Misplaced Pages

#196803

63-607: Arghun was born to Abaqa Khan and Qaitmish Egec̆i (a concubine) in 8 March 1258 (although Rashid al-Din states it was in 1262, which is unlikely) near Baylaqan . He grew up in Khorasan under care of Sartaq Noyan (from Jalair tribe) who was his military commander of encampment and Jochigan Noyan (from Bargut tribe) who was his atabeg. He commanded an army at the age of 20 against Negudaris . He left his father's encampment on 14 July 1279 for Seistan where he captured Öljai Buqa (son of Mubarakshah ). After Abaqa's death in 1282, he

126-588: A city in the Central District of Soltaniyeh County , Zanjan province, Iran , serving as capital of both the county and the district. Soltaniyeh, located some 240 kilometres (150 mi) to the north-west of Tehran , was built as the capital of Mongol Ilkhanid rulers of Iran in the 14th century. Its name which refers to the Islamic ruler title sultan translates loosely as "the Regal". Soltaniyeh

189-910: A letter to Arghun informing him of the plans of Edward I to go on a Crusade to recapture the Holy Land, stating that the Crusade could only be successful with the help of the "powerful arm" of the Mongols. Nicholas repeated an oft-told theme of the Crusader communications to the Mongols, asking Arghun to receive baptism and to march against the Mamluks. However Arghun himself had died on March 10, 1291, and Pope Nicholas IV would die in March 1292, putting an end to their attempts at combined action. Edward I sent an ambassador to Arghun's successor Gaikhatu in 1292 in

252-625: A military alliance to fight the Muslims in the Middle East, and take the city of Jerusalem . The responses were positive but vague. Sauma returned in 1288 with positive letters from Pope Nicholas IV , Edward I of England , and Philip IV the Fair of France. In 1289, Arghun sent a third mission to Europe, in the person of Buscarel of Gisolfe , a Genoese who had settled in Persia. The objective of

315-863: A new Crusade, but only the Hospitallers and Edward I (who could not come for lack of funds) responded favourably. The Hospitallers of Marqab made combined raids into the Buqaia , and won several engagements against the Sultan Qalawun , raiding as far as the Krak des Chevaliers in October 1280, and defeating the Mamluk army of the Krak in February 1281. The Mongols finally retreated, pledging to come back for

378-529: A power friendly to the Christians and the West" Arghun had developed a great interest in alchemy towards end of his reign. He gave shelters to Buddhist lamas who would advice him on religious matters. He also befriended a yogi who claimed to have lived longer than anyone and could offer Arghun the same. The way Rashid al-Din described this alchemist who gave a concoction of sulphur and mercury to Arghun

441-442: A report to the assembly, reminding them of Hulagu's friendliness towards Christians, and assuring them that Abaqa planned to drive the Muslims from Syria. But neither this diplomatic mission, nor two further embassies to Europe in 1276 and 1277, brought any tangible results. In 1260 Bohemond VI of Antioch was persuaded by his father-in-law, Hetoum I of Armenia , to voluntarily submit to Mongol authority while Abaqa's father Hulagu

504-562: A result, he gained over 1.5 million dinars from Fars province. His next step came in 1287, when Buqa fell ill. He investigated Aruq in same fashion and started to control Baghdad's income as well, replacing him with Ordo Qiya. Another replacement came when Buqa's ally Amir Ali Tamghachi was removed from governorate of Tabriz . Perceiving that he had lost the khan's favour, Buqa organized a conspiracy in Prince Jushkab and Arghun's vassal king Demetre II of Georgia (whose daughter Rusudan

567-509: A second, this time official coronation ceremony on 7 April 1286. Arghun saw the government as his own property and didn't approve of Buqa and Aruq's arrogance and excesses, which soon raised them many enemies. Aruq practically ruled Baghdad as his own appanage, not paying taxes to central government, murdering his critics. Sayyid Imad ud-Din Alavi's murder on 30 December 1284 angered Buqa to the point summoning Abish Khatun herself to his court. It

