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101-430: " As You Desire Me " may refer to: As You Desire Me (play) ( Come tu mi vuoi ), a 1930 play by Luigi Pirandello As You Desire Me (film) , a 1932 movie starring Greta Garbo based on the play "As You Desire Me" (song) , a popular song recorded by Frank Sinatra , Jo Stafford, and others As You Desire Me (Jo Stafford album) , a 1952 Jo Stafford album featuring

202-658: A State funeral offered by Mussolini and only in 1947 were his cremated remains buried in Sicily. The Via Luigi Pirandello in Acquaviva delle Fonti is named after him. In the context of playwriting during the early and mid-1900s, Pirandello's impact is notable. Pirandello inspired playwrights such as Samuel Beckett and Harold Pinter to write plays that echo the themes of existential exploration and metaphysical questioning that he focused on in his works. His influence goes beyond playwrights; French philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre

303-559: A Year are set in this town: " Bitter Water " and " Pallino and Mimì ". In 1909 the first part of I Vecchi e I Giovani was published in episodes. This novel retraces the history of the failure and repression of the Fasci Siciliani in the period from 1893 to 1894. When the novel came out in 1913 Pirandello sent a copy of it to his parents for their fiftieth wedding anniversary along with a dedication which said that "their names, Stefano and Caterina, live heroically." However, while

404-452: A choleric man, uses humoral therapy techniques on Katherina, a choleric woman, in order to tame her into the socially acceptable phlegmatic woman. Some examples include: he yells at the servants for serving mutton, a choleric food, to two people who are already choleric; he deprives Katherina of sleep; and he, Katherina and their servant Grumio endure a cold walk home, for cold temperatures were said to tame choleric temperaments. The theory of

505-451: A connection between these three parts of the soul and the three major organs that were recognized at the time: the brain, the heart, and the liver. This idea of connecting vital parts of the soul to vital parts of the body was derived from Aristotle's sense of explaining physical observations, and Galen utilized it to build his view of the human body. The organs (named organa ) had specific functions (called chreiai ) that contributed to

606-481: A link between existential thought in theater and philosophy, where each medium deepened and reflected upon the complexities and theories of the other. The dialogues between self and other, freedom and responsibility, authenticity and bad faith, found meaning in the intersection of their respective domains. His legacy pushes further reflection into the complexities of characters, human consciousness, and identity. Pirandello's contributions to theater and philosophy provide

707-518: A man in the throes of desperation." Pirandello, who was an extremely sensitive moralist, finally had a chance to see for himself the irreducible decadence of the so-called heroes of the Risorgimento in the person of his uncle Rocco, now a greying and exhausted functionary of the prefecture who provided him with temporary lodgings in Rome. The "desperate laugh", the only manifestation of revenge for

808-574: A man in the world." During these years, he had continuous conflicts with fascist leaders. In 1927 he tore his fascist membership card to pieces in front of the startled secretary-general of the Fascist Party. For the remainder of his life, Pirandello was always under close surveillance by the secret fascist police OVRA . His play, I Giganti della Montagna ( The Giants of the Mountain ), has been interpreted as evidence of his realization that

909-716: A member of the National Fascist Party . In 1925 Pirandello, with the help of Mussolini, assumed the artistic direction and ownership of the Teatro d'Arte di Roma , founded by the Gruppo degli Undici. He described himself as "a Fascist because I am Italian." For his devotion to Mussolini, the satirical magazine Il Becco Giallo used to call him P. Randello ( randello in Italian means cudgel ). He expressed publicly apolitical belief, saying "I'm apolitical, I'm only

1010-608: A number of Pirandello's plays and short stories in editions published by Oxford University Press and Penguin Books . Humorism Humorism began to fall out of favor in the 17th century and it was definitively disproved in the 1850s with the advent of germ theory , which was able to show that many diseases previously thought to be humoral were in fact caused by microbes. The concept of "humors" may have origins in Ancient Egyptian medicine , or Mesopotamia , though it

1111-406: A result, discussions on existential concepts, identity, and the nature of reality continue to be enriched by Pirandello's foundational ideas. Nearly all of Pirandello's plays were translated into English by the actor Robert Rietti . Pirandello's poetry was translated for the first time in 2016 by George Hochfield. William Weaver is a noted translator of Luigi Pirandello. Frederick May translated

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1212-538: A rich tapestry of existential themes interwoven with detailed character narratives. His thorough and insightful examinations of the intricacies of the human psyche and identity have left a mark that is palpable in contemporary theater and academe. This influence, while rooted in a specific historical context, manages to bridge the gap between past and present. The careful juxtaposition of simplicity and depth in his works not only invites but stimulates discourse, resonating deeply with modern artists, playwrights, and thinkers. As

