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54-476: The team name, Sundogs , refers to an atmospheric phenomenon primarily associated with the reflection of sunlight by small ice crystals in cirrus clouds, resulting in what appears to be two suns in the sky. The Sundogs' primary 'S' logo makes reference to this occurrence with large and small starbursts. The Sundogs served as an affiliate for the NHL's Colorado Avalanche during the 2006–2007 season and as an affiliate for

108-445: A "leaping Sundog". A somewhat common misconception among the general public is to refer to any member of the ice halo family as a "sun dog" (especially the 22° halo , being one of the most common varieties). However, sun dogs represent just one of many different types of halos. For referring to the atmospheric phenomenon in general, the term (ice crystal) halo(s) is more appropriate. The exact etymology of sun dog largely remains

162-543: A 27–32–5 record, missing the playoffs. During the 2009–10 season, the team finished with 54 points and a 24–34–6 mark. Joel Irving was the team's lone representative in the 2009 All-Star Game, tallying a goal in an 8–4 loss to the Colorado Eagles while Jon Landry was named to the 2010 All-Star Game. Landry recorded a goal and an assist in a 9–4 loss to the South Texas All-Stars. Arizona closed out

216-550: A 39–19–6 record. Phoenix Coyotes prospect Alex Leavitt lead the league in scoring (128 points) and assists (88). The Sundogs opened the 2008 Ray Miron President's Cup Playoffs by defeating New Mexico in six games. They then defeated the 2007–08 Southern Conference regular season champion Laredo Bucks in seven games in the Southern Conference Finals before sweeping the defending Ray Miron President's Cup Champion Colorado Eagles in four straight games, winning

270-460: A few weeks, climatology studies the frequency and trends of those systems. It studies the periodicity of weather events over years to millennia, as well as changes in long-term average weather patterns, in relation to atmospheric conditions. Climatologists , those who practice climatology, study both the nature of climates – local, regional or global – and the natural or human-induced factors that cause climates to change. Climatology considers

324-402: A major focus on weather forecasting . Climatology is the study of atmospheric changes (both long and short-term) that define average climates and their change over time climate variability . Aeronomy is the study of the upper layers of the atmosphere, where dissociation and ionization are important. Atmospheric science has been extended to the field of planetary science and the study of

378-467: A mystery. The Oxford English Dictionary says it is "of obscure origin". In Abram Palmer's 1882 book Folk-etymology: A Dictionary of Verbal Corruptions Or Words Perverted in Form Or Meaning, by False Derivation Or Mistaken Analogy , sun-dogs are defined: The phenomena [sic] of false suns which sometimes attend or dog the true when seen through the mist ( parhelions ). In Norfolk a sun-dog

432-466: A plan for a return in 2015," Sundogs majority owner Brad Fain said. "Our dedicated staff continues to work toward that end and returning to the ice." Sundog A sun dog (or sundog ) or mock sun , also called a parhelion (plural parhelia ) in atmospheric science , is an atmospheric optical phenomenon that consists of a bright spot to one or both sides of the Sun . Two sun dogs often flank

486-683: A rainbow seen on the horizon, foreshowing foul weather"). It is also known as a lagas in the sky which comes from the Cornish language term for the sun dog lagas awel meaning 'weather's eye' ( lagas , 'eye' and awel , 'weather/wind'). This is in turn related to the Anglo-Cornish term cock's eye for a halo round the Sun or the Moon, also a portent of bad weather. Aristotle ( Meteorology III.2, 372a14) notes that "two mock suns rose with

540-593: A trace of an atmosphere on the Moon . Planetary atmospheres are affected by the varying degrees of energy received from either the Sun or their interiors, leading to the formation of dynamic weather systems such as hurricanes (on Earth), planet-wide dust storms ( on Mars ), an Earth-sized anticyclone on Jupiter (called the Great Red Spot ), and holes in the atmosphere (on Neptune). At least one extrasolar planet, HD 189733 b , has been claimed to possess such

594-537: A weather system, similar to the Great Red Spot but twice as large. Hot Jupiters have been shown to be losing their atmospheres into space due to stellar radiation, much like the tails of comets. These planets may have vast differences in temperature between their day and night sides which produce supersonic winds, although the day and night sides of HD 189733b appear to have very similar temperatures, indicating that planet's atmosphere effectively redistributes

