83-541: Asger Oluf Jorn (3 March 1914 – 1 May 1973) was a Danish painter, sculptor, ceramic artist , and author. He was a founding member of the avant-garde movement COBRA and the Situationist International . He was born in Vejrum , in the northwest corner of Jutland , Denmark, and baptized Asger Oluf Jørgensen . The largest collection of Jorn's works—including his major work Stalingrad —can be seen in
166-736: A "tile" is a construction tile or similar object, such as rectangular counters used in playing games (see tile-based game ). The word is derived from the French word tuile , which is, in turn, from the Latin word tegula , meaning a roof tile composed of fired clay. Tiles are often used to form wall murals and floor coverings, and can range from simple square tiles to complex mosaics . Tiles are most often made of ceramic , typically glazed for internal uses and unglazed for roofing, but other materials are also commonly used, such as glass, cork, concrete and other composite materials, and stone. Tiling stone
249-439: A car crash) when Asger was 12 years old. His mother, Maren, née Nielsen, was more liberal but nevertheless a deeply committed Christian. This early heavy Christian influence had a negative effect on Asger who began progressively to inwardly rebel against it, and more generally against other forms of authority. In 1929, aged 15, he was diagnosed with tuberculosis , although he made a recovery from it after spending three months on
332-585: A distinctive variant of Chinese, and later Japanese, developments. The celadon Goryeo ware from the Goryeo dynasty (918–1392) and early Joseon white porcelain of the following dynasty are generally regarded as the finest achievements. From the 8th to 18th centuries, glazed ceramics was important in Islamic art , usually in the form of elaborate pottery , developing on vigorous Persian and Egyptian pre-Islamic traditions in particular. Tin-opacified glazing
415-549: A finanziarle), ma giudicandone poco efficace la nuova strategia. Ceramic artist Ceramic art is art made from ceramic materials, including clay . It may take varied forms, including artistic pottery , including tableware , tiles , figurines and other sculpture . As one of the plastic arts , ceramic art is a visual art . While some ceramics are considered fine art , such as pottery or sculpture, most are considered to be decorative , industrial or applied art objects. Ceramic art can be created by one person or by
498-527: A group, in a pottery or a ceramic factory with a group designing and manufacturing the artware. In Britain and the United States, modern ceramics as an art took its inspiration in the early twentieth century from the Arts and Crafts movement, leading to the revival of pottery considered as a specifically modern craft. Such crafts emphasized traditional non-industrial production techniques, faithfulness to
581-670: A major cause. One of these potters, Yi Sam-pyeong , discovered the raw material of porcelain in Arita and produced first true porcelain in Japan. In the 17th century, conditions in China drove some of its potters into Japan, bringing with them the knowledge to make refined porcelain. From the mid-century, the Dutch East India Company began to import Japanese porcelain into Europe. At this time, Kakiemon wares were produced at
664-546: A material, "terracotta" also refers to items made out of this material. In archaeology and art history , "terracotta" is often used to describe objects such as statues, and figurines not made on a potter's wheel . A prime example is the Terracotta Army , a collection of man-sized terracotta sculptures depicting the armies of Qin Shi Huang , the first Emperor of China . It is a form of funerary art buried with
747-718: A medium. Much studio pottery is tableware or cookware but an increasing number of studio potters produce non-functional or sculptural items. Some studio potters now prefer to call themselves ceramic artists, ceramists or simply artists. Studio pottery is represented by potters all over the world. A tile is a manufactured piece of hard-wearing material such as ceramic , stone , metal, or even glass , generally used for covering roofs, floors, walls, showers, or other objects such as tabletops. Alternatively, tile can sometimes refer to similar units made from lightweight materials such as perlite , wood , and mineral wool , typically used for wall and ceiling applications. In another sense,
830-601: A new tradition of Azulejos developed in Spain and especially Portugal , which by the Baroque period produced extremely large painted scenes on tiles, usually in blue and white. Delftware tiles, typically with a painted design covering only one (rather small) tile, were ubiquitous in the Netherlands and widely exported over Northern Europe from the 16th century on. Several 18th-century royal palaces had porcelain rooms with