1313-419: A shy, withdrawn girl of a good family of Agrigentine origin educated by the nuns of San Vincenzo: Maria Antonietta Portulano. The first years of matrimony brought on in him a new fervour for his studies and writings: his encounters with his friends and the discussions on art continued, more vivacious and stimulating than ever, while his family life, despite the complete incomprehension of his wife with respect to

1414-529: A surplus of a humor. Apocroustics were medications intended to stop the flux of malignant humors to a diseased body part. 16th-century Swiss physician Paracelsus further developed the idea that beneficial medical substances could be found in herbs, minerals and various alchemical combinations thereof. These beliefs were the foundation of mainstream Western medicine well into the 17th century. Specific minerals or herbs were used to treat ailments simple to complex, from an uncomplicated upper respiratory infection to

1515-411: A symptom brought on by a disease. Empedocles 's theory suggested that there are four elements : earth, fire, water, and air, with the earth producing the natural systems. Since this theory was influential for centuries, later scholars paired qualities associated with each humor as described by Hippocrates/Galen with seasons and "basic elements" as described by Empedocles . The following table shows

1616-574: Is a layer of red blood cells (the "blood"); above this is a whitish layer of white blood cells (the "phlegm"); the top layer is clear yellow serum (the "yellow bile"). Many Greek texts were written during the golden age of the theory of the four humors in Greek medicine after Galen. One of those texts was an anonymous treatise called On the Constitution of the Universe and of Man , published in

1717-469: Is based on Galenic and Avicennian medicine in its emphasis on the four humors as a fundamental part of the methodologic paradigm. The humoralist system of medicine was highly individualistic, for all patients were said to have their own unique humoral composition. From Hippocrates onward, the humoral theory was adopted by Greek, Roman and Islamic physicians , and dominated the view of the human body among European physicians until at least 1543 when it

1818-758: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Luigi Pirandello Luigi Pirandello ( Italian: [luˈiːdʒi piranˈdɛllo] ; 28 June 1867 – 10 December 1936) was an Italian dramatist, novelist, poet, and short story writer whose greatest contributions were his plays. He was awarded the 1934 Nobel Prize in Literature "for his bold and ingenious revival of dramatic and scenic art". Pirandello's works include novels, hundreds of short stories, and about 40 plays, some of which are written in Sicilian . Pirandello's tragic farces are often seen as forerunners of

1919-413: Is not a remnant of the humor theory. It is merely a literal use of humoral , i.e. pertaining to bodily fluids (such as blood and lymph). The concept of humorism was not definitively disproven until 1858. There were no studies performed to prove or disprove the impact of dysfunction in known bodily organs producing named fluids (humors) on temperament traits simply because the list of temperament traits

2020-494: Is not capable of converting abnormal chylous into normal chylous and normal humors. Humors are the end product of gastric digestion, but they are not the end product of the digestion cycle, so an abnormal humor produced by hepatic digestion will affect other digestive organs. According to Hippocratic humoral theory, jaundice is present in the Hippocratic Corpus . Some of the first descriptions of jaundice come from

2121-418: Is primarily that state in which these constituent substances are in the correct proportion to each other, both in strength and quantity, and are well mixed. Pain occurs when one of the substances presents either a deficiency or an excess, or is separated in the body and not mixed with others. The body depends heavily on the four humors because their balanced combination helps to keep people in good health. Having

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2222-422: Is suitable for the liver to absorb and carry on digestion. Chylous is changed into chymous in the hepatic digestion stage. Chymous is composed of the four humors: blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile. These four humors then circulate in the blood vessels . In the last stage of digestion, tissue digestion, food becomes similar to the organ tissue for which it is destined. If anything goes wrong leading up to

2323-406: Is the cause of tumours , of chlorosis , of rheumatism , and cacochymia – where is it? Who will ever see it? Who has ever seen it? What can we say of this fanciful classification of humors into four groups, of which two are absolutely imaginary?" The seasonal association of phlegm is winter due to the natural properties of being cold and wet. Humors were believed to be produced via digestion as

2424-739: The Roman Elegies of Goethe, composed the Elegie Boreali in imitation of the style of the Roman Elegies , and he began to meditate on the topic of humorism by way of the works of Cecco Angiolieri . In March 1891 he received his doctorate in Romance Philology with a dissertation on the dialect of Agrigento: Sounds and Developments of Sounds in the Speech of Craperallis . After a brief sojourn in Sicily, during which

2525-648: The Compagnia di Dario Niccodemi staged, at the Valle di Roma, the play, Sei Personaggi in Cerca d'Autore , Six Characters in Search of an Author . It was a clamorous failure. The public divided into supporters and adversaries, the latter of whom shouted, "Asylum, Asylum!" The author, who was present at the performance with his daughter Lietta, left through a side exit to avoid the crowd of enemies. The same drama, however,

