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46-782: The Arhuaco are also known as the Aruaco, Bintucua, Bintuk, Bíntukua, Ica, Ijca, Ijka, Ika, and Ike people. The Arhuacos live in the upper valleys of the Piedras River , San Sebastian River , Chichicua River , Ariguani River , and Guatapuri River , in an indigenous territory in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta Mountains. Their traditional territory before the Spanish colonization was larger than today's boundaries which exclude many of their sacred sites that they continue to visit today, to pay offerings. These lost territories are

92-650: A tunic , with the distinctive large, pointed hood reaching to the waist attached to it, girdled by the traditional woolen cord with three knots. By visual analogy, the Capuchin monkey and the cappuccino style of coffee are both named after the shade of brown used for their habit. Besides the canonical choral celebration of the Divine Office , a portion of which was recited at midnight, there were two hours of private prayer daily. The fasts and disciplines were rigorous and frequent. Their main external work

138-542: A church commissioned by Pope Urban VIII in 1626. The pope's brother, Cardinal Antonio Barberini , who was of the Capuchin Order, in 1631 ordered the remains of thousands of Capuchin friars exhumed and transferred from the friary on the Via dei Lucchesi to the crypt. The bones were arranged along the walls in varied designs, and the friars began to bury their own dead here, as well as the bodies of poor Romans whose tomb

184-591: A college was founded in Rome for the purpose of preparing their members for foreign missions. Due to this strong missionary thrust, a large number of Capuchins have suffered martyrdom over the centuries. Activity in Europe and elsewhere continued until the close of the 18th century, when the number of Capuchin friars was estimated at 31,000. The crypt is located just under the Church of Santa Maria della Concezione in Rome,

230-786: A community serving in the Middle East . The Capuchin Poor Clares are cloistered nuns of the Order of St. Clare , who form the female branch of the Capuchin Order. They were founded in 1538 in Naples by the Venerable Maria Laurentia Longo , who was Abbess of the Poor Clare monastery of that city. She and the other nuns of that community embraced the then-new Capuchin reform movement, and so austere

276-522: A hermit and to go about everywhere preaching to the poor. These permissions were not only for himself, but for all such as might join him in the attempt to restore the most literal observance possible of the Rule of St. Francis . Matteo and the original band were soon joined by others. Matteo and his companions were formed into a separate province , called the Hermit Friars Minor, as a branch of

322-402: A minimum of nine years to fifteen years on average and are free to determine if they want to continue with it beyond the training period. To become a Mamo, they stay in a cave for nine years while the elders teach them everything they need to know. They specialize in certain knowledge areas such as philosophy, sacerdotalism, medicine and practical community or individual counselors. Their influence

368-529: A result, the whole province came under the suspicion of heretical tendencies and the Pope resolved to suppress it. He was dissuaded with difficulty, but the Capuchins were forbidden to preach. Despite earlier setbacks, the authorities were eventually satisfied as to the soundness of the general body of Capuchin friars and the permission to preach was restored. The movement then began to multiply rapidly, and by

414-680: A river in Colombia is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Order of Friars Minor Capuchin The Order of Friars Minor Capuchin ( Latin : Ordo Fratrum Minorum Capuccinorum ; postnominal abbr. OFMCap ) is a religious order of Franciscan friars within the Catholic Church , one of three " First Orders " that reformed from the Franciscan Friars Minor Observant (OFMObs, now OFM),

460-531: A school that is still owned and operated by the Capuchin Order. One of the friars of this province, Solanus Casey , was noted for the holiness of his life, serving as the porter of several Capuchin friaries both in Michigan and New York City for decades. As a miraculous healing attributed to him was approved by Pope Francis in mid-2017, he was beatified in Detroit at Ford Field on November 18, 2017. This

506-646: Is a river in northern Colombia 's Caribbean Region born in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta mountain range in the area of the municipality of Pueblo Bello . The Ariguaní is an affluent of the Cesar River and flows from north to south into it near the town of El Paso . The Ariguaní River is also a natural and political border between the Cesar and Magdalena Departments . 10°12′24″N 74°2′17″W  /  10.20667°N 74.03806°W  / 10.20667; -74.03806 This article related to

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552-574: Is a foundation of the monastery in Amarillo. Together they form the Federation of Our Lady of the Angels . The Capuchins are unique for a Catholic religious order in that the growing of natural, untrimmed beards features as part of its first Constitution, which states as the reason, the beard is "manly, austere, natural, an imitation of Christ and the saints of our Order, and despised." This makes

