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75-644: In 2014, The Arab American News was one of the ethnic media outlets featured in an exhibit called “One Nation With News for All” at the Newseum in Washington, D.C. Siblani was inducted into the Michigan Journalism Hall of Fame in April 2013. He is the first to be inducted from an ethnic media outlet, and the second Arab American, after the induction of the late Helen Thomas in 1993. Siblani

150-631: A page description . PDF has (as of version 2.0) 25 graphics state properties, of which some of the most important are: As in PostScript, vector graphics in PDF are constructed with paths . Paths are usually composed of lines and cubic Bézier curves , but can also be constructed from the outlines of text. Unlike PostScript, PDF does not allow a single path to mix text outlines with lines and curves. Paths can be stroked, filled, fill then stroked, or used for clipping . Strokes and fills can use any color set in

225-496: A PDF are: In later PDF revisions, a PDF document can also support links (inside document or web page), forms, JavaScript (initially available as a plugin for Acrobat 3.0), or any other types of embedded contents that can be handled using plug-ins. PDF combines three technologies: PostScript is a page description language run in an interpreter to generate an image. It can handle graphics and has standard features of programming languages such as branching and looping . PDF

300-455: A PDF. Within text strings, characters are shown using character codes (integers) that map to glyphs in the current font using an encoding . There are several predefined encodings, including WinAnsi , MacRoman , and many encodings for East Asian languages and a font can have its own built-in encoding. (Although the WinAnsi and MacRoman encodings are derived from the historical properties of

375-420: A PostScript file could be accurately rendered only as the cumulative result of executing all preceding commands to draw all previous pages—any of which could affect subsequent pages—plus the commands to draw that particular page, and there was no easy way to bypass that process to skip around to different pages. Traditionally, to go from PostScript to PDF, a source PostScript file (that is, an executable program)

450-477: A Web browser plugin without waiting for the entire file to download, since all objects required for the first page to display are optimally organized at the start of the file. PDF files may be optimized using Adobe Acrobat software or QPDF . Page dimensions are not limited by the format itself. However, Adobe Acrobat imposes a limit of 15 million by 15 million inches, or 225 trillion in (145,161 km ). The basic design of how graphics are represented in PDF

525-473: A manner independent of application software , hardware , and operating systems . Based on the PostScript language, each PDF file encapsulates a complete description of a fixed-layout flat document, including the text, fonts , vector graphics , raster images and other information needed to display it. PDF has its roots in "The Camelot Project" initiated by Adobe co-founder John Warnock in 1991. PDF

600-452: A page description as an inline image .) Images are typically filtered for compression purposes. Image filters supported in PDF include the following general-purpose filters: Normally all image content in a PDF is embedded in the file. But PDF allows image data to be stored in external files by the use of external streams or Alternate Images . Standardized subsets of PDF, including PDF/A and PDF/X , prohibit these features. Text in PDF

675-417: A paper for a project then code-named Camelot, in which he proposed the creation of a simplified version of PostScript called Interchange PostScript (IPS). Unlike traditional PostScript, which was tightly focused on rendering print jobs to output devices, IPS would be optimized for displaying pages to any screen and any platform. Adobe Systems made the PDF specification available free of charge in 1993. In

750-439: A printing device. PostScript was not intended for long-term storage and real-time interactive rendering of electronic documents to computer monitors , so there was no need to support anything other than consecutive rendering of pages. If there was an error in the final printed output, the user would correct it at the application level and send a new print job in the form of an entirely new PostScript file. Thus, any given page in

825-469: A result, files that use a small amount of transparency might be viewed acceptably by older viewers, but files making extensive use of transparency could be viewed incorrectly by an older viewer. The transparency extensions are based on the key concepts of transparency groups , blending modes , shape , and alpha . The model is closely aligned with the features of Adobe Illustrator version 9. The blend modes were based on those used by Adobe Photoshop at