2626-538: The First World War , Pirandello's son Stefano volunteered for service and was taken prisoner by the Austro-Hungarians . In 1916 the actor Angelo Musco successfully recited the three-act comedy that the writer had extracted from the novella Pensaci, Giacomino! and the pastoral comedy Liolà . In 1917 the collection of novellas E domani Lunedì ( And Tomorrow, Monday... ) was published, but

2727-570: The Theatre of the Absurd . Pirandello was born into an upper-class family in Girgenti (now Agrigento ), Sicily , near the poor suburb of Porto Empedocle . The area was called "Caos", from càusi , Sicilian for "trousers", after the shape of a nearby ravine. His father, Stefano Pirandello, belonged to a wealthy family involved in the sulphur industry, and his mother, Caterina Ricci Gramitto,

2828-591: The battle of Aspromonte , and Caterina, who had hardly reached the age of thirteen, was forced to accompany her father to Malta , where he had been sent into exile by the Bourbon monarchy . But the open participation in the Garibaldian cause and the strong sense of idealism of those early years were quickly transformed, above all in Caterina, into an angry and bitter disappointment with the new reality created by

2929-464: The "Father of Modern Medicine". With the advent of the Doctrine of Specific Etiology , the humoral theory's demise hastened even further. This demonstrates that there is only one precise cause and one specific issue for each and every sickness or disorder that has been diagnosed. Additionally, the identification of messenger molecules like hormones, growth factors, and neurotransmitters suggests that

3030-482: The Department of Letters, he moved to Rome in order to continue his studies. But the encounter with the city, centre of the struggle for unification to which the families of his parents had participated with generous enthusiasm, was disappointing and nothing close to what he had expected. "When I arrived in Rome it was raining hard, it was night time and I felt like my heart was being crushed, but then I laughed like

3131-538: The Hippocratic Corpus. Despite the fact that the Hippocratic physicians' therapeutic approaches have little to do with contemporary medical practice, their capacity for observation as they described the various forms of jaundice is remarkable. In the Hippocratic Corpus, the Hippocratic physicians make multiple references to jaundice. At that time, jaundice was viewed as an illness unto itself rather than

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3232-415: The Hippocratic humors. He believed that phlegm did not influence character. In his On Hippocrates ' The Nature of Man , Galen stated: "Sharpness and intelligence ( ὀξὺ καὶ συνετόν ) are caused by yellow bile in the soul, perseverance and consistency ( ἑδραῖον καὶ βέβαιον ) by the melancholic humor, and simplicity and naivety ( ἁπλοῦν καὶ ἠλιθιώτερον ) by blood. But the nature of phlegm has no effect on

3333-456: The Hippocratic physicians (icterus). The ailment appears multiple times in the Hippocratic Corpus, where its genesis, description, prognosis, and therapy are given. The five kinds of jaundice mentioned in the Hippocratic Corpus all share a yellow or greenish skin color. A modern doctor will undoubtedly start to think of the symptoms listed in contemporary atlases of medicine after reading the clinical symptoms of each variety of jaundice listed in

3434-664: The Istituto Superiore di Magistero di Roma, and in the magazine Il Marzocco he published several more pages of the Dialogi . In 1898, with Italo Falbo and Ugo Fleres, he founded the weekly Ariel , in which he published the one-act play L'Epilogo (later changed to La Morsa ) and some novellas (La Scelta, Se...). The end of the 19th century and the beginnings of the 20th were a period of extreme productivity for Pirandello. In 1900, he published in Il Marzocco some of

3535-588: The Pirandello family moved to Palermo . It was here, in the capital of Sicily, that Luigi completed his high school education. He also began reading omnivorously, focusing, above all, on 19th-century Italian poets such as Giosuè Carducci and Arturo Graf . He then started writing his first poems and fell in love with his cousin Lina. During this period, the first signs of serious differences arose between Luigi and his father; Luigi had discovered some notes revealing

3636-477: The Temperaments , Galen further emphasized the importance of the qualities. An ideal temperament involved a proportionally balanced mixture of the four qualities. Galen identified four temperaments in which one of the qualities (warm, cold, moist, or dry) predominated, and four more in which a combination of two (warm and moist, warm and dry, cold and dry, or cold and moist) dominated. These last four, named for

3737-522: The artistic vocation of her husband, proceeded relatively tranquilly with the birth of two sons ( Stefano and Fausto) and a daughter (Rosalia "Lietta"). In the meantime, Pirandello intensified his collaborations with newspaper editors and other journalists in magazines such as La Critica and La Tavola Rotonda in which he published, in 1895, the first part of the Dialoghi tra Il Gran Me e Il Piccolo Me . In 1897 he accepted an offer to teach Italian at

