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84-441: Damville may refer to: Persons [ edit ] Charles de Montmorency-Damville (1537–1612), duke of Damville, admiral of France, peer of France Henri I de Montmorency-Damville (1534–1614), Marshal of France, Constable of France, seigneur of Damville, served as Governor of Languedoc from 1563 to 1614 Places [ edit ] Canada [ edit ] Damville Lake ,

168-567: A Catholic zealot, and was succeeded by his son Louis XIII . Henry was baptised a Catholic but raised in the Protestant faith by his mother. He inherited the throne of Navarre in 1572 on his mother's death. As a Huguenot (Protestant), Henry was involved in the French Wars of Religion , barely escaping assassination in the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre . He later led Protestant forces against

252-467: A French army to support the Protestant claimants. Maximilien de Béthune, Duke of Sully , his financial advisor, was particularly keen on joining the war, as France's finances at the time were secure. Henry declared that he was defending the rights of the Imperial princes, and also that he was honoring his previously agreements to defend the Protestant claimants. Henry also was seeking to curb the power of

336-467: A body of water in the unorganized territory of Rivière-Mistassini, Maria-Chapdelaine Regional County Municipality, Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean, in Quebec Damville (Quebec township) , a township in the unorganized territory of Rivière-Mistassini, Quebec France [ edit ] Buis-sur-Damville , a former commune in the department of Eure, Normandy Damville, Eure , a former commune in

420-506: A circumnavigation of the globe and informed Henry of his adventures. He had visited China and India, and met with Emperor Akbar . Historians have assessed that Henry IV was a convinced Calvinist , and only changed his formal religious confession to achieve his political goals. Henry IV was baptized as a Catholic on 5 January 1554. He was raised in the Reformed Tradition by his mother Jeanne III of Navarre . In 1572, after

504-743: A great city, with the Pont Neuf , which still stands today, constructed over the river Seine to connect the Right and Left Banks of the city. Henry IV also built the Place Royale (known since 1800 as Place des Vosges ), and added the Grande Galerie to the Louvre Palace . Stretching more than 400 metres along the Seine river bank, at the time it was the longest edifice of its kind in

588-558: A moment of frustration in 1601 he asked sarcastically whether it was Henri's intention to rule while consulting only his ministers Villeroy and Sully . He further complained that even the provincial governors were largely denied any authority over their territories. Other magnates, such as the Duke of Biron took their discontent further into treason. Damville died in 1612. Henri IV of France Henry IV ( French : Henri IV ; 13 December 1553 – 14 May 1610), also known by

672-460: A result of this assault against his family, Damville and his two brothers, Méru and Thoré entered into an alliance with the Protestants of southern France in opposition to the crown. This alliance was forged over the objections of the Protestant clerics, who had little taste for a concord with Catholic magnates. While Damville would lead resistance in his governate, Méru and Thoré escaped across

756-430: A rich southern heiress, Marguerite de Foix-Candale . At the wedding, both Damville and Thoré involved themselves in the ceremony as uncles to the bride. In 1596, upon the death of Admiral Villars , Damville became Admiral of France. As the reign of Henri continued, there was growing discontent among the great magnates of the realm at his increasingly autocratic style of rule. Damville embodied this frustration when in

840-722: A significant Protestant leader, who then sought to facilitate an agreement between Wolfgang and Johann Sigismund. When peace was negotiated in the Treaty of Dortmund , Henry sent congratulatory messages to the Protestant claimants, and voiced his support, particularly against the Habsburgs who were likely to challenge the treaty. When Habsburg forces invaded Jülich, starting the War of the Jülich Succession , Henry decided to act. On 29 July, after consulting his advisors, Henry ordered

924-470: A universal recognition of his new title. Pope Sixtus V excommunicated Henry and declared him ineligible to inherit the crown. Most of the Catholic nobles who had joined Henry III for the siege of Paris also refused to recognize Henry of Navarre, and abandoned him. He set about winning his kingdom by force of arms, aided by English money and German troops. Henry's Catholic uncle Charles, Cardinal de Bourbon

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1008-460: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Charles de Montmorency-Damville In 1574, he and his brother Thoré surrounded Alençon and encouraged his ambition. After their elder brother abandoned the court in February, their plans with the young prince became more serious, and Alençon entered conspiracy to flee court and put himself at

1092-696: The Collège Royal Henri-le-Grand in La Flèche (today the Prytanée Militaire de la Flèche ). He and Sully protected forests from further devastation, built a system of tree-lined highways, and constructed bridges and canals. He had a 1200-metre canal built in the park at the Château Fontainebleau (which may be fished today) and ordered the planting of pines, elms, and fruit trees. The King restored Paris as