913-760: A role in the later falling apart of the Cobra Movement. This caused tension in the COBRA group with the Dutch artists boycotting a conference held at Bregnerød later that year. Matie and Jorn were married in 1950 and they had a son Ole and daughter Bodil. The COBRA group dissolved in 1951 He returned, impoverished and seriously ill with tuberculosis, to Silkeborg in 1951 and resumed work in the ceramics field in 1953. The following year he traveled to Albissola Marina in Italy where he became involved with an offshoot of COBRA,
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#1732780290071996-598: A second is applied, and prior to the scratching or incising decoration. This is particularly useful if the base body is not of the desired colour or texture. In sharp contrast to the archaeological usage, in which the term terra sigillata refers to a whole class of pottery, in contemporary ceramic art, 'terra sigillata' describes only a watery refined slip used to facilitate the burnishing of raw clay surfaces and used to promote carbon smoke effects, in both primitive low temperature firing techniques and unglazed alternative western-style Raku firing techniques. Terra sigillata
1079-455: A smoother surface to a rough body, mask an inferior colour or for decorative effect. Slips or engobes can also be applied by painting techniques, in isolation or in several layers and colours. Sgraffito involves scratching through a layer of coloured slip to reveal a different colour or the base body underneath. Several layers of slip and/or sgraffito can be done while the pot is still in an unfired state. One colour of slip can be fired, before
1162-402: Is pottery that has not been fired to vitrification and is thus permeable to water. Many types of pottery have been made from it from the earliest times, and until the 18th century it was the most common type of pottery outside the far East. Earthenware is often made from clay, quartz and feldspar . Terracotta , a type of earthenware , is a clay -based unglazed or glazed ceramic , where
1245-439: Is a type of pottery identified by its primary decorating process where slip is placed onto the leather-hard clay body surface before firing by dipping, painting or splashing. Slip is an aqueous suspension of a clay body, which is a mixture of clays and other minerals such as quartz , feldspar and mica . A coating of white or coloured slip, known as an engobe, can be applied to the article to improve its appearance, to give
1328-574: Is also used as a brushable decorative colourant medium in higher temperature glazed ceramic techniques. Studio pottery is pottery made by amateur or professional artists or artisans working alone or in small groups, making unique items or short runs. Typically, all stages of manufacture are carried out by the artists themselves. Studio pottery includes functional wares such as tableware , cookware and non-functional wares such as sculpture . Studio potters can be referred to as ceramic artists, ceramists, ceramicists or as an artist who uses clay as
1411-549: Is buried in the cemetery at Grötlingbo Church , on the island of Gotland in Sweden. The first edition of Luck and Chance was Jorn's first published book, issued privately to subscribers in 1952. It was written at the Silkeborg Sanatorium during his convalescence from a serious attack of tuberculosis aggravated by malnutrition and scurvy. Later in the process, it also became intended as a doctoral dissertation which
1494-406: Is known for its high levels of whiteness and translucency, and very high mechanical strength and chip resistance. Its high strength allows it to be produced in thinner cross-sections than other types of porcelain. Like stoneware it is vitrified , but is translucent due to differing mineral properties. From its initial development and up to the later part of the twentieth century, bone china
1577-559: Is nonporous; it may or may not be glazed. One widely recognised definition is from the Combined Nomenclature of the European Communities, a European industry standard states "Stoneware, which, though dense, impermeable and hard enough to resist scratching by a steel point, differs from porcelain because it is more opaque , and normally only partially vitrified. It may be vitreous or semi-vitreous. It
1660-523: Is now the Russian Far East , providing several from between 20,000 and 10,000 BCE, although the vessels were simple utilitarian objects. Xianrendong Cave in Jiangxi province contained pottery fragments that date back to 20,000 years ago. Recent archaeological excavations at Angkor Borei (in southern Cambodia) have recovered a large number of ceramics, some of which probably date back to
1743-529: Is the art and science of making objects from inorganic, non-metallic materials by the action of heat. It excludes glass and mosaic made from glass tesserae . There is a long history of ceramic art in almost all developed cultures, and often ceramic objects are all the artistic evidence left from vanished cultures, like that of the Nok in Africa over 2,000 years ago. Cultures especially noted for ceramics include
