-539: Was decided to put "Artemsil" up for privatization through an auction, but at the end of the same year, the enterprise was removed from the list of objects allowed for privatization. As of the second half of May 2022, Russian forces approached Soledar. It did not stop trying to surround the Defense Forces of Ukraine in Sievierodonetsk and Lysychansk . Due to constant shelling, the work of the enterprise

2499-402: Was no longer to be found on shop shelves. In winter of 2022, the shafts of one of the mines were destroyed in the fighting, making the mine, at a depth of around 260 metres (850 ft) below the ground, inaccessible. A spokesperson for Ukraine’s Donetsk regional state administration said, in early 2023, that three of the main four caves of the mine have been damaged. After the Russian capture of

2550-415: Was previously mined, as it is useful for construction materials. The Germany-based company Knauf Gips Donbas owns a factory in Soledar that produced plasterboard , and into which they invested tens of millions of dollars. The factory closed in early 2022. Soledar's salt-mining industry created an "underground city" of caves, and tunnels that Deutsche Welle described as a "magnet for tourists" prior to

2601-497: Was stopped. The administrative building was partially destroyed, mines and warehouses were hit. The railway, which Artemsil primarily used to transport salt, is also constantly being shelled preventing shipments to other parts of the country. In addition, most of the residents of Soledar had evacuated by this time and most of the workers were not there. In February 2023, the Ukrainian government sold 20 tons of Artemsil salt, as 100000 packs, 12.5$ each, to fund FPV drones for its army via

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