630-530: A state of delirium tremens . This illness was probably caused by too much consumption of alcohol, a habit common to many Mongol leaders. However, in 1285, his minister of finance Shams ad-Din Juvayni was accused of having had him poisoned. After Abaqa's death, his widow Maria fled back to Constantinople where her father, apparently wishing to spare his capital the fate that befell Baghdad, tried to marry her off again to another Mongol khan. Maria would not accept

693-401: A successful revolt, backed by Kublai . Arghun had his uncle Tekuder executed and took power himself, returning to the pro-Christian policies of Abaqa. A younger son, Gaykhatu , assumed the throne in 1291. Abaqa had sixteen consorts and children with several of them: Inherited from Hulagu : Principal wives: Concubines: Soltaniyeh Soltaniyeh ( Persian : سلطانيه ) is

SECTION 10

#1732765958197

756-502: A trial, they were sent to be executed in Damghan on 7 October 1290. After his relatives, Arghun authorizes Sa'd al-Dawla to execute children of Shams al-Din Juvayni and rest of his proteges. According to Rashid al-Din, Arghun started to use opium after his visit to Maragha Observatory on 21 September 1289. After his second son Yesü Temür's death on 18 May 1290, he became rather disassociated from daily affairs of government. He founded

819-642: A truce with the Mamluks before he had to return to England. When Edward arrived in Acre, he had sent an embassy to Abaqa, led by Reginald Rossel, Godefroi of Waus and John of Parker, requesting military assistance from the Mongols. Abaqa was occupied with other conflicts in Turkestan but responded positively to Edward's request, sending 10,000 Mongol horsemen under general Samagar from the occupation army in Seljuk Anatolia to Syria: "After talking over

882-434: Is now "a deserted, crumbling spread of ruins." At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 5,864 in 1,649 households, when it was capital of the former Soltaniyeh District of Abhar County . The following census in 2011 counted 7,116 people in 2,013 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 7,638 people in 2,319 households, by which time the district had been separated from

945-609: Is unclear if this was what led to James' unsuccessful expedition to Acre in 1269. Abaqa is recorded as having written to the Aragonese king, saying that he was going to send his brother, Aghai, to join the Aragonese when they arrived in Cilicia . Abaqa also sent embassies to Edward I of England , and in 1274 sent a Mongol delegation to Pope Gregory X at the Second Council of Lyons , where Abaqa's secretary Rychaldus read

1008-726: The Armenians under Leo III , and by about 200 Hospitalier knights from the fortress of Marqab who considered they were not bound by the truce with the Mamluks. On 30 October 1281, 50,000 Mongol troops, together with 30,000 Armenians , Georgians , Greeks and the Frankish Hospitalier Knights of Marqab, fought against the Muslim leader Qalawun at the Second Battle of Homs , but were beaten back. Abaqa died at Hamadan on 4 April 1282, probably in

1071-513: The Fall of Tripoli in 1289. Arghun was one of a long line of Genghis-Khanite rulers who had endeavored to establish a Franco-Mongol alliance with the Europeans, against their common foes the Mamluks of Egypt. Arghun had promised his potential allies that if Jerusalem were to be conquered, he would have himself baptized. Yet by the late 13th century, Western Europe was no longer as interested in

1134-634: The Jacobites , the Ethiopians and the Georgians . On January 5, 1291, Nicholas addressed a vibrant prayer to all the Christians to save the Holy Land, and predicators started to rally Christians to follow Edward I in a Crusade. However, the efforts were too little and too late. On May 18, 1291, Saint-Jean-d'Acre was conquered by the Mamluks in the Siege of Acre . In August 1291, Pope Nicholas wrote

1197-624: The Mamluk Sultanate , which included the Second Battle of Homs . Abaqa was born in Mongolia on 27 February 1234, son of Ilkhanate founder Hulagu Khan . Abaqa was a Buddhist . A favoured son of Hulagu, he was made governor of Turkestan . Hulagu died from illness in 1265. Before his death, he had been negotiating with the Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos to add a daughter of