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#17327802900711826-790: Is typically marble, onyx, granite or slate. Thinner tiles can be used on walls than on floors, which require more durable surfaces that will resist impacts. A figurine (a diminutive form of the word figure ) is a statuette that represents a human , deity , legendary creature , or animal . Figurines may be realistic or iconic , depending on the skill and intention of the creator. The earliest were made of stone or clay. In ancient Greece, many figurines were made from terracotta (see Greek terracotta figurines ). Modern versions are made of ceramic, metal, glass, wood and plastic. Figurines and miniatures are sometimes used in board games , such as chess , and tabletop role playing games . Old figurines have been used to discount some historical theories, such as
1909-436: Is usually coloured grey or brownish because of impurities in the clay used for its manufacture, and is normally glazed." Porcelain is a ceramic material made by heating materials, generally including kaolin , in a kiln to temperatures between 1,200 and 1,400 °C (2,200 and 2,600 °F). The toughness, strength and translucence of porcelain, relative to other types of pottery , arises mainly from vitrification and
1992-622: The Chinese , Cretan , Greek , Persian , Mayan , Japanese , and Korean cultures, as well as the modern Western cultures. Elements of ceramic art, upon which different degrees of emphasis have been placed at different times, are the shape of the object, its decoration by painting, carving and other methods, and the glazing found on most ceramics. Different types of clay , when used with different minerals and firing conditions, are used to produce different types of ceramic, including earthenware, stoneware, porcelain and bone china. Earthenware
2075-629: The International Movement for an Imaginist Bauhaus . In 1954 he met Guy Debord , who was to become a close friend. The two men collaborated on two artist's books , Fin de Copenhague (1957) and Mémoires (1959), along with prints, and forewords to each other's work. He participated in the conference that led to the merger of the International Movement for an Imaginist Bauhaus , the Lettriste Internationale , and London Psychogeographical Association to form
2158-620: The Linear Pottery culture , Beaker culture , Globular Amphora culture , Corded Ware culture and Funnelbeaker culture , to take examples only from Neolithic Europe (approximately 7000–1800 BCE). Ceramic art has generated many styles from its own tradition, but is often closely related to contemporary sculpture and metalwork. Many times in its history styles from the usually more prestigious and expensive art of metalworking have been copied in ceramics. This can be seen in early Chinese ceramics, such as pottery and ceramic-wares of
2241-761: The Medici porcelain made in Florence . None was successful until a recipe for hard-paste porcelain was devised at the Meissen factory in Dresden in 1710. Within a few years, porcelain factories sprung up at Nymphenburg in Bavaria (1754) and Capodimonte in Naples (1743) and many other places, often financed by a local ruler. The earliest Japanese pottery was made around the 11th millennium BCE. Jōmon ware emerged in
2324-573: The Ming dynasty (1368–1644) have a wider reputation. Chinese emperors gave ceramics as diplomatic gifts on a lavish scale, and the presence of Chinese ceramics no doubt aided the development of related traditions of ceramics in Japan and Korea in particular. Until the 16th century, small quantities of expensive Chinese porcelain were imported into Europe. From the 16th century onwards attempts were made to imitate it in Europe, including soft-paste and
2407-482: The Mingei folk movement led by potters Shoji Hamada , Kawai Kajiro and others. They studied traditional methods in order to preserve native wares that were in danger of disappearing. Modern masters use ancient methods to bring pottery and porcelain to new heights of achievement at Shiga , Iga , Karatsu , Hagi , and Bizen . A few outstanding potters were designated living cultural treasures ( mukei bunkazai 無形文化財). In
2490-625: The Museum Jorn, Silkeborg , Denmark. Jorn willed his property and the works of art located inside to the Municipality of Albissola Marina (Savona), so the Italian museum called "Casa Museo Jorn" was created for displaying his works. He was the second oldest of six children, an elder brother to Jørgen Nash . Both of his parents were teachers. His father, Lars Peter Jørgensen, a fundamentalist Christian, died from pneumonia (contracted after
2573-610: The Pavillon des Temps Nouveaux at the 1937 Paris Exhibition . He returned again to Denmark in the summer of 1937. He again traveled to Paris in the summer of 1938, before returning to Denmark, traveling to Løkken , Silkeborg and Copenhagen . Asger Jorn was a good friend of the Danish art dealer Børge Birch, owner of Galerie Birch, who sold his art as early as the 1930s. Later on Jorn held many group exhibitions and solo exhibitions in different galleries. From 1937 to 1942, he studied at