598-602: Is believed to continue without being altered. This universal law Kunsamü is represented by a boy, Mamo Niankua . This law of nature is an explanation of the origins of matter and its evolution, equilibrium, preservation and harmony, that constitutes the fundamental objectives and the reason being of the Mamo ; the spiritual authority of the Arhuaco society. Each Mamo or Mamü is selected among different candidates, boys ranging eight to ten years old that will receive training for

644-468: Is decisive in their society. The Arhuacos are politically organized as the "Confederación Indígena Tayrona" (Indigenous Confederation Tayrona) or "CIT", which was founded in 1978. Their main goals include the preservation of their culture and traditional territory. In 1916 the Arhuacos asked the government of Colombia for teachers to learn to read and write and also learn about mathematics, but instead

690-794: Is significant because Casey could become the first male American-born Saint in the history of the Catholic Church. He had previously been declared Venerable in 1995 by Pope John Paul II . His tomb is in St. Bonaventure Monastery in Detroit, and is visited by thousands every year. As of 2011 , the province has 23 communities spread throughout the American Midwest , reaching from Michigan to Arizona . Additionally, there are friars of this province working in Central America , with

736-595: Is subsistence agriculture , which traditionally was practiced by every family in the community in their own parcel by their houses. Each family owned two houses, one in the high lands where the weather is cooler and another in the warmer, lower lands of the mountains. Nowadays they can only practice this on the higher lands due to expropriation of land during the Spanish colonization. In the higher lands, they cultivate potatoes , onions , cabbages , lettuce , blueberries , tamarilloes , pumpkins , garlic and wheat . In

782-472: The Camaldolese monks, in gratitude for which they later adopted the hood (or cappuccio , capuche ) worn by that Order—which was the mark of a hermit in that region of Italy—and the practise of wearing a beard. The popular name of their Order originates from this feature of their religious habit . In 1528, Friar Matteo obtained the approval of Pope Clement VII and was given permission to live as

828-678: The Conventual Franciscans , but with a Vicar Provincial of their own, subject to the jurisdiction of the Minister General of the Conventuals. The Observants, the other branch of the Franciscan Order at that time, continued to oppose the movement. In 1529, they had four houses and held their first General Chapter , at which their particular rules were drawn up. The eremitical idea was abandoned, but

874-727: The European colonization of India as missionaries and founded the community of Bettiah Christians . Bernini was invited by Maharaja Dhurup Singh of the Bettiah Raj , an appointment that was approved by Pope Benedict XIV on 1 May 1742. The United States has six provinces throughout the country. Together with the two provinces in Canada, the province of Australia and the Custody of the Mariana Islands/Hawaii they form

920-541: The Liga de Indios de la Serra Nevada (Sierra Nevada Amerindians League), but were outlawed later in 1956 by a military government. In 1962, the government imposed the construction of a communications tower for TV in Mount Alguacil, considered sacred by the Arhuacos. This outraged them because they believe mountain peaks to be sacred. The government also established a military post to intimidate them, and later ordered

966-674: The Arhuacos in the middle of a crossfire. The government of Colombia is trying to develop an irrigation system for the Valley of Cesar by constructing hydroelectric dams and ecotourism routes in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. The Arhuacos are strongly opposed to all these projects and organized the Confederación Indígena Tairona (Tairona Indigenous Confederation). Ariguani River Ariguaní River ( Spanish pronunciation: [aɾiɣwaˈni] )

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1012-424: The Capuchins suffered severely from the secularizations and revolutions of the end of the 18th century and the first half of the 19th; but they survived the strain, and during the latter part of the 19th century rapidly recovered ground. At the beginning of the 20th century there were fifty provinces with some 500 friaries and 300 hospices or lesser houses; and the number of Capuchin friars, including lay brothers ,

1058-708: The North American-Pacific Capuchin Conference (NAPCC). The Province of St. Joseph , originally the province of Calvary, headquartered in Detroit, Michigan , was one of the first two Capuchin Provinces to be established in the country in 1882. It was founded by Francis Haas (1826–1895) and Bonaventure Frey (1831–1912), two Swiss diocesan priests who arrived in the United States in September 1856, and were received into

1104-785: The construction of a highway from their territory to Valledupar. Ignoring the threats, the Arhuacos reestablished their league. In 1972 the Arhuacos created the cabildo Gobernador , a better structured and adequate organization to defend their values and land. On August 7, 1982, they rebelled against the Capuchins and took over the mission's buildings. The Capuchins finally left in 1983. In 1990, three Arhuaco indigenous leaders were kidnapped and murdered while travelling by bus to Bogota to register an official complaint about human rights violations by security forces against indigenous people in Santa Marta. In 2012 an Arhuaco leader, Rogelio Mejía, narrowly escaped an assassination attempt when his car