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900-473: A stream may be used instead of the ASCII cross-reference table and contains the offsets and other information in binary format. The format is flexible in that it allows for integer width specification (using the /W array), so that for example, a document not exceeding 64  KiB in size may dedicate only 2 bytes for object offsets. At the end of a PDF file is a footer containing If a cross-reference stream

975-415: Is a subset of PostScript, simplified to remove such control flow features, while graphics commands remain. PostScript was originally designed for a drastically different use case : transmission of one-way linear print jobs in which the PostScript interpreter would collect a series of commands until it encountered the showpage command, then execute all the commands to render a page as a raster image to

1050-464: Is also a shading pattern , which draws continuously varying colors. There are seven types of shading patterns of which the simplest are the axial shading (Type 2) and radial shading (Type 3). Raster images in PDF (called Image XObjects ) are represented by dictionaries with an associated stream. The dictionary describes the properties of the image, and the stream contains the image data. (Less commonly, small raster images may be embedded directly in

1125-568: Is also the recipient of the “Spirit of Diversity in Journalism” award from Wayne State University , during the 10th Annual Helen Thomas Awards on April 16, 2010. This article about a Michigan newspaper is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Newseum The Newseum was an American museum at 555 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, in Washington, D.C. , dedicated to news and journalism that promoted free expression and

1200-469: Is called an embedded font while the former is called an unembedded font . The font files that may be embedded are based on widely used standard digital font formats: Type 1 (and its compressed variant CFF), TrueType , and (beginning with PDF 1.6) OpenType . Additionally PDF supports the Type 3 variant in which the components of the font are described by PDF graphic operators. Fourteen typefaces, known as

1275-418: Is not being used, the footer is preceded by the trailer keyword followed by a dictionary containing information that would otherwise be contained in the cross-reference stream object's dictionary: Within each page, there are one or multiple content streams that describe the text, vector and images being drawn on the page. The content stream is stack-based , similar to PostScript. There are two layouts to

1350-544: Is not required in situations where a PDF file is intended only for print. Since the feature is optional, and since the rules for tagged PDF were relatively vague in ISO 32000-1, support for tagged PDF among consuming devices, including assistive technology (AT), is uneven as of 2021. ISO 32000-2, however, includes an improved discussion of tagged PDF which is anticipated to facilitate further adoption. An ISO-standardized subset of PDF specifically targeted at accessibility, PDF/UA ,

1425-434: Is organized using ASCII characters, except for certain elements that may have binary content. The file starts with a header containing a magic number (as a readable string) and the version of the format, for example %PDF-1.7 . The format is a subset of a COS ("Carousel" Object Structure) format. A COS tree file consists primarily of objects , of which there are nine types: Comments using 8-bit characters prefixed with

1500-402: Is represented by text elements in page content streams. A text element specifies that characters should be drawn at certain positions. The characters are specified using the encoding of a selected font resource . A font object in PDF is a description of a digital typeface . It may either describe the characteristics of a typeface, or it may include an embedded font file . The latter case

1575-439: Is used as the basis for generating PostScript-like PDF code (see, e.g., Adobe Distiller ). This is done by applying standard compiler techniques like loop unrolling , inlining and removing unused branches, resulting in code that is purely declarative and static. The end result is then packaged into a container format , together with all necessary dependencies for correct rendering (external files, graphics, or fonts to which

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1650-447: Is very similar to that of PostScript, except for the use of transparency, which was added in PDF 1.4. PDF graphics use a device-independent Cartesian coordinate system to describe the surface of a page. A PDF page description can use a matrix to scale , rotate , or skew graphical elements. A key concept in PDF is that of the graphics state , which is a collection of graphical parameters that may be changed, saved, and restored by

1725-783: The First Amendment to the United States Constitution , while tracing the evolution of communication. The purpose of the museum, funded by the Freedom Forum , a nonpartisan U.S. foundation dedicated to freedom of the press, freedom of speech, and freedom of thought, was to help the public and the media understand each other. The seven-level, 250,000-square-foot (23,000 m ) museum was located in Washington, D.C., and featured fifteen theaters and fifteen galleries. Its Berlin Wall Gallery included