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2656-569: The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts in Copenhagen. The occupation of Denmark by Nazi Germany was a time of deep crisis for Jorn, who had been deeply inculcated with pacifism. The occupation initially sank him into deep depression. He subsequently became active in the communist resistance movement . During the war he also co-founded with the architect Robert Dahlmann Olsen the underground art group, Helhesten or "hell-horse," and
2739-491: The Russian Far East , providing several from 20,000 to 10,000 BCE, although the vessels were simple utilitarian objects. Xianrendong Cave in Jiangxi province contained pottery fragments that date back to 20,000 years ago. These early pottery containers were made well before the invention of agriculture , by mobile foragers who hunted and gathered their food during the Late Glacial Maximum. Many of
2822-545: The Situationist International in 1957. Here he applied his scientific and mathematical knowledge drawn from Henri Poincaré and Niels Bohr to develop his situlogical technique. Jorn never believed in a conception of the Situationist ideas as exclusively artistic and separated from political involvement. He was at the root and at the core of the Situationist International project, fully sharing
2905-789: The origins of chess . Tableware is the dishes or dishware used for setting a table, serving food and dining. It includes cutlery , glassware , serving dishes and other useful items for practical as well as decorative purposes. Dishes, bowls and cups may be made of ceramic, while cutlery is typically made from metal, and glassware is often made from glass or other non-ceramic materials. The quality, nature, variety and number of objects varies according to culture, religion, number of diners, cuisine and occasion. For example, Middle Eastern, Indian or Polynesian food culture and cuisine sometimes limits tableware to serving dishes, using bread or leaves as individual plates. Special occasions are usually reflected in higher quality tableware. In addition to being
2988-905: The 13th century BCE. Glazed and coloured bricks were used to make low reliefs in Ancient Mesopotamia , most famously the Ishtar Gate of Babylon ( c. 575 BCE ), now partly reconstructed in Berlin , with sections elsewhere. Mesopotamian craftsmen were imported for the palaces of the Persian Empire such as Persepolis . The tradition continued, and after the Islamic conquest of Persia coloured and often painted glazed bricks or tiles became an important element in Persian architecture , and from there spread to much of
3071-507: The 6th millennium BCE and the plainer Yayoi style in about the 4th century BCE. This early pottery was soft earthenware, fired at low temperatures. The potter's wheel and a kiln capable of reaching higher temperatures and firing stoneware appeared in the 3rd or 4th centuries CE, probably brought from China via the Korean peninsula. In the 8th century, official kilns in Japan produced simple, green lead-glazed earthenware . Unglazed stoneware
3154-487: The 9th century. Pottery was produced in Raqqa , Syria , in the 8th century. Other centers for innovative ceramics in the Islamic world were Fustat (near modern Cairo ) from 975 to 1075, Damascus from 1100 to around 1600 and Tabriz from 1470 to 1550. Helhesten Helhesten ( Danish : The Hell-Horse ) was an arts and literary magazine which was published between 1941 and 1944 in Copenhagen, Denmark. It
3237-630: The Danish Harvest group. Robert Dahlmann also edited the magazine. The magazine adopted an avant-garde approach and opposed the Nazi propaganda . Its main contributors who were supporters of German expressionism, dada and surrealism included Ejler Bille , Henry Heerup , Egill Jacobsen and Carl-Henning Pedersen . They were also interested in the art of the banal. It mostly featured articles on art theory , non-Western work, literature, poetry, film, architecture, and photography in addition to
3320-777: The Islamic world, notably the İznik pottery of Turkey under the Ottoman Empire in the 16th and 17th centuries. Using the lusterware technology, one of the finest examples of medieval Islamic use of ceramics as wall decoration can be seen in the Mosque of Uqba also known as the Great Mosque of kairouan (in Tunisia ), the upper part of the mihrab wall is adorned with polychrome and monochrome lusterware tiles; dating from 862 to 863, these tiles were most probably imported from Mesopotamia. Transmitted via Islamic Iberia ,
3403-652: The SI, still fully supporting its contents and goals, and continuing to support it financially, but believing that the new strategy of the SI was ineffective. He went on to found the Scandinavian Institute of Comparative Vandalism in Silkeborg and contributed material to the Situationist Times . Later, he donated a museum for modern art to the Danish town of Silkeborg, near where he grew up. He