1260-568: The Mamluks . The Vicar of the Patriarch declined Abaqa's request, saying that the city was suffering from hunger, and that the king of Jerusalem was embroiled in another war. The King of Cyprus Hugh III and Bohemond VII mobilised their armies, but could not intervene because the Mamluks had already positioned themselves between them and the Mongols. Abaqa and Leo III urged the Franks to start

1323-632: The Qara'unas who were under the control of Chagatai nobles until 1280. Abaqa was one in a long line of Mongol rulers who attempted to secure Western co-operation against the Muslim Mamluks . He corresponded with Pope Clement IV during 1267–1268, and reportedly sent a Mongol ambassador to western Europe in 1268, trying to form a Franco-Mongol alliance between his forces, those of the West, and those of his father-in-law Michael VIII. He received responses from Rome and from James I of Aragon , though it

SECTION 20

#1732765958197

1386-596: The Byzantine imperial family to Hulagu's number of wives. Michael VIII had selected his illegitimate daughter Maria Palaiologina , who was dispatched in 1265, escorted by the abbot of Pantokrator monastery , Theodosius de Villehardouin. Historian Steven Runciman relates how she was accompanied by the Patriarch Euthymius of Antioch . Since Hulagu died before she arrived, she was instead married to Hulagu's son, Abaqa. He received her hand in marriage when he

1449-640: The Genoese government ultimately disowned the project, and an internal fight erupted at the Persian Gulf port of Basra among the Genoese (between the Guelph and Ghibelline factions). Arghun sent a fourth mission to European courts in 1290, led by Andrew Zagan (or Chagan), who was accompanied by Buscarel of Gisolfe and a Christian named Sahadin. In 1291, Pope Nicholas IV proclaimed a new Crusade and negotiated agreements with Arghun, Hetoum II of Armenia,

1512-683: The Ilkhan defeated Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq . In 1270, he allowed Mengu-Timur to collect his revenues from workshops in Iran. Ögedei 's grandson Kaidu , Batu 's grandson Mengu-Timur and Baraq of the Chagatai Khanate formed an alliance against Kublai Khan and Abaqa in Talas . They appointed Kaidu a ruler of Central Asia. The resulting Kaidu–Kublai war which started in 1268 would carry on until

1575-626: The Ilkhanate in the spring after his accession. The invasion was partly due to an alliance between the Golden Horde and the Egyptian Mamluks. As part of this alliance, the Golden Horde attempted to distract Abaqa through attacks on his territories so as to keep him from invading Mamluk-held Syria. The hostilities continued until the death of the Golden Horde's khan, Berke , in 1267. The Great Khan Kublai attempted to intervene to stop

1638-514: The Mongols had already retreated beyond the Euphrates . The Mamluk leader Baibars died in 1277. During 1280 and 1281, Abaqa promoted new attacks against Syria . In September 1280, the Mongols occupied Baghras and Darbsak , and took Aleppo on October 20. The Mongols sent envoys to Acre to request military support for their campaign, but the Crusaders were still in a 10-year truce with

1701-459: The city of Arghuniyya in a suburb of Tabriz later in 1290 and a Buddhist temple in which he put statues resembling himself. Another city founded by him was Sharuyaz, which was completed during reign of his son Öljaitü . As his predecessor, Arghun often clashed with Golden Horde. He repulsed a raiding party near Shamakhi on 5 May 1288. Another attack on Derbent occurred on 26 March 1289. Headed by Taghachar and other commanders, this attack too

1764-469: The city of Jerusalem as a potential prize, and attempting to fix the date of the offensive from the winter of 1290 to spring of 1291: "Under the power of the eternal sky, the message of the great king, Arghun, to the king of France..., said: I have accepted the word that you forwarded by the messengers under Saymer Sagura ( Bar Sauma ), saying that if the warriors of Il Khaan invade Egypt you would support them. We would also lend our support by going there at

1827-464: The civil war, and due to his influence, the Golden Horde's new khan, Möngke Temür did not launch a major invasion into Abaqa's territory. However, Möngke Temür still Commander Nogai established an alliance with the Egyptian Mamluk sultan Baibars promising that he would attack Abaqa and share any conquered territories. But, at the same time, Möngke Temür sent envoys to congratulate Abaqa when