3838-566: The blood through all my veins..." Because of a conflict with a Latin professor, he was forced to leave the University of Rome and went to Bonn with a letter of presentation from one of his other professors. The stay in Bonn, which lasted two years, was fervid with cultural life. He read the German romantics, Jean Paul , Tieck , Chamisso , Heinrich Heine and Goethe . He began translating

3939-420: The blood was the source of energy for the body and the soul. Blood was believed to consist of small proportional amounts of the other three humors. This meant that taking a blood sample would allow for determination of the balance of the four humors in the body. It was associated with a sanguine nature (enthusiastic, active, and social). Blood is considered to be hot and wet, sharing these characteristics with

4040-460: The body were made. Robin Fåhræus (1921), a Swedish physician who devised the erythrocyte sedimentation rate , suggested that the four humors were based upon the observation of blood clotting in a transparent container. When blood is drawn in a glass container and left undisturbed for about an hour, four different layers can be seen: a dark clot forms at the bottom (the "black bile"); above the clot

4141-431: The body, depending on diet and activity. When a patient was suffering from a surplus or imbalance of one of the four humors, then said patient's personality and/or physical health could be negatively affected. Therefore, the goal of treatment was to rid the body of some of the excess humor through techniques like purging, bloodletting, catharsis, diuresis, and others. Bloodletting was already a prominent medical procedure by

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4242-443: The body, rather than ingested, he believed that different foods had varying potential to act upon the body to produce different humors. Warm foods, for example, tended to produce yellow bile, while cold foods tended to produce phlegm. Seasons of the year, periods of life, geographic regions, and occupations also influenced the nature of the humors formed. As such, certain seasons and geographic areas were understood to cause imbalances in

4343-433: The character of the soul ( τοῦ δὲ φλέγµατος ἡ φύσις εἰς µὲν ἠθοποιῗαν ἄχρηστος )." He further said that blood is a mixture of the four elements: water, air, fire, and earth. These terms only partly correspond to modern medical terminology, in which there is no distinction between black and yellow bile, and phlegm has a very different meaning. It was believed that the humors were the basic substances from which all liquids in

4444-417: The disappointment undergone, inspired the bitter verses of his first collection of poems, Mal Giocondo (1889). But not all was negative; this first visit to Rome provided him with the opportunity to assiduously visit the many theatres of the capital: Il Nazionale, Il Valle, il Manzoni. "Oh the dramatic theatre! I will conquer it. I cannot enter into one without experiencing a strange sensation, an excitement of

4545-473: The early ninth century. Use of the practice in modern times is pseudoscience . Humoral theory was the grand unified theory of medicine, before the invention of modern medicine, for more than 2000 years. The theory was one of the fundamental tenets of the teachings of the Greek physician-philosopher Hippocrates (460–370 BC), who is regarded as the first practitioner of medicine, appropriately referred to as

4646-611: The existence of Stefano's extramarital relations. As a reaction to the ever-increasing distrust and disharmony that Luigi was developing toward his father, a man of a robust physique and crude manners, his attachment to his mother would continue growing to the point of profound veneration. This later expressed itself, after her death, in the moving pages of the novella Colloqui con i personaggi in 1915. His romantic feelings for his cousin, initially looked upon with disfavour , were suddenly taken very seriously by Lina's family. They demanded that Luigi abandon his studies and dedicate himself to

4747-650: The fascists were hostile to culture; yet, during a later appearance in New York, Pirandello distributed a statement announcing his support of Italy's annexation of Abyssinia . He then gave his Nobel Prize medal to the Fascist government to be melted down as part of the 1935 Oro alla Patria ( Gold to the Fatherland ) campaign during the Second Italo-Ethiopian War . Pirandello's conception of

4848-410: The final products of hepatic digestion. Digestion is a continuous process taking place in every animal, and it can be divided into four sequential stages. The gastric digestion stage, the hepatic digestion stage, the vascular digestion stage, and the tissue digestion stage. Each stage digests food until it becomes suitable for use by the body. In gastric digestion, food is made into chylous, which

4949-479: The financial collapse of the family. Antonietta, after opening and reading the letter announcing the catastrophe, entered into a state of semi- catatonia and underwent such a psychological shock that her mental balance remained profoundly and irremediably shaken. Pirandello, who had initially harboured thoughts of suicide, attempted to remedy the situation as best he could by increasing the number of his lessons in both Italian and German and asking for compensation from

5050-432: The first century, but venesection took on even more significance once Galen of Pergamum declared blood to be the most prevalent humor. The volume of blood extracted ranged from a few drops to several litres over the course of several days, depending on the patient's condition and the doctor's practice. Even though humorism theory had several models that used two, three, and five components, the most famous model consists of