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3486-591: The Shang dynasty, in Ancient Roman and Iranian pottery, and Rococo European styles, copying contemporary silverware shapes. A common use of ceramics is for "pots" - containers such as bowls, vases and amphorae , as well as other tableware, but figurines have been very widely made. The earliest evidence of glazed brick is the discovery of glazed bricks in the Elamite Temple at Chogha Zanbil , dated to
3569-680: The UK and around the world. Fine china is not necessarily bone china, and is a term used to refer to ware which does not contain bone ash. China painting, or porcelain painting is the decoration of glazed porcelain objects such as plates, bowls, vases or statues. The body of the object may be hard-paste porcelain , developed in China in the 7th or 8th century, or soft-paste porcelain (often bone china ), developed in 18th-century Europe. The broader term ceramic painting includes painted decoration on lead-glazed earthenware such as creamware or tin-glazed pottery such as maiolica or faience . Typically
3652-537: The autumn of 1948 he, together with Christian Dotremont and Constant , founded COBRA (a European avant-garde art movement), and edited monographs of the Bibliothèque Cobra. However by 1949 Jorn had started a relationship with Matie van Domselaer, the daughter of the composer Jakob van Domselaer and music teacher Maike Middelkoop. She had been married to Constant since 1942 and they had not separated yet. Constant did not take to this kindly, which played
3735-547: The beginning of the 11th century and brown-glazed wares have been found in abundance at Khmer sites in northeast Thailand. Decorating pottery with animal forms was a popular style from the 11th to 13th century. Archaeological excavations in the Angkor region have revealed that towards the end of Angkor period production of indigenous pottery declined while there was a dramatic increase in Chinese ceramic imports. Direct evidence of
3818-458: The body is first fired in a kiln to convert it into a hard porous biscuit . Underglaze decoration may then be applied, followed by ceramic glaze , which is fired so it bonds to the body. The glazed porcelain may then be decorated with overglaze painting and fired again at a lower temperature to bond the paint with the glaze. Decoration may be applied by brush or by stenciling , transfer printing , lithography and screen printing . Slipware
3901-549: The context of the communist arena had been curtailed by what he characterised as a centralised bourgeois political control. Finding this unacceptable, he broke with the Communist Party of Denmark , although he did not hand in his membership until the mid-1960s and remained committed philosophically to a revision of the Marxist analysis of capitalism from the point of view of the artist. He traveled again to France where in
3984-607: The emperor in 210–209 BCE and whose purpose was to protect the emperor in his afterlife. French sculptor Albert-Ernest Carrier-Belleuse made many terracotta pieces, but possibly the most famous is The Abduction of Hippodameia depicting the Greek mythological scene of a centaur kidnapping Hippodameia on her wedding day. American architect Louis Sullivan is well known for his elaborate glazed terracotta ornamentation, designs that would have been impossible to execute in any other medium. Terracotta and tile were used extensively in
4067-591: The factories of Arita , which had much in common with the Chinese Famille Verte style. The superb quality of its enamel decoration was highly prized in the West and widely imitated by the major European porcelain manufacturers. In 1971 it was declared an important "intangible cultural treasure" by the Japanese government . In the 20th century, interest in the art of the village potter was revived by
4150-442: The far east. Jorn traveled to the United States for the only time in 1970, for a gallery opening at Lefebre Gallery. He had earlier asserted that he refused to travel to a country that made visitors sign a statement maintaining that they were not communists. In 1964, he was awarded a Guggenheim Award including a generous cash prize, by an international jury assembled by Lawrence Alloway . The following day Jorn sent this telegram to
4233-427: The fired body is porous. Its uses include vessels (notably flower pots ), water and waste water pipes, bricks, and surface embellishment in building construction . Terracotta has been a common medium for ceramic art ( see below ). Stoneware is a vitreous or semi-vitreous ceramic made primarily from stoneware clay or non- refractory fire clay. Stoneware is fired at high temperatures. Vitrified or not, it