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648-663: Is a light spot near the sun, and water-dogs are the light watery clouds; dog here is no doubt the same word as dag , dew or mist as "a little dag of rain" ( Philolog. Soc. Trans. 1855, p. 80). Cf. Icel. dogg , Dan. and Swed. dug = Eng. " dew ." ( Dog in English as a verb can mean "hunt, track, or follow", so Dog the true [sun] has meant track the true [sun] since the 1510s. ) Alternatively, Jonas Persson suggested that out of Norse mythology and archaic names — Danish : solhunde (sun dog), Norwegian : solhund (sun dog), Swedish : solvarg (sun wolf) — in

702-625: Is increasingly connected with other areas of study such as climatology. The composition and chemistry of the atmosphere is of importance for several reasons, but primarily because of the interactions between the atmosphere and living organisms. The composition of the Earth's atmosphere has been changed by human activity and some of these changes are harmful to human health, crops and ecosystems. Examples of problems which have been addressed by atmospheric chemistry include acid rain, photochemical smog and global warming. Atmospheric chemistry seeks to understand

756-461: Is possible to predict the forms of sun dogs as would be seen on other planets and moons. Mars might have sun dogs formed by both water-ice and CO 2 -ice. On the giant planets — Jupiter , Saturn , Uranus , and Neptune —other crystals form clouds of ammonia , methane , and other substances that can produce halos with four or more sun dogs. A related phenomenon, the Crown flash is also known as

810-516: Is restricted to the free atmosphere , the region above the planetary boundary layer . Early pioneers in the field include Léon Teisserenc de Bort and Richard Assmann . Atmospheric chemistry is a branch of atmospheric science in which the chemistry of the Earth's atmosphere and that of other planets is studied. It is a multidisciplinary field of research and draws on environmental chemistry, physics, meteorology, computer modeling, oceanography, geology and volcanology and other disciplines. Research

864-401: Is the 22° halo , which forms a ring at roughly the same angular distance from the sun as the sun dogs, thus appearing to interconnect them. As the Sun rises higher, the rays passing through the plate crystals are increasingly skewed from the horizontal plane, causing their angle of deviation to increase and the sun dogs to move farther from the 22° halo, while staying at the same elevation. It

918-456: Is the scientific study of the upper atmosphere of the Earth — the atmospheric layers above the stratopause — and corresponding regions of the atmospheres of other planets, where the entire atmosphere may correspond to the Earth's upper atmosphere or a portion of it. A branch of both atmospheric chemistry and atmospheric physics, aeronomy contrasts with meteorology, which focuses on the layers of

972-400: Is to explain the observed circulations on the basis of fundamental principles from physics . The objectives of such studies incorporate improving weather forecasting , developing methods for predicting seasonal and interannual climate fluctuations, and understanding the implications of human-induced perturbations (e.g., increased carbon dioxide concentrations or depletion of the ozone layer) on

1026-528: The 2010–11 season with a 25–31–10 record for 60 points, qualifying for the postseason for the third time in five seasons and first since the team's championship season in 2007–08. The Sundogs dropped their opening round best-of-five playoff series in four games to the Bossier-Shreveport Mudbugs . Kyle Hood finished as the team's leading scorer for the second straight season with 69 points (15g/54a) in 62 games. Second-year forward Joey Sides

1080-659: The Phoenix Coyotes in the 2007–2008 and 2008–2009 seasons. The Sundogs concluded their inaugural season in 2006–07 with 70 points and a 34–28–2 record, finishing second in the CHL's Southwest Division, two points back of eventual division champion the New Mexico Scorpions , and qualifying for the 2007 CHL Playoffs. Arizona went on to beat the Corpus Christi Rayz , 2–1, in overtime of Game 7 of

1134-498: The British Colony of Newfoundland was referred to as the 'Winter of Three Suns' and was unusually cold with 15 days of temperatures between 3–10 degrees below zero. "Part of the time we marched in the teeth of a biting storm of snow, and at every hour of the day the sun could be discerned sulking behind soft grey mists in company with rivals, known in the language of the plains as 'Sun-dogs', whose parahelic splendors warned