1176-649: The Edict of Nantes (1598), which guaranteed religious liberties to Protestants, thereby effectively ending the French Wars of Religion . An active ruler, Henry worked to regularize state finance, promote agriculture, eliminate corruption and encourage education. He began the first successful French colonization of the Americas . He promoted trade and industry, and prioritized the construction of roads, bridges, and canals to facilitate communication within France and strengthen

1260-476: The Edict of Nantes which granted them many concessions. Henry was nicknamed Henri le Grand (the Great), and in France is also called le bon roi Henri (good king Henry) and le vert galant (The Green Gallant) for his numerous mistresses. In English he is most often referred to as Henry of Navarre. In 1609, Henry had grown infatuated with Charlotte Marguerite de Montmorency , Princess of Condé , much to

1344-606: The Edict of Nantes , which granted circumscribed liberties to the Huguenots. Henry IV successfully ended the civil wars. He and his ministers appeased Catholic leaders using bribes of about 7 million écus, a sum greater than France's annual revenue. In combination with other fiscal problems, the king was faced with a financial crisis by the middle of the 1590s. In response to this crisis, Henry resolved to convene an Assembly of Notables in November 1596 that he hoped would approve

1428-639: The Alps. In January 1601, Henry accepted another offer of papal arbitration and gained not only Bresse, but Bugey and Gex . Savoy retained a narrow corridor through the Val de Chézery . This still allowed Spanish troops to cross from Lombardy to Franche Comté without going through France, but it created a choke point where the Spanish Road was a single bridge across the Rhône River . The Saluzzo conflict

1512-757: The Catholic League nobles opposing Henry to win the Battle of Craon in 1592. The Spanish war was not ended with Henry's coronation, but after his victory at the Siege of Amiens in September 1597, the Peace of Vervins was signed in 1598. This freed his armies to settle the dispute with the Duchy of Savoy , ending with the Treaty of Lyon of 1601 , which arranged territorial exchanges. One of Henry's major problems

1596-737: The Dey of Algiers and the Ottoman Empire , but this project floundered with the arrival of John of Austria in Aragon and the disarmament of the Moriscos. In 1576, a three-pronged Ottoman fleet from Constantinople was planned to disembark between Murcia and Valencia while the French Huguenots would invade from the north and the Moriscos accomplish their uprising, but the fleet failed to arrive. After his crowning, Henry continued

1680-626: The Emperor's brother, also a member of the House of Habsburg . In case of such opposition, Philip indicated that princes of the House of Lorraine would be acceptable to him: the Duke of Guise; a son of the Duke of Lorraine; and the son of the Duke of Mayenne. The Spanish ambassadors selected the Duke of Guise, to the joy of the League. However, at that moment of seeming victory, the envy of the Duke of Mayenne

1764-508: The French Protestants for their rebellion. Thoré and Méru had by now fled to Strasbourg where they worked to recruit a German mercenary army with the help of the prince of Condé . Méru secured financial support from Elizabeth I . In January 1576 the army invaded France, and Henri III was forced into a generous peace towards the rebels. Méru would remain close to Alençon and support him in his efforts to become king of Nederland in

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1848-722: The French Wars of Religion. On 9 June 1572, upon his mother's death, the 19-year-old became King of Navarre . At the death of his mother Queen Jeanne, it was arranged for Henry to marry Margaret of Valois , daughter of Henry II of France and Catherine de' Medici . The wedding took place in Paris on 18 August 1572 on the parvis of Notre Dame Cathedral . On 24 August, the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre began in Paris. Several thousand Protestants who had come to Paris for Henry's wedding were killed, as well as thousands more throughout

1932-550: The French royal army. Henry inherited the throne of France in 1589 upon the death of Henry III . Henry IV initially kept the Protestant faith (the only French king to do so) and had to fight against the Catholic League , which refused to accept a Protestant monarch. After four years of military stalemate, Henry converted to Catholicism, reportedly saying, "Paris is well worth a mass." As a pragmatic politician he promulgated

2016-421: The Habsburgs. Henry's actions faced critique. Some saw him as a warmonger. The Papacy in particular was concerned that Henry was supporting Protestant princes. Henry responded to the papacy declaring that he was keeping the peace. When Habsburg ambassadors told Henry that he was contributing to the decline of Catholicism by supporting the Protestant claimants, Henry declared that he was merely trying to contain

2100-621: The Habsburgs. He also warned the Papacy to keep religion out of succession affairs. France assured the Protestant princes of the Empire that despite being Catholic, the French would still provide aid. Henry also sought to gain the aid of the English and Dutch. Henry greatly pressured the Dutch for support, appealing directly to states-general. Despite Henry's defense of the Protestant princes during