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#17327802900714316-552: The first true porcelain was made in the province of Zhejiang in China during the Eastern Han period. Shards recovered from archaeological Eastern Han kiln sites estimated firing temperature ranged from 1,260 to 1,300 °C (2,300 to 2,370 °F). As far back as 1000 BCE, the so-called "porcelaneous wares" or "proto-porcelain wares" were made using at least some kaolin fired at high temperatures. The dividing line between
4399-535: The formation of the mineral mullite within the body at these high temperatures. Properties associated with porcelain include low permeability and elasticity ; considerable strength , hardness , toughness , whiteness , translucency and resonance ; and a high resistance to chemical attack and thermal shock . Porcelain has been described as being "completely vitrified, hard, impermeable (even before glazing), white or artificially coloured, translucent (except when of considerable thickness), and resonant". However,
4482-615: The greater universal good. He also attempts to reconcile the unique and individual position of the "creative elite" with his socialist principles. The second part alternates between objective and subjective modes. Jorn had noticed some graffiti scratched into the porch at the church in Damville during a visit in 1946. Having noticed similar scratchings in Scandinavia at the cathedrals in Ribe , Lund , and Trondheim , Jorn decided to study
4565-714: The late Eastern Han period (100–200 CE), the Three Kingdoms period (220–280 CE), the Six Dynasties period (220–589 CE), and thereafter. China in particular has had a continuous history of large-scale production, with the Imperial factories usually producing the best work. The Tang dynasty (618 to 906 CE) is especially noted for grave goods figures of humans, animals and model houses, boats and other goods, excavated (usually illegally) from graves in large numbers. Some experts believe
4648-610: The material, the skills of the individual maker, attention to utility, and an absence of excessive decoration that was typical to the Victorian era. The word "ceramics" comes from the Greek keramikos (κεραμεικός), meaning "pottery", which in turn comes from keramos (κέραμος) meaning "potter's clay". Most traditional ceramic products were made from clay (or clay mixed with other materials), shaped and subjected to heat, and tableware and decorative ceramics are generally still made this way. In modern ceramic engineering usage, ceramics
4731-516: The modern Western cultures. There is evidence that pottery was independently invented in several regions of the world, including East Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, the Near East, and the Americas. Although pottery figurines are found from earlier periods in Europe, the oldest pottery vessels come from East Asia, with finds in China and Japan, then still linked by a land bridge, and some in what is now
4814-539: The old capital of Kyoto , the Raku family continued to produce the rough tea bowls that had so delighted connoisseurs. At Mino , potters continued to reconstruct the classic formulas of Momoyama-era Seto-type tea wares of Mino, such as Oribe ware . By the 1990s many master potters worked away from ancient kilns and made classic wares in all parts of Japan. Korean pottery has had a continuous tradition since simple earthenware from about 8000 BCE. Styles have generally been
4897-480: The phenomenon. He was able to make a trip to Normandy in 1961 with Franceschi. They were able to record a number of such markings in Eure and Calvados , but not elsewhere. The results of the study were published as a book. nella realtà storica, dopo le finte dimissioni del 1961, Keller-Jorn si era appena amichevolmente defilato dalle attività dell’IS, appoggiandone in pieno i contenuti e gli scopi (al punto da continuare
4980-567: The point of view of an artist". Critique of Political Economy and the Exploitation of the Unique (1961) This book consists of two parts. The first is a concise critique of the apparent contradictions in Marx's Das Kapital which Jorn uses to prepare the ground for a discussion of how the work of "the creative elite" can have "value" in any future society aligned on communist principles. This
5063-658: The pottery fragments had scorch marks, suggesting that the pottery was used for cooking. Many remarkable containers were made from stone before the invention of pottery in Western Asia (which occurred around 7,000 BC), and before the invention of agriculture . The Natufian culture created elegant stone mortars during the period between 12,000 and 9,500 BC. Around 8000 BC, several early settlements became experts in crafting beautiful and highly sophisticated containers from stone, using materials such as alabaster or granite , and employing sand to shape and polish. Artisans used