1890-610: The county in the establishment of Soltaniyeh County. Soltaniyeh was transferred to the new Central District as the county's capital. The city was established as a Catholic episcopal see on 1 April 1318 for the Archdiocese of Soltania. In 1329, the Latin Diocese of Samarcanda became its suffragan for the Chagatai Khanate , at least until Tamerlane (founder of the Timurids) swept its see Samarkand . The archdiocese

1953-630: The crusading effort, and Arghun's missions were ultimately fruitless. In 1285, Arghun sent an embassy and a letter to Pope Honorius IV , a Latin translation of which is preserved in the Vatican . Arghun's letter mentioned the links that Arghun's family had to Christianity, and proposed a combined military conquest of Muslim lands: "As the land of the Muslims, that is, Syria and Egypt, is placed between us and you, we will encircle and strangle ("estrengebimus") it. We will send our messengers to ask you to send an army to Egypt, so that us on one side, and you on

Arghun - Misplaced Pages Continue

2016-660: The end of the Tiger year’s winter [1290], worshiping the sky, and settle in Damascus in the early spring [1291]. If you send your warriors as promised and conquer Egypt, worshiping the sky, then I shall give you Jerusalem. If any of our warriors arrive later than arranged, all will be futile and no one will benefit. If you care to please give me your impressions, and I would also be very willing to accept any samples of French opulence that you care to burden your messengers with. I send this to you by Myckeril and say: All will be known by

2079-580: The end of the century. In 1270, Baraq Khan of the Chagatai Khanate tried to annex Iran , which resulted in an attack on Abaqa who was in the city of Herat . However, Abaqa was able to launch a successful defence and also defeated Baraq's relative Teguder in Georgia. In the following year, he retaliated by sending an army against the Chagatai Khanate. They plundered Bukhara and surrounding areas. There were small conflicts between Abaqha and

2142-485: The force was relatively small, they triggered an exodus of the Muslim population (who remembered the previous campaigns of the Mongol general Kitbuqa ) as far south as Cairo . Edward, for his part, was never able to muster his own forces to coordinate actions with the Mongols or even achieve any military victories, so Abaqa's forces eventually withdrew. When Baibars mounted a counter-offensive from Egypt on 12 November 1271,

2205-671: The investigation on embezzlement accusation which may have caused Ata Malik 's stroke on 5 March 1283. His hatred grew upon hearing rumors that Shams al-Din Juvayni sent someone to poison him. Another cause of friction was Tekuder's order of arrest of Malik Fakhr ud-Din, governor of Ray , whom Arghun appointed. Tekuder on the other hand began to be suspicious of his half-brother Qonqurtai and Arghun's potential alliance. He sent military contingents commanded by Prince Jushkab, Uruq and Qurumushi (son of Hinduqur) to station in Diyar Bakr , so Qonqurtai and Arghun wouldn't be connected. Qonqurtai

2268-413: The matter, we have on our account resolved to send to your aid Cemakar (Samagar) at the head of a mighty force; thus, when you discuss among yourselves the other plans involving the aforementioned Cemakar be sure to make explicit arrangements as to the exact month and day on which you will engage the enemy." The Mongols, including some auxiliary Seljuk troops, ravaged the land from Aleppo southward. Though

2331-627: The mission was to determine at what date concerted Christian and Mongol efforts could start. Arghun committed to march his troops as soon as the Crusaders had disembarked at Saint-Jean-d'Acre . Buscarel was in Rome between July 15 and September 30, 1289, and in Paris in November–December 1289. He remitted a letter from Arghun to Philippe le Bel, answering to Philippe's own letter and promises, offering

2394-753: The next several months redistributing fiefs and governorships. Some of the coins from Abaqa's era display the Christian cross, and bear in Arabic the Christian inscription "In the name of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit, only one God". Since Hulagu's reign, the Mongols of the Ilkhanate had been at war with the Mongols of the Golden Horde . This continued into Abaqa's reign, and the Golden Horde invaded