1800-543: The New York Times , panned the second Newseum building as "the latest reason to lament the state of contemporary architecture in" Washington, D.C. Writing on the Newseum's content, Times culture critic Edward Rothstein wrote that "a good portion of the museum's earnestly sought attention is well deserved" but "the museum's preening does call for some skepticism." Gannett's USA Today noted that while reviews of

1875-538: The Windows and Macintosh operating systems, fonts using these encodings work equally well on any platform.) PDF can specify a predefined encoding to use, the font's built-in encoding or provide a lookup table of differences to a predefined or built-in encoding (not recommended with TrueType fonts). The encoding mechanisms in PDF were designed for Type 1 fonts, and the rules for applying them to TrueType fonts are complex. For large fonts or fonts with non-standard glyphs,

1950-419: The standard 14 fonts , have a special significance in PDF documents: These fonts are sometimes called the base fourteen fonts . These fonts, or suitable substitute fonts with the same metrics, should be available in most PDF readers, but they are not guaranteed to be available in the reader, and may only display correctly if the system has them installed. Fonts may be substituted if they are not embedded in

2025-684: The Architecture of Washington DC describes the view from the Avenue as a "barrage, with numerous elements vying for your attention. ... a virtual national television set (or computer screen)." An exhibit at the Newseum discussed the "effort to avoid bias" by journalists. It included a 2006 Gallup poll in which 44% of Americans called the media "too liberal" while only 19% found it "too conservative" as well as other comments on possible political media bias , many of which came from Fox News contributors . Jonathan Schwarz of Mother Jones criticized

2100-542: The First Amendment's guarantee of rights (religion, speech, press, assembly and petition) has played in the United States over the past 200 years. The exhibit presented historical news clips that exemplify the five freedoms. "Our liberty depends on the freedom of the press," said Thomas Jefferson , "and that cannot be limited without being lost." Journalists Memorial: Memorialized journalists who died in

2175-530: The Freedom Forum announced The Johns Hopkins University would purchase the building for $ 372.5 million in order to use the space for several graduate programs. Despite a substantial revenue stream of rents, museum admissions, and event fees, the Newseum lost a significant amount of money. In 2011, ticket sales offset just 10 percent of expenses. In 2015, the museum lost more than $ 2.5 million on revenue of $ 59 million. The Freedom Forum reported that

2250-486: The Freedom Forum announced that it would sell the Newseum building to The Johns Hopkins University for $ 372.5 million. The Washington Post subsequently published a detailed account of the financial difficulties that the museum had encountered, which included a loss of over $ 100 million at the time of sale due to the facility's cost having risen to $ 477 million. The museum closed to the public on December 31, 2019. On July 12, 2019, Johns Hopkins presented designs that showed

2325-790: The Journalists Memorial wall. Ilene Prusher , columnist for the Israeli newspaper Haaretz , said that the Newseum stepped into the "minefield" of the Arab–Israeli conflict . Al-Aqsa TV is affiliated with Hamas in the Gaza Strip , and the two deceased journalists were killed by Israeli fire in a car marked "TV". Israeli Defense Forces spokeswoman, Lt. Col. Avital Leibovich , said that they were killed deliberately, not accidentally, because they "have relevance to terror activity." Nearly all journalistic organizations hold that

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2400-473: The Newseum's dedication ceremony that it was difficult to draw the line, and several reporters on the list were Syrians who were also activists who were trying to topple Bashar al-Assad 's government. David Carr of the New York Times said that "the evidence so far suggests that they were journalists, however partisan." Cox Enterprises First Amendment Gallery: This gallery explored the role that

2475-443: The Newseum's exhibit about the career of the late NBC reporter Tim Russert . He argued that Russert's "mundane" work-space was not worthy of preservation in a museum and that Russert's accomplishments "begin at being a pretty good interviewer and end at having a lot of celebrity friends." He concluded that the Newseum is "a place where journalist celebrities begin to be worshipped as miracle-producing saints." Despite mixed reviews,