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#17327802900715146-441: The prehistoric period. Most of the pottery, however, dates to the pre-Angkorian period and consists mainly of pinkish terracotta pots which were either hand-made or thrown on a wheel, and then decorated with incised patterns. Glazed wares first appear in the archaeological record at the end of the 9th century at the Roluos temple group in the Angkor region, where green-glazed pot shards have been found. A brown glaze became popular at
5229-537: The president of the Guggenheim, Harry F. Guggenheim : GO TO HELL WITH YOUR MONEY BASTARD—STOP—REFUSE PRICE [sic] —STOP—NEVER ASKED FOR IT—STOP—AGAINST ALL DECENSY [sic] MIX ARTIST AGAINST HIS WILL IN YOUR PUBLICITY—STOP—I WANT PUBLIC CONFIRMATION NOT TO HAVE PARTICIPATED IN YOUR RIDICULOUS GAME JORN During the course of his artistic career he produced over 2,500 paintings, prints, drawings, ceramics, sculptures, artist's books, collages, décollages, and collaborative tapestries. He died in Aarhus , Denmark on 1 May 1973. He
5312-444: The principal wrote a reference for him which said that he had attained "an extraordinary rich personal development and maturity" – especially because of his wide reading in areas outside the topics required for his studies. While at college he joined the small Silkeborg branch of the Communist Party of Denmark and came under the direct influence of the syndicalist Christian Christensen , with whom he became close friends and who, Jorn
5395-427: The revolutionary intentions with Debord. The Situationist general principles were an attack on the capitalist exploitation and degradation of the life of people, and solution of alternative life experiences, construction of situations, unitary urbanism, psychogeography, with the union of play, freedom and critical thinking. Such general principles were applied by Jorn to painting. In 1961 he amicably quit his activity in
5478-407: The shapes of vessels is provided by scenes depicted on bas-reliefs at Khmer temples, which also offer insight into domestic and ritualistic uses of the wares. The wide range of utilitarian shapes suggest the Khmers used ceramics in their daily life for cooking, food preservation, carrying and storing liquids, as containers for medicinal herbs, perfumes and cosmetics. There is Chinese porcelain from
5561-406: The small, almost mosaic, brightly coloured zellige tiles of Morocco . With exceptions, notably the Porcelain Tower of Nanjing , tiles or glazed bricks do not feature largely in East Asian ceramics. Although pottery figurines are found from earlier periods in Europe, the oldest pottery vessels come from East Asia, with finds in China and Japan, then still linked by a land bridge, and some in what
5644-524: The term porcelain lacks a universal definition and has "been applied in a very unsystematic fashion to substances of diverse kinds which have only certain surface-qualities in common". Bone china is a type of soft-paste porcelain that is composed of bone ash , feldspathic material , and kaolin . It has been defined as ware with a translucent body containing a minimum of 30% of phosphate derived from animal bone and calculated calcium phosphate. Developed by English potter Josiah Spode , bone china
5727-417: The town buildings of Victorian Birmingham , England. There is a long history of ceramic art in almost all developed cultures, and often ceramic objects are all the artistic evidence left from vanished cultures, like that of the Nok in Africa over 3,000 years ago. Cultures especially noted for ceramics include the Chinese , Cretan , Greek , Persian , Mayan , Japanese , and Korean cultures, as well as
5810-430: The two and true porcelain wares is not a clear one. Archaeological finds have pushed the dates to as early as the Han dynasty (206–BCE – 220 CE). The Imperial porcelain of the Song dynasty (960–1279), featuring very subtle decoration shallowly carved by knife in the clay, is regarded by many authorities as the peak of Chinese ceramics , though the large and more exuberantly painted ceramics of
5893-455: The veins in the material to maximize visual effect. Such object have been found in abundance on the upper Euphrates river , in what is today eastern Syria, especially at the site of Bouqras . These form the early stages of the development of the Art of Mesopotamia . Early pots were made by what is known as the "coiling" method, which worked the clay into a long string that wound to form a shape that later made smooth walls. The potter's wheel
5976-525: The walls entirely covered in porcelain. Surviving examples include ones at Capodimonte , Naples, the Royal Palace of Madrid and the nearby Royal Palace of Aranjuez . Elaborate cocklestoves were a feature of rooms of the middle and upper-classes in Northern Europe from the 17th to 19th centuries. There are several other types of traditional tiles that remain in manufacture, for example,
6059-657: The west coast of Jutland. By the age of 16 he was influenced by N. F. S. Grundtvig , and although he had already started to paint, Asger enrolled in the Vinthers Seminarium, a teacher-training college in Silkeborg where he paid particular attention to a course in 19th century Scandinavian thought. Also at about this time Jorn became the subject of a number of oil paintings by the painter Martin Kaalund-Jørgensen, which encouraged Jorn to try his hand in this medium. When he graduated from college in 1935,