2457-578: The offer, became a nun , and in about 1285 founded the church of Panagia Mouchliotissa . Abaqa was succeeded by his brother Tekuder , who despite his earlier conflicts with the Egyptian Mamluks, had converted to Islam. Tekuder reversed Abaqa's pro-Christian policies and proposed an alliance with the Mamluk Sultan Qalawun , who resumed attacks on Frankish territory, capturing the northern fortress of Margat in 1285, Lattakia in 1287, and Tripoli in 1289. In 1284, Abaqa's son Arghun led

2520-540: The other hand, he lost Tekuder's favor who started to invest his trust in Aq Buqa, another Jalair general. Seeing developments, Arghun sook refuge in Kalat-e Naderi , a strong fortress on 7 July with 100 men. But he was forced to surrender to Alinaq four days later. Victorious Tekuder left Arghun at Alinaq's captivity while himself left for Kalpush , where his main army was stationed. This was an opportunity Buqa

2583-699: The other, we can, with good warriors, take it over. Let us know through secure messengers when you would like this to happen. We will chase the Saracens , with the help of the Lord, the Pope, and the Great Khan." Apparently left without an answer, Arghun sent another embassy to European rulers in 1287, headed by the Ongut Turk Nestorian monk from China Rabban Bar Sauma , with the objective of contracting

Arghun - Misplaced Pages Continue

2646-413: The person of Geoffrey de Langley , but extensive contacts would only resume under Arghun's son Ghazan . According to the 20th-century historian Runciman, "Had the Mongol alliance been achieved and honestly implemented by the West, the existence of Outremer would almost certainly have been prolonged. The Mamluks would have been crippled if not destroyed; and the Ilkhanate of Persia would have survived as

2709-594: The power of the sky and the greatness of kings. This letter was scribed on the sixth of the early summer in the year of the Ox at Ho’ndlon." Buscarello was also bearing a memorandum explaining that the Mongol ruler would prepare all necessary supplies for the Crusaders, as well as 30,000 horses. Buscarel then went to England to bring Arghun's message to King Edward I . He arrived in London January 5, 1290. Edward, whose answer has been preserved, answered enthusiastically to

2772-545: The project but remained evasive about its actual implementation, for which he deferred to the Pope. In 1290, Arghun launched a shipbuilding program in Baghdad, with the intent of having war galleys which would harass the Mamluk commerce in the Red Sea . The Genoese sent a contingent of 800 carpenters and sailors, to help with the shipbuilding. A force of arbaletiers was also sent, but the enterprise apparently foundered when

2835-524: The winter of 1281. They informed the Franks that they would bring 50,000 Mongol horsemen and 50,000 Mongol infantry, but apparently this pledge did not receive a response. The Egyptian Muslims had respected a 10-year truce with the Crusaders which began in 1271. On 3 May 1281, the new Muslim sultan Qalawun signed a new 10-year truce with the barons of Acre and a second 10-year truce with Bohemond VII of Tripoli , on 16 July 1281. The announced Mongol invasion started in September 1281. They were joined by

2898-850: Was "a man given to the worst of villainy, but for all that a friend of the Christians". Arghun was a Buddhist, but as did most Turco-Mongols , he showed great tolerance for all faiths, even allowing Muslims to be judged under Islamic Law . Arghun dynasty later claimed descent from him. Hasan Fasai also claimed his treasure was found during reign of Qajar dynasty , trying to link Qajars to Qajar Noyan, son of his emir Sartaq Noyan. Arghun had ten consorts, 7 of them being khatun and 3 of them being concubines. From his children, only 2 sons and 2 daughters reached to adulthood: Principal wives: Concubines: Abaqa Khan Abaqa Khan (27 February 1234 – 4 April 1282, Mongolian : Абаха/Абага хан ( Khalkha Cyrillic ) , ᠠᠪᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠬᠠᠨ ( Traditional script ) , "paternal uncle", also transliterated Abaġa ),