2550-421: The Newseum's steep entry fees. In August 2017, the Newseum's president, Jeffrey Herbst , resigned in the face of the museum's financial problems. In February 2018, The Washington Post reported that the Newseum was exploring the sale of its building or a move. The Freedom Forum informed The Washington Post that it had been financing over $ 20 million a year in continued operating expenses. In January 2019,

2625-429: The PDF files: non-linearized (not "optimized") and linearized ("optimized"). Non-linearized PDF files can be smaller than their linear counterparts, though they are slower to access because portions of the data required to assemble pages of the document are scattered throughout the PDF file. Linearized PDF files (also called "optimized" or "web optimized" PDF files) are constructed in a manner that enables them to be read in

2700-670: The Rose Center for Earth and Space with Todd Schliemann at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City , to work on the new project. Highlights of the building design unveiled October 2002 included a façade featuring a "window on the world", 57 ft × 78 ft (17 m × 24 m), which looked out on Pennsylvania Avenue and the National Mall while letting the public see inside to

2775-425: The building's architecture had been mixed, the high number of visitors was a sign that the Newseum was successful, even in a capital city full of museums. James Bowman of National Review Online criticized the Newseum's interaction-heavy exhibits as overly stylistic and superficial, writing that it focuses on headline-based reporting of major world events rather than details of the events themselves. The AIA Guide to

2850-468: The center's second-floor atrium. As of 2023, the building will be home to Johns Hopkins' Carey Business School . The closure of the Journalists Memorial was a blow to advocates of freedom of the press who felt there ought to be some place to commemorate journalists who had sacrificed their lives for their work. As a result, in December 2020, a bipartisan group of members of Congress brought about

2925-508: The contents. PDF 2.0 defines 256-bit AES encryption as the standard for PDF 2.0 files. The PDF Reference also defines ways that third parties can define their own encryption systems for PDF. PDF files may be digitally signed, to provide secure authentication; complete details on implementing digital signatures in PDF are provided in ISO 32000-2. PDF files may also contain embedded DRM restrictions that provide further controls that limit copying, editing, or printing. These restrictions depend on

3000-482: The course of their duties. This exhibit displayed artifacts from hazardous journalistic missions. Included was the laptop computer used by Daniel Pearl , the bloodstained notebook of Michael Weisskopf , and the 1976 Datsun 710 belonging to Don Bolles that was bombed in Phoenix . Also featured was a sobering display of more than 1,800 names written in a glass tablet, marking the deaths of those who died in pursuit of

3075-411: The document refers), and compressed . Modern applications write to printer drivers that directly generate PDF rather than going through PostScript first. As a document format, PDF has several advantages over PostScript: Its disadvantages are: PDF since v1.6 supports embedding of interactive 3D documents: 3D drawings can be embedded using U3D or PRC and various other data formats. A PDF file

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3150-411: The document root. This dictionary contains an array of Optional Content Groups (OCGs), each describing a set of information and each of which may be individually displayed or suppressed, plus a set of Optional Content Configuration Dictionaries, which give the status (Displayed or Suppressed) of the given OCGs. A PDF file may be encrypted , for security, in which case a password is needed to view or edit

3225-538: The early years PDF was popular mainly in desktop publishing workflows, and competed with several other formats, including DjVu , Envoy , Common Ground Digital Paper, Farallon Replica and even Adobe's own PostScript format. PDF was a proprietary format controlled by Adobe until it was released as an open standard on July 1, 2008, and published by the International Organization for Standardization as ISO 32000-1:2008, at which time control of

3300-582: The enactment of a bill which authorized the construction of a memorial to fallen journalists on public land with private funds. In May 2023, the Fallen Journalists Memorial Foundation started design work on the memorial. Portable Document Format This is an accepted version of this page Portable Document Format ( PDF ), standardized as ISO 32000 , is a file format developed by Adobe in 1992 to present documents , including text formatting and images, in