2184-511: The Huguenots including the exact places where worship may or may not take place, the recognition of three Protestant universities, and the allowance of Protestant synods. The king also issued two personal documents (called brevets ) which recognized the Protestant establishment. The Edict of Nantes signed religious tolerance into law, and the brevets were an act of benevolence that created a Protestant state within France. Despite this, it would take years to restore law and order to France. The Edict

2268-589: The Jülich War, many of the German states distrusted him. Afterall, Henry had converted to Catholicism in 1593. Also, France owed debts to some German states, which France struggled to repay. There were also concerns that Henry sought to become Emperor. It was widely believed that in 1610 Henry was preparing to escalate the war against the Holy Roman Empire , which was prevented by his assassination and

2352-751: The King of Navarre as a true subject and Frenchman, not a fanatic Huguenot aiming to subjugate Catholics, and Catholic royalist nobles also rallied to them. With this combined force, the two kings marched to Paris. The morale of the city was low, and even the Spanish ambassador believed the city could not hold out longer than a fortnight. However, on 2 August 1589, a monk infiltrated Henry III's camp and assassinated him. When Henry III died, his ninth cousin once removed, Henry of Navarre, nominally became king of France. The Catholic League, however, strengthened by foreign support—especially from Spain—was strong enough to prevent

2436-473: The Three Henrys (1587–1589). The Duke of Guise pushed for complete suppression of the Huguenots and had much support among Catholic loyalists. Political disagreements among the parties set off a series of campaigns and counter-campaigns that culminated in the Battle of Coutras . In December 1588, King Henry III had the Duke of Guise murdered, along with his brother Louis, Cardinal of Guise, thinking

2520-504: The allegiance of the vast majority of his subjects. Since Reims , traditional coronation place of French kings, was still occupied by the Catholic League, Henry was crowned King of France at the Cathedral of Chartres on 27 February 1594. Pope Clement VIII lifted excommunication from Henry on 17 September 1595. He did not forget his former Calvinist coreligionists, however, and was known for his religious tolerance. In 1598 he issued

2604-478: The army was raised with the son of the elector Palatine , Méru meanwhile was instrumental in securing the financial backing of Elizabeth I of England for the rebel cause. In his entreaty to Elizabeth he described the motivating factor as being a response to the Massacre of Saint Bartholomew in which 'innocent blood of many valiant men was spilled' in a 'long planned' betrayal. Further betrayals were to be found in

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2688-480: The authority of the governor, his brother François de Montmorency eldest son of the duke of Montmorency. A few years later, while the court was residing in Bordeaux during the grand tour of the kingdom being conducted by Charles IX and his mother Catherine de' Medici , Charles desired to try and work on his dancing in private in preparation for festivities that were to take place at Bayonne . Méru snuck into

2772-463: The border into the Holy Roman Empire . In Strasbourg they united with the young prince de Condé . In the conspiratorial discourses that swirled in the pamphlets of the time, it was claimed that Méru was one of the victims of a 'group of foreigners' who were presently governing France and leading the country into ruin. On 30 May 1574 Charles IX died, and with no sons, the succession defaulted to his brother Anjou who styled himself Henri III. He

2856-528: The capital of the joint Kingdom of Navarre with the sovereign principality of Béarn . His parents were Jeanne III of Navarre (Jeanne d'Albret) and her husband, Antoine de Bourbon, Duke of Vendôme, King of Navarre . Although baptised as a Catholic, Henry was raised in the Calvinist faith by his mother, who had declared Calvinism the religion of Navarre. As a teenager, Henry joined the Huguenot forces in

2940-637: The chagrin of her husband, Henry II, Prince of Condé . On 28 November 1609, the Prince and Princess fled to Brussels in the Spanish Netherlands . King Henry was furious, and believed that the Prince was conspiring against him, so he threatened to raise an army of 60,000 to capture him and bring back the princess. This corresponded with the War of the Jülich Succession, so it added to the tension, especially with Spain. Though generally well-liked, Henry

3024-475: The claims of France and the Duke of Savoy. The Duke offered to cede Bresse to France if he could retain Saluzzo. Henri IV accepted this, but Spain objected that Bresse was a vital part of the Spanish Road, and persuaded the Duke to reject the decision. Henry IV was already at Lyon and had soldiers ready, and four days later he marched fifty thousand men against the duchy, occupying almost all of its area west of

3108-625: The contemporary writer Claude Haton  [ fr ] who denounced them for the depredations they wrought in the French countryside as 'specialists in rape, ransom and horse theft'. The duke of Montmorency died in 1579, and Méru's elder brother Damville became duke, relinquishing his title of Damville to Méru in turn. In September 1580, Alençon entered formal negotiations with the Dutch States General to be established as king of Nederland. A delegation of Dutch representatives arrived at Plessis-lès-Tours on 6 September to work out