6142-478: Was a contributor to its journal with the same name, Helhesten . In 1939, he wrote the key theoretical essay, "Intimate Banalities," published in Helhesten , which claimed that the future of art was kitsch and praised amateur landscape paintings as "the best art today." He was also the first person to translate Franz Kafka into Danish. After the war, he complained that opportunities for critical thinking within
6225-468: Was almost exclusively an English product, with production being effectively localised in Stoke-on-Trent . Most major English firms made or still make it, including Mintons , Coalport , Spode , Royal Crown Derby , Royal Doulton , Wedgwood and Worcester . In the UK, references to "china" or "porcelain" can refer to bone china, and "English porcelain" has been used as a term for it, both in
6308-513: Was developed by the Islamic potters, the first examples found as blue-painted ware in Basra , dating from about the 8th century. The Islamic world had contact with China, and increasingly adapted many Chinese decorative motifs. Persian wares gradually relaxed Islamic restrictions on figurative ornament, and painted figuratives scenes became very important. Stoneware was also an important craft in Islamic pottery, produced throughout Iraq and Syria by
6391-575: Was later to write, was to become a second father to him. In 1936 he traveled (on a BSA motorbike he had scraped together enough money to buy) to Paris to become a student of Kandinsky . However, when he discovered that Kandinsky was having economic difficulties, barely able to sell his own paintings, Jorn decided to join Fernand Léger 's Académie Contemporaine ; it was during this period that he turned away from figurative painting and to abstract art. In 1937 he joined Le Corbusier in working on
6474-544: Was one of the leading publications during World War II in the region. Its title was a reference to a figure in the Norse mythology . Helhesten was first published in Copenhagen in April 1941 during the Nazi occupation of the city. The magazine was inspired from two former Danish magazines, Klingen and Linien . The founders of Helhesten were Asger Jorn , a painter, and Robert Dahlmann, an architect. They were part of
6557-736: Was originally published in French in 1959 by the Internationale Situationniste and is the most straightforward and least discursive of all of Jorn's texts, probably because Guy Debord had a hand in the editing. The second part is a long polemic against contemporaneous Russian revisionism and the failed attempt by Denmark and Britain to join the Common Market, before coming to Jorn's main proposal, an economically independent international "creative elite" adopting typical Scandinavian institutions to realize "artistic value" for
6640-639: Was probably invented in Mesopotamia by the 4th millennium BCE, but spread across nearly all Eurasia and much of Africa, though it remained unknown in the New World until the arrival of Europeans. Decoration of the clay by incising and painting is found very widely, and was initially geometric, but often included figurative designs from very early on. So important is pottery to the archaeology of prehistoric cultures that many are known by names taken from their distinctive, and often very fine, pottery, such as
6723-411: Was refused by a professor of philosophy at Copenhagen University. It is, amongst other things, a critique of Kierkegaard's triad of aesthetic, ethical and religious stages, and of his definition of truth. Another powerful influence appears to be present in ghostly form : Friedrich Nietzsche. It is one of the most fundamental texts to understand Jorn's undertaking of "a reconstruction of philosophy from
6806-602: Was to remain close to Debord, however, and continued to fund Situationist publications. His philosophical system Triolectics was given a practical manifestation through the development of three sided football . His first American solo exhibition was at the Lefebre Gallery in 1962. After 1966, Jorn continued to produce oil paintings while traveling throughout Europe collecting images with photographer Gerard Franceschi for his vast archive of "10,000 Years of Nordic Folk Art". He traveled extensively, to Cuba, England, and
6889-423: Was used as funerary jars, storage jars and kitchen pots up to the 17th century. Some of the kilns improved their methods and are known as the “Six Old Kilns”. From the 11th to the 16th century, Japan imported much porcelain from China and some from Korea. The Japanese overlord Toyotomi Hideyoshi 's attempts to conquer China in the 1590s were dubbed the "Ceramic Wars"; the emigration of Korean potters appeared to be
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