5151-740: The first drama broadcast in both picture and sound when the British Broadcasting Corporation showed it for London audiences. Pirandello was nominated Academic of Italy in 1929, and in 1934 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature after he had been nominated by Guglielmo Marconi , member of the Royal Academy of Italy . He was the last Italian playwright to be chosen for the award until Dario Fo won on 9 October 1997. Pirandello died alone in his home at Via Bosio, Rome, on 10 December 1936. He refused

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5252-555: The first four chapters, with the title Giustino Roncella nato Boggiòlo . During his life the author never republished this novel for reasons of discretion (within are implicit references to the writer Grazia Deledda ). But the work which absorbed most of his energies at this time was the collection of stories La vendetta del cane , Quando s'è capito il giuoco , Il treno ha fischiato , Filo d'aria and Berecche e la guerra . They were all published from 1913 to 1914 and are all now considered classics of Italian literature. As Italy entered

5353-419: The four humors described by Hippocrates and developed further by Galen . The four humors of Hippocratic medicine are black bile (Greek: μέλαινα χολή , melaina chole ), yellow bile (Greek: ξανθὴ χολή , xanthe chole ), phlegm (Greek: φλέγμα , phlegma ), and blood (Greek: αἷμα , haima ). Each corresponds to one of the traditional four temperaments . Based on Hippocratic medicine, it

5454-636: The four humors with their corresponding elements, seasons, sites of formation, and resulting temperaments: Medieval medical tradition in the Golden Age of Islam adopted the theory of humorism from Greco-Roman medicine, notably via the Persian polymath Avicenna 's The Canon of Medicine (1025). Avicenna summarized the four humors and temperaments as follows: The Unani school of medicine, practiced in Perso-Arabic countries, India, and Pakistan,

5555-410: The human body, according to Hippocrates, are in harmony with one another and act as a catalyst for preserving health. Hippocrates' theory of four humors was linked with the popular theory of the four elements (earth, fire, water, and air) proposed by Empedocles , but this link was not proposed by Hippocrates or Galen, who referred primarily to bodily fluids. While Galen thought that humors were formed in

5656-400: The humoral theory has not yet been made fully moribund. Humoral theory is still present in modern medical terminology, which refers to humoral immunity when discussing elements of immunity that circulate in the bloodstream, such as hormones and antibodies. Modern medicine refers to humoral immunity or humoral regulation when describing substances such as hormones and antibodies , but this

5757-514: The humors ( bodily fluid ) in a person can be a sign of illness. Hippocrates, and then Galen , suggested that a moderate imbalance in the mixture of these fluids produces behavioral patterns. One of the treatises attributed to Hippocrates, On the Nature of Man , describes the theory as follows: The Human body contains blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile. These are the things that make up its constitution and cause its pains and health. Health

5858-406: The humors with which they were associated—sanguine, choleric, melancholic and phlegmatic—eventually became better known than the others. While the term temperament came to refer just to psychological dispositions, Galen used it to refer to bodily dispositions, which determined a person's susceptibility to particular diseases, as well as behavioral and emotional inclinations. Disease could also be

5959-419: The humors, leading to varying types of disease across time and place. For example, cities exposed to hot winds were seen as having higher rates of digestive problems as a result of excess phlegm running down from the head, while cities exposed to cold winds were associated with diseases of the lungs, acute diseases, and "hardness of the bowels", as well as ophthalmies (issues of the eyes), and nosebleeds. Cities to

6060-424: The individual. A fundamental idea of Hippocratic medicine was the endeavor to pinpoint the origins of illnesses in both the physiology of the human body and the influence of potentially hazardous environmental variables like air, water, and nutrition, and every humor has a distinct composition and is secreted by a different organ. Aristotle's concept of eucrasia—a state resembling equilibrium—and its relationship to

6161-538: The legendary debate with Benedetto Croce that would continue with increasing bitterness and venom on both sides for many years. In 1905 he took his wife to stay in Chianciano Terme together with their children where they stayed for two months in what the writer described as "the village nestled on the windy hill just opposite the Collegiata ". Two short stories contained in the book Short Stories for

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6262-494: The magazines to which he had freely given away his writings and collaborations. In the magazine New Anthology , directed by G. Cena, meanwhile, the novel which Pirandello had been writing while in this horrible situation (watching over his mentally ill wife at night after an entire day spent at work) began appearing in episodes. The title was Il Fu Mattia Pascal ( The Late Mattia Pascal ). This novel contains many autobiographical elements that have been fantastically re-elaborated. It

6363-408: The maintenance of the human body, and the expression of these functions is shown in characteristic activities (called energeiai ) of a person. While the correspondence of parts of the body to the soul was an influential concept, Galen decided that the interaction of the four humors with natural bodily mechanisms were responsible for human development and this connection inspired his understanding of