2961-404: Was Jalal ad-Din Arqan, one of her attendants first to reveal the details of murder, after which he was sawed in half. She was ordered to pay blood money worth 700.000 dinars to Sayyed's sons as the result of court. Other emirs, including Tuladai, Taghachar and Toghan started to conspire with Arghun to depose overpowered Buqa. His first step was to investigate former non-paid Salghurid taxes. As

3024-525: Was a success, as Ahmad accepted truce on condition if Arghun sends his brother Gaykhatu as a hostage. Arghun agreed to terms and sent his brother accompanied by two amirs, including Nawruz to custody of Buqa , then most senior of Tekuder's commanders on 13 or 28 June. Buqa in turn handed over him to Ahmad who put Gaykhatu in Tödai Khatun's encampment. Despite this, Tekuder continued hostilities and kept advancing on Arghun. This made Buqa to harbor resentment towards Tekuder and grow more sympathetic to Arghun. On

3087-488: Was accused of conspiracy and was arrested by Tegüder's son-in-law, Alinaq - the viceroy of Georgia on 17 January 1284 and was executed next day. Another contingent of army was sent to Jazira , from where Gaykhatu and Baydu fled to Khorasan, to Arghun's encampment while several emirs such as Taghachar and Doladai were arrested. Arghun started an open rebellion upon his return from Baghdad to Khorasan in 1283 to gain allegiance of minor nobles and amirs. Tekuder's next step

3150-485: Was also awarded with dual office of sahib-i divan and amir al-umara , combining both military and civil administration on his hands. Shams al-Din Juvayni was among the executed people as Arghun tried to avenge his father's supposed murder. The official approval by Kublai came only 23 February 1286, who not only confirmed Arghun's position as ilkhan , but also Buqa's new title - chingsang ( Chinese : 丞相 ; lit. 'Chancellor'). Following this, Arghun had

3213-438: Was buried on a secret location in mountains of Sojas on 12 March. In the West, the 13th century saw such a vogue of Mongol things that many new-born children in Italy were named after Genghisid rulers, including Arghun: names such as Can Grande ("Great Khan"), Alaone ( Hulagu ), Argone (Arghun) or Cassano ( Ghazan ) are recorded with a high frequency. According to the Dominican missionary Ricoldo of Montecroce , Arghun

SECTION 50

#1732765958197

3276-414: Was in power, making Antioch and Tripoli vassal states of the Ilkhanate. In 1268, the Mamluk leader Baibars captured Antioch, and Bohemond obtained a truce with Baibars in order to avoid losing Tripoli. In response to the fall of Antioch, Edward I of England arrived in Acre in 1271, trying to lead a new Crusade. It was ultimately considered a military failure, but Edward was able to eventually secure

3339-495: Was informally enthroned on 11 August 1284 following Tekuder's execution. A series of appointments came after coronation, as was custom - His cousins Jushkab (son of Jumghur ) and Baydu were assigned to viceroyalty of Baghdad , Buqa 's brother Aruq as his emir ; while his brother Gaykhatu and uncle Hulachu were assigned to viceroyalty of Anatolia , Khorasan being assigned to his son Ghazan and his cousin Kingshu with Nawruz being their emir . Buqa, to whom he owed his throne

3402-421: Was installed as Ilkhan. When Hulagu's wife Doquz Khatun also died in 1265, the role of spiritual leader transferred to Maria, who was called "Despina Khatun" by the Mongols. It was Abaqa who decided that the permanent location for the Ilkhanate capital would be Tabriz , which was in the northwestern grasslands that the Mongols preferred. Abaqa took power four months after the death of his father, and then spent

3465-426: Was married to Buqa's son) were implicated. Buqa promised Jushkab the throne on condition of appointment as naib of the empire upon success. However Jushkab sent news to Arghun about the treachery. Arghun in his turn sent his new emir Qoncuqbal to arrest Buqa. It's unknown how Rusudan escaped the purge by Arghun but Demetre II was summoned to capital and imprisoned as well. Buqa was put to death on January 16, 1289. He