1150-614: The end of the 16th century the Capuchins had spread all over the Catholic parts of Europe, so that in 1619 they were freed from their dependence on the Conventual Franciscans and became an independent Order. They are said to have had at that time 1500 houses divided into fifty provinces. They were one of the chief tools in the Catholic Counter-reformation, the aim of the order being to work among

1196-581: The government sent Capuchin Friars . The Friars prohibited the children from learning about their culture, and put them aside in an orphanage. They also established forced labor, ignoring the Arhuacos' plea to leave them alone. In 1943, politicians from Valledupar , missionaries and the Ministry of Agriculture, expropriated without compensation the best terrains of Nabusimake and built a State-owned, agricultural farm. The Arhuacos fought back and in 1944 created

1242-428: The high lands. They also raise chickens , cattle , sheep and goats . Men produce entirely the traditional clothing, but nowadays they also use modern clothing. The Arhuacos are profoundly spiritual and follow their own unique philosophy that tends to globalize their surroundings. They believe in a creator or "father" named Kakü Serankua , who engendered the first gods and material living things, other "fathers" like

1288-510: The idea that the manner of life led by the friars of his day was not the one which their founder, St. Francis of Assisi , had envisaged. He sought to return to the primitive way of life of solitude and penance, as practised by the founder of their Order. His religious superiors tried to suppress these innovations and Friar Matteo and his first companions were forced into hiding from Church authorities, who sought to arrest them for having abandoned their religious duties. They were given refuge by

1334-469: The life was to be one of extreme austerity, simplicity and poverty—in all things as near an approach to St Francis' ideals as was practicable. Neither the monasteries nor the Province should possess anything, nor were any loopholes left for evading this law. No large provision against temporal wants should be made, and the supplies in the house should never exceed what was necessary for a few days. Everything

1380-485: The lower parts by the steps of the mountains, lost to colonization and farming. The Arhuacos are distributed into 22 sections. pingumu, Buyuaguenka, and Simonorwa. The population is dispersed, but gets together in these towns for reunions and ceremonies, with Nabusimake being the most important of them and with a special significance: it's composed of fifty squared shaped houses and circular temples named Kankurwa , for men and women. The Arhuacos' main economic activity

1426-498: The mid-lands; corn , beans , yuca , arracacha , malanga , coca , cotton , pineapple , papaya , guava , passion fruit , sweet granadilla , oranges and limes . Coffee is cultivated for commercial purposes only along with Arhuaca mochilas (handmade bags, fashionable among both males and females in Bogota and other major Colombian cities), and other arts and crafts to exchange in the lower lands for products they don't get in

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1472-629: The office of Vicar Provincial, became so insubordinate that he had to be expelled from the Order. Even more scandalously, the third Vicar General, Bernardino Ochino , left the Catholic faith in 1543 after fleeing to Switzerland , where he was welcomed by John Calvin , became a Calvinist pastor in Zürich , and married. Years later, claims that he had written in favor of polygamy and Unitarianism caused him to be exiled from that city and he fled again, first to Poland and then to Moravia, where he died. As

1518-552: The other being the Conventuals (OFMConv). Franciscans reformed as Capuchins in 1525 with the purpose of regaining the original Habit (tunic) of St. Francis of Assisi and also for returning to a stricter observance of the rule established by Francis of Assisi in 1209. The Order arose in 1525 when Matteo da Bascio , an Observant Franciscan friar native to the Italian region of Marche , said he had been inspired by God with

1564-568: The poor, impressing the minds of the common people by the poverty and austerity of their life, and sometimes with sensationalist preaching such as their use of the supposedly possessed Marthe Brossier to arouse Paris against the Huguenots . The activities of the Capuchins were not confined to Europe. From an early date they undertook missions to non-Catholics in America, Asia and Africa, and

1610-497: The remains, depicting various religious themes. Some of the skeletons are intact and draped with Franciscan habits , but for the most part, individual bones are used to create the elaborate ornamental designs. A plaque in the chapel reads: What you are now, we used to be. What we are now, you will be. Mark Twain visited the crypt in the summer of 1867, and begins Volume 2, Chapter 1, of The Innocents Abroad with five pages of his observations. Like all other Orders,