6464-415: The mid-19th century by J. L. Ideler. In this text, the author establishes the relationship between elements of the universe (air, water, earth, fire) and elements of the man (blood, yellow bile, black bile, phlegm). He said that: Seventeenth century English playwright Ben Jonson wrote humor plays , where character types were based on their humoral complexion. It was thought that the nutritional value of

6565-478: The most celebrated of his novellas ( Lumie di Sicilia , La Paura del Sonno ...) and, in 1901, the collection of poems Zampogna . In 1902 he published the first series of Beffe della Morte e della Vita and his second novel, Il Turno . The year 1903 was fundamental to the life of Pirandello. The flooding of the sulphur mines of Aragona , in which his father Stefano had invested not only an enormous amount of his own capital but also Antonietta's dowry , precipitated

6666-466: The mother is transfigured in the novel into the otherworldly figure of Caterina Laurentano, the father, represented by the husband of Caterina, Stefano Auriti, appears only in memories and flashbacks, since, as was observed by Leonardo Sciascia , "he died censured in a Freudian sense by his son who, in the bottom of his soul, is his enemy." Also in 1909, Pirandello began his collaboration with the prestigious journal Corriere della Sera in which he published

6767-495: The nature of the components of the body. Galen recalls the correspondence between humors and seasons in his On the Doctrines of Hippocrates and Plato , and says that, "As for ages and the seasons, the child ( παῖς ) corresponds to spring, the young man ( νεανίσκος ) to summer, the mature man ( παρακµάζων ) to autumn, and the old man ( γέρων ) to winter". He also related a correspondence between humors and seasons based on

6868-680: The neo-classical revival in Europe, the humor theory dominated medical practice, and the theory of humoral types made periodic appearances in drama. The humors were an important and popular iconographic theme in European art, found in paintings, tapestries, and sets of prints. The humors can be found in Elizabethan works , such as in The Taming of the Shrew , in which the character Petruchio,

6969-544: The novellas Mondo di Carta ( World of Paper ), La Giara , and, in 1910, Non è una cosa seria and Pensaci, Giacomino! ( Think it over, Giacomino! ). At this point Pirandello's fame as a writer was continually increasing. His private life, however, was poisoned by the suspicion and obsessive jealousy of Antonietta who began turning physically violent. In 1911, while the publication of novellas and short stories continued, Pirandello finished his fourth novel, Suo Marito , republished posthumously (1941), and completely revised in

7070-526: The physical nature and function of the organ systems. Galen combined his interpretation of the humors with his collection of ideas concerning nature from past philosophers in order to find conclusions about how the body works. For example, Galen maintained the idea of the presence of the Platonic tripartite soul, which consisted of " thumos (spiritedness), epithumos (directed spiritedness, i.e. desire), and Sophia (wisdom)". Through this, Galen found

7171-405: The plague. For example, chamomile was used to decrease heat, and lower excessive bile humor. Arsenic was used in a poultice bag to 'draw out' the excess humor(s) that led to symptoms of the plague. Apophlegmatisms , in pre-modern medicine, were medications chewed in order to draw away phlegm and humors. Although advances in cellular pathology and chemistry criticized humoralism by the 17th century,

7272-538: The planned marriage with his cousin was finally called off, he returned to Rome, where he became friends with a group of writer-journalists including Ugo Fleres , Tomaso Gnoli , Giustino Ferri and Luigi Capuana . Capuana encouraged Pirandello to dedicate himself to narrative writing . In 1893 he wrote his first important work, Marta Ajala , which was published in 1901 as l'Esclusa . In 1894 he published his first collection of short stories, Amori senza Amore . He also married in 1894, choosing (on his father's suggestion)

7373-434: The production of humors, there will be an imbalance leading to disease. Proper organ functioning is necessary in the production of good humor. The stomach and liver also have to function normally for proper digestion. If there are any abnormalities in gastric digestion, the liver, blood vessels, and tissues cannot be provided with the raw chylous, which can cause abnormal humor and blood composition. A healthy functioning liver

7474-419: The properties of both. Blood, as a humor, was considered hot and wet. This gave it a correspondence to spring. Yellow bile was considered hot and dry, which related it to summer. Black bile was considered cold and dry, and thus related to autumn. Phlegm, cold and wet, was related to winter. Galen also believed that the characteristics of the soul follow the mixtures of the body, but he did not apply this idea to

7575-435: The result of the "corruption" of one or more of the humors, which could be caused by environmental circumstances, dietary changes, or many other factors. These deficits were thought to be caused by vapors inhaled or absorbed by the body. Greeks and Romans, and the later Muslim and Western European medical establishments that adopted and adapted classical medical philosophy, believed that each of these humors would wax and wane in

7676-403: The right amount of humor is essential for health. The pathophysiology of disease is consequently brought on by humor excesses and/or deficiencies. The existence of fundamental biochemical substances and structural components in the body remains a compellingly shared point with Hippocratic beliefs, despite the fact that current science has moved away from those four Hippocratic humors. Although