3528-425: Was prevented. War officially ended when Arghun returned to Bilasuvar on 2 May 1290. During Arghun's reign, the Egyptian Mamluks were continuously reinforcing their power in Syria. The Mamluk Sultan Qalawun recaptured Crusader territories, some of which, such as Tripoli , had been vassal states of the Il Khans . The Mamluks had captured the northern fortress of Margat in 1285, Lattakia in 1287, and completed

3591-458: Was seeking - he broke into Alinaq's camp and set Arghun free, while killing Alinaq. Tekuder fled west and looted Buqa's encampment near Sultaniya in revenge. He continued on to his own pasturelands near Takht-i Suleyman on 17 July planning to escape to Golden Horde via Derbent . However, Qaraunas sent by Buqa soon caught up with him and arrested Tekuder. He was turned over to Arghun on 26 July on Ab-i Shur pasturelands, near Maragha . Arghun

3654-526: Was succeeded as vizier by a Jewish physician, Sa’ad al-Daula of Abhar . Sa'ad was effective in restoring order to the Ilkhanate's government, in part by aggressively denouncing the abuses of the Mongol military leaders. After dealing with Buqa, Arghun went for Hulaguid princes, whose loyalties were questionable - Jushkab was arrested and executed on 10 June 1289 while trying to raise an army. Hulachu and Yoshmut 's son Qara Noqai were arrested on 30 May 1289, in connection with Nawruz 's revolt in Khorasan. After

3717-418: Was talked out of running against his uncle Ahmad Tekuder in the kurultai . Tekuder was duly chosen as sultan. He is also known as Sultan Ahmad. Tekuder's election brought Juvayni brothers to power, who were accused of charges of embezzlement before. However Arghun believed Juvayni brothers were responsible for his father 's death by poisoning. He came to Baghdad to spend winter of 1282-1283 and restarted

3780-558: Was the same substance that Marco Polo described as Indian yogis' experience. After 8 months of taking the substance, Arghun fell ill. Tengriist shamans accused Toghachaq Khatun, Tekuder 's widow among other women of witchcraft, who were executed on 19 January 1291 by being thrown into a river. Arghun's health deteriorated on 27 January and was paralyzed. Using opportunity, Taghachar and his allies made another purge with killing Sa'd al-Dawla and his proteges on 2 April. Arghun finally died on morning of March 7 or March 10, 1291 in Arran . He

3843-483: Was the second Mongol ruler ( Ilkhan ) of the Ilkhanate . The son of Hulagu Khan and Lady Yesünčin and the grandson of Tolui , he reigned from 1265 to 1282 and was succeeded by his brother Ahmed Tekuder . Much of Abaqa's reign was consumed with civil wars in the Mongol Empire, such as those between the Ilkhanate and the northern khanate of the Golden Horde , and the Chagatai Khanate in Central Asia . Abaqa also engaged in unsuccessful attempts at invading Syria under

SECTION 60

#1732765958197

3906-694: Was to send Alinaq with 15.000 men against Arghun on 29 January, while ilkhan himself followed Alinaq on 26 April from his main army composed of Armenians and Georgians in addition to Mongols stationed in Mughan plain near Bilasuvar . Arghun prevailed on Alinaq in battle on 4 May south to Qazvin but nevertheless retreated to his lands in Khorasan. Ala ud-Daula Simnani , future Sufi saint of Kubrawiya order also fought in Arghun's army during this battle. Arghun tried to make truce on halfway, which Ahmad against advices of his councillors, refused it. Another embassy sent by Arghun, this time led by his son Ghazan arrived at Tekuder's camp near Semnan on 31 May. Embassy

3969-419: Was visited by Ruy González de Clavijo , who reported that the city was a hub of silk exportation. In 2005, UNESCO listed Soltaniyeh as one of the World Heritage Sites . The road from Zanjan to Soltaniyeh extends until it reaches to the Katale khor cave. William Dalrymple notes that Öljaitü intended Soltaniyeh to be "the largest and most magnificent city in the world" but that it "died with him" and

#196803