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1188-601: The Interpretation of Dreams') included the mock suns amongst a list of celestial deities. A passage in Cicero 's On the Republic (54–51 BC) is one of many Roman authors who refer to sun dogs and similar phenomena: Be it so, said Tubero; and since you invite me to discussion, and present the opportunity, let us first examine, before any one else arrives, what can be the nature of the parhelion, or double sun, which

1242-627: The President's Cup in only their second year of existence. Goaltender Rob McVicar was named playoffs MVP, finishing with an 11–1 record and .913 save percentage. Leavitt, Tyler Redenbach and David Schlemko represented the Sundogs in the 2008 CHL All-Star Game as head coach and general manager Marco Pietroniro coached the Southern Conference All-Stars to an 11–6 win. In 2008–09 , the Sundogs finished with 59 points and

1296-595: The Scandinavian languages, constellations of two wolves hunting the Sun and the Moon, one after and one before, may be a possible origin for the term. Parhelion (plural parhelia ) comes from Ancient Greek : παρήλιον ( parēlion , 'beside the sun'; from παρά ( para , 'beside') and ἥλιος ( helios , 'sun')). In the Anglo-Cornish dialect of Cornwall , United Kingdom , sun dogs are known as weather dogs (described as "a short segment of

1350-424: The Sun is near the horizon. Sun dogs are commonly caused by the refraction and scattering of light from horizontally oriented plate-shaped hexagonal ice crystals either suspended in high and cold cirrus or cirrostratus clouds , or drifting in freezing moist air at low levels as diamond dust . The crystals act as prisms , bending the light rays passing through them with a minimum deflection of 22°. As

1404-476: The Sun within a 22° halo . The sun dog is a member of the family of halos caused by the refraction of sunlight by ice crystals in the atmosphere. Sun dogs typically appear as a pair of subtly colored patches of light, around 22° to the left and right of the Sun, and at the same altitude above the horizon as the Sun. They can be seen anywhere in the world during any season, but are not always obvious or bright. Sun dogs are best seen and most conspicuous when

1458-481: The atmosphere below the stratopause. In atmospheric regions studied by aeronomers, chemical dissociation and ionization are important phenomena. All of the Solar System's planets have atmospheres. This is because their gravity is strong enough to keep gaseous particles close to the surface. Larger gas giants are massive enough to keep large amounts of the light gases hydrogen and helium close by, while

1512-483: The atmospheres of the planets and natural satellites of the Solar System . Experimental instruments used in atmospheric science include satellites , rocketsondes , radiosondes , weather balloons , radars , and lasers . The term aerology (from Greek ἀήρ, aēr , " air "; and -λογία, -logia ) is sometimes used as an alternative term for the study of Earth's atmosphere; in other definitions, aerology

1566-426: The big one, but smaller in appearance and radiance they reddened moderately. Above their circle a halo appeared, shining very brightly, extending in its breadth as if it were some kind of city. Inside this circle a half-circle appeared, similar to a rainbow, distinct in its fourfold color, in the higher part curved towards the two aforementioned Suns, touching them in an embrace of the Sun. [1551] And also abowte Ester

1620-561: The causes of these problems, and by obtaining a theoretical understanding of them, allow possible solutions to be tested and the effects of changes in government policy evaluated. Atmospheric dynamics is the study of motion systems of meteorological importance, integrating observations at multiple locations and times and theories. Common topics studied include diverse phenomena such as thunderstorms , tornadoes , gravity waves , tropical cyclones , extratropical cyclones , jet streams , and global-scale circulations. The goal of dynamical studies

1674-453: The church Storkyrkan in central Stockholm. A series of complex parhelia displays in Rome in 1629, and again in 1630, were described by Christoph Scheiner in his book Parhelia , one of the earliest works on the subject. It had a profound effect, causing René Descartes to interrupt his metaphysical studies and led to his work of natural philosophy called The World . On 20 February 1661

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1728-438: The crystals gently float downwards with their large hexagonal faces almost horizontal, sunlight is refracted horizontally, and sun dogs are seen to the left and right of the Sun. Larger plates wobble more, and thus produce taller sun dogs. Sun dogs are red-colored at the side nearest the Sun; farther out the colors grade through oranges to blue. The colors overlap considerably and are muted, never pure or saturated. The colors of