7777-451: The right balance of the four humors allow for the maintenance of human health, offering a more mathematical approach to medicine. The imbalance of humors, or dyscrasia , was thought to be the direct cause of all diseases. Health was associated with a balance of humors, or eucrasia . The qualities of the humors, in turn, influenced the nature of the diseases they caused. Yellow bile caused warm diseases and phlegm caused cold diseases. In On

7878-506: The season of spring. Yellow bile was associated with a choleric nature (ambitious, decisive, aggressive, and short-tempered). It was thought to be fluid found within the gallbladder , or in excretions such as vomit and feces. The associated qualities for yellow bile are hot and dry with the natural association of summer and fire. It was believed that an excess of this humor in an individual would result in emotional irregularities such as increased anger or irrational behaviour. Black bile

7979-612: The season reflect the nature of man. Phlegm was associated with all phlegmatic nature, thought to be associated with reserved behavior. The phlegm of humorism is far from phlegm as it is defined today. Phlegm was used as a general term to describe white or colorless secretions such as pus, mucus, saliva, sweat, or semen. Phlegm was also associated with the brain, possibly due to the color and consistency of brain tissue. The French physiologist and Nobel laureate Charles Richet , when describing humorism's "phlegm or pituitary secretion" in 1910, asked rhetorically, "this strange liquid, which

8080-556: The song As You Desire Me (Bill Doggett album) , a 1956 album by Bill Doggett featuring the song Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title As You Desire Me . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=As_You_Desire_Me&oldid=1056975944 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

8181-498: The sulphur business so that he could immediately marry her. In 1886, during a vacation from school, Luigi went to visit the sulphur mines of Porto Empedocle and started working with his father. This experience was essential to him and would provide the basis for such stories as Il Fumo , Ciàula scopre la Luna as well as some of the descriptions and background in the novel The Old and the Young . The marriage, which had seemed imminent,

8282-618: The theatre underwent a significant change at this point. The idea of the actor as an inevitable betrayer of the text, as in the Sei Personaggi , gave way to the identification of the actor with the character that they play. The company took their act throughout the major cities of Europe, and the Pirandellian repertoire became increasingly well known. Between 1925 and 1926 Pirandello's last and perhaps greatest novel, Uno, Nessuno e Centomila ( One, No one and One Hundred Thousand ),

8383-604: The theory had dominated Western medical thinking for more than 2,000 years. Only in some instances did the theory of humoralism wane into obscurity. One such instance occurred in the sixth and seventh centuries in the Byzantine Empire when traditional secular Greek culture gave way to Christian influences. Though the use of humoralist medicine continued during this time, its influence was diminished in favor of religion. The revival of Greek humoralism, owing in part to changing social and economic factors, did not begin until

8484-437: The theory of the four humors does appear in some Hippocratic texts, other Hippocratic writers accepted the existence of only two humors, while some refrained from discussing the humoral theory at all. Humoralism, or the doctrine of the four temperaments, as a medical theory retained its popularity for centuries, largely through the influence of the writings of Galen (129–201 AD). The four essential elements—humors—that make up

8585-436: The unification. Pirandello would eventually assimilate this sense of betrayal and resentment and express it in several of his poems and in his novel The Old and the Young . It is also probable that this climate of disillusion inculcated in the young Luigi the sense of disproportion between ideals and reality which is recognizable in his essay on humorism ( L'Umorismo ). Pirandello received his elementary education at home, but

8686-418: The war ended. In 1919 Pirandello had his wife placed in an asylum. The separation from his wife, despite her morbid jealousies and hallucinations, caused great suffering for Pirandello who, even as late as 1924, believed he could still properly care for her at home. She never left the asylum. 1920 was the year of comedies such as Tutto per bene , Come prima meglio di prima , and La Signora Morli . In 1921,

8787-404: The west, meanwhile, were believed to produce weak, unhealthy, pale people that were subject to all manners of disease. In the treatise, On Airs, Waters, and Places , a Hippocratic physician is described arriving to an unnamed city where they test various factors of nature including the wind, water, and soil to predict the direct influence on the diseases specific to the city based on the season and

8888-485: The writing of medical theorist Alcmaeon of Croton (c. 540–500 BC). His list of humors was longer and included fundamental elements described by Empedocles , such as water, earth, fire, air, etc. Hippocrates is usually credited with applying this idea to medicine. In contrast to Alcmaeon, Hippocrates suggested that humors are the vital bodily fluids: blood , phlegm , yellow bile, and black bile. Alcmaeon and Hippocrates posited that an extreme excess or deficiency of any of