3375-505: The exhibit and called it an example of corporate propaganda from Rupert Murdoch 's News Corporation . He also argued that most of the U.S. news media is controlled by businesses who shut out stories that would counter their interests. Kevin D. Williamson of National Review Online defended the Newseum, calling the criticism "nonsense concentrate" and arguing that media-owning companies have an interest in promoting non-conservative causes. Jack Shafer , co-editor of Slate , criticized

3450-591: The exhibits, such as a red dress worn by Helen Thomas , as "faintly ridiculous" while praising others such as a large chunk of the actual Berlin Wall . Although writing that the Newseum displayed "self-glorification, pomposity and vanity" in an "overwhelmingly American-centric" way, he described the building design as "uplifting" and generally commended the features. Michael Landauer of the Dallas Morning News praised its interactive exhibits, writing: "While

3525-681: The free Smithsonian museums do a fine job of housing our important artifacts, I believe the Newseum on Pennsylvania Avenue does an unparalleled job of telling our nation's story." Bonnie Wach, writing for the San Francisco Chronicle praised the Newseum's interactive exhibits, calling it "a marvel of technological innovation" and citing its "seven floors of touch-screens, theaters, film and video, state-of-the-art studios, computer games, interactive kiosks, documentary footage and hands-on multimedia exhibits." Other reviewers were more critical. Nicolai Ouroussoff , architecture critic for

3600-406: The full implementation of the ISO 32000-1 specification. These proprietary technologies are not standardized, and their specification is published only on Adobe's website. Many of them are not supported by popular third-party implementations of PDF. ISO published version 2.0 of PDF, ISO 32000-2 in 2017, available for purchase, replacing the free specification provided by Adobe. In December 2020,

3675-402: The graphics state, including patterns . PDF supports several types of patterns. The simplest is the tiling pattern in which a piece of artwork is specified to be drawn repeatedly. This may be a colored tiling pattern , with the colors specified in the pattern object, or an uncolored tiling pattern , which defers color specification to the time the pattern is drawn. Beginning with PDF 1.3 there

3750-529: The history of the Internet, TV, and radio. It opened at its first location in Rosslyn, Virginia , on April 18, 1997, and on April 11, 2008, it opened at its last location. As of December 31, 2019, the Newseum had closed its doors and many exhibits and artifacts were put into storage or returned to their owners. Freedom Forum is a non-profit organization founded in 1991 by publisher Al Neuharth , founder of

3825-494: The imaging model. A tagged PDF (see clause 14.8 in ISO 32000) includes document structure and semantics information to enable reliable text extraction and accessibility . Technically speaking, tagged PDF is a stylized use of the format that builds on the logical structure framework introduced in PDF 1.3. Tagged PDF defines a set of standard structure types and attributes that allow page content (text, graphics, and images) to be extracted and reused for other purposes. Tagged PDF

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3900-465: The largest display of sections of the wall outside Germany. The Today's Front Pages Gallery presented daily front pages from more than 80 international newspapers. The Today's Front Pages Gallery is still available on the Newseum's website, along with a few other galleries. Other galleries presented topics including the First Amendment , world press freedom, news history, the September 11 attacks , and

3975-487: The losses had led to controversial proposals for strategies that might improve the museum's finances. The issues, in part, reached back to the Washington location's construction, which had significant cost overruns. Furthermore, the numerous free museums in the National Mall area, such as those of the Smithsonian Institution and National Gallery of Art , made it difficult for visitors to justify paying

4050-668: The men were killed in the line of duty, including the Committee to Protect Journalists , Reporters Without Borders , the International Federation of Journalists and the World Association of Newspapers and News Publishers . Human Rights Watch said that their investigation in Gaza showed no evidence that the men were involved in militant activity. NBC News chief foreign correspondent Richard Engel said at

4125-633: The museum drew 1.7 million visitors in its first four years in DC. In the May 2013 rededication ceremony of the Journalist Memorial, the Newseum first decided to honor two Al Aqsa TV members as part of the memorial, and then withdrew them after criticism from pro-Israeli organizations. After a year-long review of the circumstances surrounding their deaths, the Newseum, in partnership with other journalism organizations decided their names would remain on