1782-438: The day after the departure of our brothers Kuntz and Michel, on a Friday, we saw three suns in the sky for a good long time, about an hour, as well as two rainbows. These had their backs turned toward each other, almost touching in the middle, and their ends pointed away from each other. And this I, Jakob, saw with my own eyes, and many brothers and sisters saw it with me. After a while the two suns and rainbows disappeared, and only

1836-624: The design and construction of instruments for studying the atmosphere and the interpretation of the data they provide, including remote sensing instruments. In the United Kingdom, atmospheric studies are underpinned by the Meteorological Office. Divisions of the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) oversee research projects and weather modeling involving atmospheric physics. The U.S. National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center also carries out studies of

1890-689: The global climate. Atmospheric physics is the application of physics to the study of the atmosphere. Atmospheric physicists attempt to model Earth's atmosphere and the atmospheres of the other planets using fluid flow equations, chemical models, radiation balancing, and energy transfer processes in the atmosphere and underlying oceans and land. In order to model weather systems, atmospheric physicists employ elements of scattering theory, wave propagation models, cloud physics , statistical mechanics and spatial statistics , each of which incorporate high levels of mathematics and physics. Atmospheric physics has close links to meteorology and climatology and also covers

1944-517: The high atmosphere. The Earth's magnetic field and the solar wind interact with the atmosphere, creating the ionosphere , Van Allen radiation belts , telluric currents , and radiant energy . Is a science that bases its more general knowledge of the more specialized disciplines of meteorology, oceanography, geology, and astronomy, which in turn are based on the basic sciences of physics, chemistry, and mathematics. In contrast to meteorology , which studies short term weather systems lasting up to

1998-501: The letter left Hutter on the Thursday after the feast day of Simon and Jude , which is 28 October. The Thursday after was 30 October. It is likely that the "two rainbows with their backs turned toward each other, almost touching" involved two further halo phenomena, possibly a circumzenithal arc (prone to co-occur with sun dogs) together with a partial 46° halo or supralateral arc . While mostly known and often quoted for being

2052-433: The oldest color depiction of the city of Stockholm , Vädersolstavlan ( Swedish ; "The Sundog Painting", literally "The Weather Sun Painting") is arguably also one of the oldest known depictions of a halo display, including a pair of sun dogs. For two hours in the morning of 20 April 1535, the skies over the city were filled with white circles and arcs crossing the sky, while additional suns (i.e., sun dogs) appeared around

2106-779: The one sun remained. Even though the other two suns were not as bright as the one, they were clearly visible. I feel this was no small miracle… The observation most likely occurred in Auspitz (Hustopeče) , Moravia on 31 October 1533. The original was written in German and is from a letter originally sent in November 1533 from Auspitz in Moravia to the Adige Valley in South Tyrol . The Kuntz Maurer and Michel Schuster mentioned in

2160-638: The opening round, advancing to the Southern Conference Semifinals against division rival New Mexico. The Sundogs eventually fell, 3–2, to the Scorpions in Game 7. Brent Kelly represented the Sundogs in the 2007 CHL All-Star Game and led the CHL in goals in 2006-07 with 42 and finished third overall with 95 points. During the 2007–08 season , the team clinched the CHL's Southwest Division regular season title, finishing with 84 points and

2214-458: The painting, the King, however, interpreted it as a conspiracy — the real sun, of course, being himself —threatened by competing fake suns, one being Olaus Petri and the other the clergyman and scholar Laurentius Andreae (1470–1552). Both were thus accused of treachery, but eventually escaped capital punishment. The original painting is lost, but a copy from the 1630s survives and can still be seen in

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2268-621: The past and tries to predict future climate change . Phenomena of climatological interest include the atmospheric boundary layer , circulation patterns , heat transfer ( radiative , convective and latent ), interactions between the atmosphere and the oceans and land surface (particularly vegetation , land use and topography ), and the chemical and physical composition of the atmosphere. Related disciplines include astrophysics , atmospheric physics , chemistry , ecology , physical geography , geology , geophysics , glaciology , hydrology , oceanography , and volcanology . Aeronomy

2322-594: The people of Gdańsk witnessed a complex halo display , described by Georg Fehlau in a pamphlet, the Sevenfold Sun Miracle , and again the following year by Johannes Hevelius in his book, Mercurius in Sole visus Gedani . On 18 June 1790 Johann Tobias Lowitz , in Saint Petersburg, Russia , observed a complex display of haloes and parhelia which included his Lowitz arcs . In 1843, winter in