1656-431: The sun and the snowy peaks and other "mothers" like the earth and the moon. They consider the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta to be the heart of the world, and believe that the well-being of the rest of the world depends on it. Nature and society as a unity are ruled by a single sacred law, immutable, pre-existent, primitive and survivor to everyone and everything. The material world can exist or cease to exist but this law

1702-509: The then- Diocese of Milwaukee by Bishop John Henni , also a Swiss immigrant, and given charge of St. Nicholas Parish which they renamed Mount Calvary. They were later admitted to the Capuchin Order on December 2, 1857, by Antoine Gauchet of the Swiss Province who had been sent to admit them in order to establish the Order in the United States. The friars started St. Lawrence Seminary High School in 1861 at Mount Calvary, Wisconsin ,

1748-607: The traditional, non-commercial Coca planting, the drug dealers produced Cocaine through chemical processes. The money later attracted the Colombian Armed Conflict , and conflict among the different factions: mainly guerrillas and paramilitaries, who competed for the control of the area, and indiscriminately accused the Arhuacos and others of being collaborators of the rival party, assassinating and intimidating them, forcing many to leave. The government also started fumigations to eradicate illicit plantations, leaving

1794-660: The world: Africa: 1,357; South America: 1,657; North America: 664; Asia-Oceania: 2,339; Western Europe: 3,500; Central-Eastern Europe: 769. In Great Britain there are currently five Capuchin friaries, and eight in Ireland . The worldwide head of the Order, called the Minister General , is currently Friar Roberto Genuin. The Capuchin order, under the leadership of two Italian Capuchin priests Dr.Giuseppe Maria Bernini also known as Friar.Joseph and Dr.Massimo Alfredo Antonio Mancini also known as Friar.Alfred , took part in

1840-484: Was preaching and spiritual ministrations among the poor. In theology the Capuchins abandoned the later Franciscan School of Scotus and returned to the earlier school of St. Bonaventure . At the outset of its history, the Capuchins underwent a series of severe blows. Two of the founders left it: Matteo Serafini of Bascio ( Matteo Bassi ) returning to the Observants, while his first companion, on being replaced in

1886-782: Was a Capuchin friar. In the Imperial Crypt , underneath the Church of the Capuchins in Vienna , over 140 members of the Habsburg dynasty are buried. The most recent burial in the crypt was in 2011 for Otto von Habsburg , the last crown prince of Austria-Hungary and eldest son of the last Austrian Emperor , the Blessed Charles of Austria . As of June 2018 , there were 10,480 Capuchins worldwide, of whom 7,070 were priests , living and working in 108 countries around

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1932-473: Was reckoned at 9,500. The Capuchins still keep up their missionary work and have some 200 missionary stations in all parts of the world—notably India , Ethiopia , and parts of the former Ottoman Empire . Though "the poorest of all Orders", it has attracted into its ranks an extraordinary number of the highest nobility and even of royalty. The celebrated Theobald Mathew , the apostle of Temperance in Ireland,

1978-480: Was stopped at a roadblock by a group of armed men and riddled with bullets. In 1975, Colombians started cultivating marijuana in the Sierra Nevada. This brought more problems to the community, like forced recruitment for plantations, assimilation of the drug dealers' culture by some, and violence. Many poor peasants from other regions of Colombia came to work in the Marijuana bonanza of the 1980s. Different from

2024-867: Was the life that they were called "Sisters of Suffering". The Order soon spread to France , Spain and beyond. They live according to the same rules and regulations as the Capuchin friars, and are held as members of the friars' provinces. In the United States, as of 2012, there are five monasteries of this Order. There are about 50 nuns in these communities, which are located in: Denver and Pueblo in Colorado , Alamo and Amarillo (the first, founded 1981) in Texas , and Wilmington, Delaware . The monasteries were almost all founded from Mexico , where there are some 1,350 Capuchin nuns in 73 monasteries. The monastery in Pueblo

2070-412: Was to be obtained by begging, and the friars were not allowed even to touch money. The communities were to be small, eight being fixed as the normal number and twelve as the limit. In furniture and clothing extreme simplicity was enjoined and the friars were discalced , required to go bare-footed—without even sandals. Like the Observants, the Capuchins wore a brown habit but of most simple form, i.e. only

2116-588: Was under the floor of the present Mass chapel. Here the Capuchins would come to pray and reflect each evening before retiring for the night. The crypt , or ossuary , now contains the remains of 4,000 friars buried between 1500 and 1870, during which time the Roman Catholic Church permitted burial in and under churches. The underground crypt is divided into five chapels , lit only by dim natural light seeping in through cracks, and small fluorescent lamps . The crypt walls are decorated extensively with

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