4200-534: The name. The 643,000-square-foot (60,000 m ) Newseum included a 90-foot (27 m) high atrium , seven levels of displays, 15 theaters, a dozen major galleries, many more smaller exhibits, two broadcast studios, and an expanded interactive newsroom. The structural engineer for this project was Leslie E. Robertson Associates. The building featured an oval, 500-seat theater; approximately 145,500 square feet (13,520 m ) gross of housing facing Sixth and C streets; 75,000 square feet (7,000 m ) of office space for

4275-619: The network's infrequent use of the Newseum studio compared to the cost of operating and maintaining a studio there. The studio was later home to Al Jazeera America 's Washington, D.C. bureau which also had editing facilities and office space in the building. Sharing the building with the Newseum were The Source, a Wolfgang Puck Restaurant, and the Newseum Residences, a collection of 135 luxury apartment homes. Journalist Alan Rusbridger of The Guardian wrote that visitors would have "a great family day out"; considered some of

4350-487: The news. The gallery also contained photographs of hundreds of those journalists and access to more detailed information on every honored journalist. The Newseum attracted more than 815,000 visitors a year, and its television studios hosted news broadcasts. There was an admission fee for adults. The institution saw years of significant financial losses. In February 2018, these losses led to an exploration of selling its building or moving to another location. In January 2019,

4425-664: The newspaper USA Today , based on the previous Gannett Foundation. Freedom Forum opened the Newseum in Arlington, Virginia , in 1997. Prior to opening in Virginia, it maintained exhibition galleries in Nashville and Manhattan, the latter in the lobby of the former IBM Building at 590 Madison Avenue. In 2000, Freedom Forum decided to move the museum across the Potomac River to downtown Washington, D.C. The original site

4500-440: The objects in the file, and also allows for small changes to be made without rewriting the entire file ( incremental update ). Before PDF version 1.5, the table would always be in a special ASCII format, be marked with the xref keyword, and follow the main body composed of indirect objects. Version 1.5 introduced optional cross-reference streams , which have the form of a standard stream object, possibly with filters applied. Such

4575-552: The percent sign ( % ) may be inserted. Objects may be either direct (embedded in another object) or indirect . Indirect objects are numbered with an object number and a generation number and defined between the obj and endobj keywords if residing in the document root. Beginning with PDF version 1.5, indirect objects (except other streams) may also be located in special streams known as object streams (marked /Type /ObjStm ). This technique enables non-stream objects to have standard stream filters applied to them, reduces

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4650-561: The removal of the First Amendment etched stone panel from the building's façade. In March 2021, the Freedom Forum announced that they would donate the 50-short-ton (45 t), 74 ft-tall (23 m) panel, which was in the process of being dismantled, to the National Constitution Center on Independence Mall in Philadelphia , where it is planned to be reinstalled on a 100 ft-wide (30 m) wall in

4725-502: The second edition of PDF 2.0, ISO 32000-2:2020, was published, with clarifications, corrections, and critical updates to normative references (ISO 32000-2 does not include any proprietary technologies as normative references). In April 2023 the PDF Association made ISO 32000-2 available for download free of charge. A PDF file is often a combination of vector graphics , text, and bitmap graphics . The basic types of content in

4800-423: The size of files that have large numbers of small indirect objects and is especially useful for Tagged PDF . Object streams do not support specifying an object's generation number (other than 0). An index table, also called the cross-reference table, is located near the end of the file and gives the byte offset of each indirect object from the start of the file. This design allows for efficient random access to

4875-432: The special encodings Identity-H (for horizontal writing) and Identity-V (for vertical) are used. With such fonts, it is necessary to provide a ToUnicode table if semantic information about the characters is to be preserved. A text document which is scanned to PDF without the text being recognised by optical character recognition (OCR) is an image, with no fonts or text properties. The original imaging model of PDF