2376-510: The rainbow, or of the appearance in heaven of two rival images of the sun, with sundry other phenomena treated in a monumental volume by Archimedes of Syracuse." Fulcher of Chartres , writing in Jerusalem in the early twelfth century, notes in his Historia Hierosolymitana (1127) that on February 23, 1106 ... from the third hour (9 am) until midday, we saw left and right from the Sun what looked like two other Suns: they did not shine like

2430-421: The smaller planets lose these gases into space . The composition of the Earth's atmosphere is different from the other planets because the various life processes that have transpired on the planet have introduced free molecular oxygen . Much of Mercury's atmosphere has been blasted away by the solar wind . The only moon that has retained a dense atmosphere is Titan . There is a thin atmosphere on Triton , and

2484-433: The sun and followed it all through the day until sunset." He says that "mock suns" are always to the side, never above or below, most commonly at sunrise or sunset, more rarely in the middle of the day. The poet Aratus ( Phaenomena , lines 880–891) mentions parhelia as part of his catalogue of Weather Signs; according to him, they can indicate rain, wind, or an approaching storm. Artemidorus in his Oneirocritica ('On

2538-413: The sun dog finally merge into the white of the parhelic circle (if the latter is visible). The same plate-shaped ice crystals that cause sun dogs are also responsible for the colorful circumzenithal arc , meaning that these two types of halo tend to co-occur. The latter is often missed by viewers, since it is located more or less directly overhead. Another halo variety often seen together with sun dogs

2592-557: The sun. The phenomenon quickly resulted in rumours of an omen of God's forthcoming revenge on King Gustav Vasa (1496–1560) for having introduced Protestantism during the 1520s and for being heavy-handed with his enemies allied with the Danish king. Hoping to end speculations, the Chancellor Olaus Petri (1493–1552), a Lutheran scholar, ordered a painting to be produced documenting the event. When confronted with

2646-601: The three sons of the Duke of York, and Edward's troops won a decisive victory. The event was dramatized by William Shakespeare in King Henry VI, Part 3 , and by Sharon Kay Penman in The Sunne In Splendour . Another early clear description of sun dogs is by Jacob Hutter , who wrote in his Brotherly Faithfulness: Epistles from a Time of Persecution : My beloved children, I want to tell you that on

2700-588: The traveler of the approach of the ever-to-be-dreaded 'blizzard'." On 14 February 2020, the people of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region witnessed a different complex halo display called the Five-fold sun miracle, in which all five sun halos were linked to each other by rays, forming a circle among them. Atmospheric science Atmospheric science is the study of the Earth's atmosphere and its various inner-working physical processes. Meteorology includes atmospheric chemistry and atmospheric physics with

2754-413: Was mentioned in the senate. Those that affirm they witnessed this prodigy are neither few nor unworthy of credit, so that there is more reason for investigation than incredulity. Seneca makes an incidental reference to sun dogs in the first book of his Naturales Quaestiones . The 2nd-century Roman writer and philosopher Apuleius in his Apologia says "What is the cause of the prismatic colours of

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2808-562: Was posted and stated they hope to return for the 2015–16 CHL season. The team later announced with the merging of the CHL and the ECHL in 2014 that they are looking into options to join the ECHL in 2015. "At this time we were not able to submit our application into the ECHL, but have been in ongoing discussions with the ECHL about our options and ability to apply in the near future." "To all of our Sundogs family, rest assured that we are working on

2862-791: Was sene in Sussex three sonnes shenynge at one tyme in the eyer, that thei cowde not dysserne wych shulde be the very sonne. Chronicle of the Grey Friars of London , [London] Printed for the Camden society, 1852 The prelude to the Battle of Mortimer's Cross in Herefordshire , England in 1461 is supposed to have involved the appearance of a halo display with three "suns". The Yorkist commander, later Edward IV of England , convinced his initially frightened troops that it represented

2916-425: Was the team's lone representative in the 2011 CHL All-Star Game, recording one assist and three shots in an 11–6 win over the host Rapid City Rush . On March 4, 2011, the Sundogs and Tim's Toyota Center were named hosts of the 2012 Central Hockey League All-Star Game. On August 20, 2014, Sundogs players were informed that the team has suspended operations and elected dormancy. The next day, an official press release

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