8989-407: The year was mostly marked by important theatrical representations: Così è (se vi pare) ( Right you are (if you think so) ), A birrita cu' i ciancianeddi and Il Piacere dell'onestà ( The Pleasure Of Honesty ). A year later, Ma non è una cosa seria ( But It's Nothing Serious ) and Il Gioco delle Parti ( The Game of Roles ) were all produced on stage. Pirandello's son Stefano returned home when

9090-601: Was a great success when presented in Milan . In 1922 in Milan, Enrico IV was performed for the first time and was acclaimed universally as a success. Pirandello's international reputation was developing as well. The Sei personaggi was performed in London and New York. Pirandello was an Italian nationalist and supported Italian fascism in a moderate way. In 1924, he wrote a letter to Benito Mussolini asking him to be accepted as

9191-446: Was also inspired by Pirandello's ideas to explore one of the main pillars of his philosophy: existentialism . The playwright's portrayal of fractured identities and the ambiguity of existence in his plays served as inspiration for Sartre's concepts of freedom, authenticity, and existential angst. Pirandello's character narratives and metaphysical themes not only aligned with but also enriched Sartre's philosophical discourses, creating

9292-583: Was also of a well-to-do background, descending from a family of the bourgeois professional class of Agrigento. Both families, the Pirandellos and the Ricci Gramittos, were ferociously anti- Bourbon and actively participated in the struggle for unification and democracy ( Risorgimento ). Stefano participated in the famous Expedition of the Thousand , later following Garibaldi all the way to

9393-412: Was an immediate and resounding success. Translated into German in 1905, this novel paved the way to the notoriety and fame which allowed Pirandello to publish with the more important firms such as Treves, with whom he published, in 1906, another collection of novellas Erma Bifronte . In 1908 he published a volume of essays entitled Arte e Scienza and the important essay L'Umorismo , in which he initiated

9494-416: Was associated with a melancholy nature, the word melancholy itself deriving from the Greek for 'black bile', μέλαινα χολή ( melaina kholé ). Depression was attributed to excess or unnatural black bile secreted by the spleen. Cancer was also attributed to an excess of black bile concentrated in a specific area. The seasonal association of black bile was to autumn as the cold and dry characteristics of

9595-405: Was believed that for a body to be healthy, the four humors should be balanced in amount and strength. The proper blending and balance of the four humors was known as eukrasia . Humorism theory was improved by Galen, who incorporated his understanding of the humors into his interpretation of the human body. He believed the interactions of the humors within the body were the key to investigating

9696-456: Was first seriously challenged by Andreas Vesalius , who mostly criticized Galen's theories of human anatomy and not the chemical hypothesis of behavioural regulation (temperament). Typical 18th-century practices such as bleeding a sick person or applying hot cups to a person were based on the humoral theory of imbalances of fluids (blood and bile in those cases). Methods of treatment like bloodletting, emetics and purges were aimed at expelling

9797-457: Was much more fascinated by the fables and legends, somewhere between popular and magic, that his elderly servant Maria Stella used to recount to him than by anything scholastic or academic. By the age of twelve, he had already written his first tragedy. At the insistence of his father, he was registered at a technical school, but eventually switched to the study of the humanities at the ginnasio , something which had always attracted him. In 1880,

9898-446: Was not defined up until the end of the 20th century. Theophrastus and others developed a set of characters based on the humors. Those with too much blood were sanguine. Those with too much phlegm were phlegmatic. Those with too much yellow bile were choleric, and those with too much black bile were melancholic. The idea of human personality based on humors contributed to the character comedies of Menander and, later, Plautus . Through

9999-467: Was not systemized until ancient Greek thinkers. The word humor is a translation of Greek χυμός , chymos (literally 'juice' or ' sap ', metaphorically 'flavor'). Early texts on Indian Ayurveda medicine presented a theory of three humors (doṣas), which they sometimes linked with the five elements ( pañca-bhūta ): earth, water, fire, air, and space. The concept of "humors" (chemical systems regulating human behaviour) became more prominent from

10100-552: Was postponed. Pirandello then registered at the University of Palermo in the departments of Law and of Letters. The campus at Palermo, and above all the Department of Law, was the centre in those years of the vast movement which would eventually evolve into the Fasci Siciliani . Although Pirandello was not an active member of this movement, he had close ties of friendship with its leading ideologists: Rosario Garibaldi Bosco , Enrico La Loggia , Giuseppe De Felice Giuffrida and Francesco De Luca . In 1887, having definitively chosen

10201-525: Was published serially in the magazine La Fiera Letteraria . He was one of the contributors of the nationalist women's magazine, Lidel , and the Fascist daily Il Tevere . On 14 July 1930, a version of his short play The Man with the Flower in His Mouth , adapted and produced by Lance Sieveking , co-produced with John Logie Baird 's company and starring Val Gielgud and Lionel Millard , became

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