4950-577: The specification passed to an ISO Committee of volunteer industry experts. In 2008, Adobe published a Public Patent License to ISO 32000-1 granting royalty-free rights for all patents owned by Adobe necessary to make, use, sell, and distribute PDF-compliant implementations. PDF 1.7, the sixth edition of the PDF specification that became ISO 32000-1, includes some proprietary technologies defined only by Adobe, such as Adobe XML Forms Architecture (XFA) and JavaScript extension for Acrobat, which are referenced by ISO 32000-1 as normative and indispensable for

5025-504: The staff of the Newseum and Freedom Forum; and more than 11,000 square feet (1,000 m ) of conference center space on two levels located directly above the museum's main atrium. The building was also known for the largest and tallest hydraulic passenger elevators in the world, with a capacity of 18,000 pounds (8,200 kg) capable of carrying up to 72 passengers when fully loaded, and a travel distance of 100 feet (30 m) that covers 7 floors. A curving glass memorial to slain journalists

5100-448: The time. When the PDF 1.4 specification was published, the formulas for calculating blend modes were kept secret by Adobe. They have since been published. The concept of a transparency group in PDF specification is independent of existing notions of "group" or "layer" in applications such as Adobe Illustrator. Those groupings reflect logical relationships among objects that are meaningful when editing those objects, but they are not part of

5175-427: The visitors and displays. It featured the 45 words of the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, etched into a four story tall stone panel facing Pennsylvania Avenue. One feature carried over from the prior Arlington site was the Journalists Memorial, a glass sculpture listing the names of 2,291 journalists from around the world killed in the line of duty. It was updated and rededicated annually. The museum website

5250-481: Was opaque, similar to PostScript, where each object drawn on the page completely replaced anything previously marked in the same location. In PDF 1.4 the imaging model was extended to allow transparency. When transparency is used, new objects interact with previously marked objects to produce blending effects. The addition of transparency to PDF was done by means of new extensions that were designed to be ignored in products written to PDF 1.3 and earlier specifications. As

5325-542: Was closed on March 3, 2002, to allow its staff to concentrate on building the new, larger museum. The new museum, built at a cost of $ 450 million, opened its doors to the public on April 11, 2008. After obtaining a location at Pennsylvania Avenue and Sixth Street NW, the former site of National Hotel , the Newseum board selected exhibit designer Ralph Appelbaum , who had designed the original site in Arlington, Virginia, and architect James Stewart Polshek , who designed

5400-514: Was first published in 2012. With the introduction of PDF version 1.5 (2003) came the concept of Layers. Layers, more formally known as Optional Content Groups (OCGs), refer to sections of content in a PDF document that can be selectively viewed or hidden by document authors or viewers. This capability is useful in CAD drawings, layered artwork, maps, multi-language documents, etc. Basically, it consists of an Optional Content Properties Dictionary added to

5475-504: Was located above the ground floor. Showcase environments throughout the museum were climate controlled by four microclimate control devices. These units provided a flow of humidified air to the cases through a system of distribution pipes. ABC's This Week began broadcasting from a new studio in the Newseum on April 20, 2008, with George Stephanopoulos as host. ABC moved This Week back to its Washington, D.C. bureau in June 2013 citing

5550-635: Was standardized as ISO 32000 in 2008. The last edition as ISO 32000-2:2020 was published in December 2020. PDF files may contain a variety of content besides flat text and graphics including logical structuring elements, interactive elements such as annotations and form-fields, layers, rich media (including video content), three-dimensional objects using U3D or PRC , and various other data formats . The PDF specification also provides for encryption and digital signatures , file attachments, and metadata to enable workflows requiring these features. The development of PDF began in 1991 when John Warnock wrote

5625-490: Was updated daily with images and PDF versions of newspaper front pages from around the world. Hard copies of selected front pages, including one from every U.S. state and Washington, D.C., were displayed in galleries within the museum and outside the front entrance. Jerry Frieheim, a 1956 graduate of the University of Missouri School of Journalism, was the first executive director of the Newseum and claims to have coined

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