3192-439: The country in the days that followed. Henry narrowly escaped death thanks to the help of his wife and his promise to convert to Catholicism. He was forced to live at the court of France, but he escaped in early 1576. On 5 February of that year, he formally abjured Catholicism at Tours and rejoined the Protestant forces in the military conflict. He named his 16-year-old sister, Catherine de Bourbon , regent of Béarn. Catherine held

3276-501: The country's cohesion. These efforts stimulated economic growth and improved living standards. While the Edict of Nantes brought religious peace to France, some hardline Catholics and Huguenots remained dissatisfied, leading to occasional outbreaks of violence and conspiracies. Henry IV also faced resistance from certain noble factions who opposed his centralization policies, leading to political instability. His main foreign policy success

3360-459: The creation of new royal revenues. The assembly approved the creation of a new tax on goods entering towns that would be known as the pancarte , however in 1597 the crown was again rocked by military crisis when the Spanish seized Amiens . Huguenot leaders were placated by the Edict of Nantes , which had four separate sections. The articles laid down the tolerance which would be accorded to

3444-427: The crown than their elder brothers. They surrounded the brother to the king Alençon alongside the vicomte de Turenne , feeding the young prince's disatisfaction with his position. On 16 February 1574 the duke of Guise assaulted the sieur de Ventrabren a servant of Alençon, accusing the duke of Montmorency of having hired the noble to assassinate him. Shortly thereafter Montmorency departed court in disgust. With

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3528-408: The daughter of Marshal Cossé in 1571. She brought with her a dowry of 30,000 livres . The couple would not have any children. By 1560, Méru was serving François II as a gentilhomme ordinaire de la chambre . One of around 70 men granted the charge. In March 1562, shortly before the outbreak of the first War of Religion, Méru was appointed as the lieutenant-general of the Île de France under

3612-624: The department of Eure, Normandy See also [ edit ] Danville (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Damville . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Damville&oldid=975604099 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Disambiguation pages with surname-holder lists Hidden categories: Short description

3696-467: The domination of the French court by the Lorraine family and various Italians. With a mercenary invasion of France looking to be increasingly close to coming to pass, the crown sought to leverage the imprisonment of Montmorency. He was warned that if the German reiters entered the kingdom he would be executed. It was hoped by this means he would persuade his brothers to back down from their rebellion. He

3780-469: The duke gone, his younger brothers Méru and Thoré started congregating in Alençon's apartments and began plotting conspiracy against the crown in earnest. While the duke had remained, the family had maintained access to the avenues of power, deprived him they were left to pursue more radical means to assert themselves over the Lorraine family. In April 1574 Alençon made a failed attempted to flee court, in

3864-515: The duke of Longueville , Montpensier's son the prince dauphin d'Auvergne and Méru. During the late 1560s, the crown became increasingly insecure about the loyalty of the upper nobility. To reinforce this demographic, it was decided to expand the conferring of the honour of the Ordre de Saint-Michel . To this end it was decided to allow senior nobles to confer a limited number of the awards themselves upon their own clients. The Montmorency clan received

3948-497: The encouragement of his mistress, Gabrielle d'Estrées , Henry permanently renounced Protestantism and converted to Catholicism to secure his hold on the French crown, thereby earning the resentment of the Huguenots and his ally Elizabeth I of England . He was said to have declared that Paris vaut bien une messe ("Paris is well worth a Mass "), although the attribution is doubtful. His acceptance of Catholicism secured

4032-579: The epithets Good King Henry or Henry the Great , was King of Navarre (as Henry III ) from 1572 and King of France from 1589 to 1610. He was the first monarch of France from the House of Bourbon , a cadet branch of the Capetian dynasty . He pragmatically balanced the interests of the Catholic and Protestant parties in France as well as among the European states. He was assassinated in Paris in 1610 by

4116-475: The following years, both through the raising of troops and negotiating the terms by which he was established as king in 1580. In 1579, his eldest brother the duke of Montmorency died, and Damville succeeded him, vacating the title of Damville to Méru. In 1596 Damville was elevated to the position of Admiral by Henri IV . Henri developed an increasingly autocratic rule that alienated many grand nobles, including Damville. Damville died in 1612. Charles de Montmorency

4200-474: The head of a rebellion. After two failed efforts to accomplish this, the Montmorency family fell under suspicion for their involvement in his indiscretions. The duke of Montmorency was lured to court then arrested, while Thoré and Méru fled ahead of an arrest order. The arrest of the duke pushed their other brother Damville , governor of Languedoc into open rebellion. The three men would form an alliance with

4284-466: The interrogations that followed the Montmorency family was accused of involvement. After a failed attack in 1574 by Damville, designed to force the king to release from quasi captivity the king of Navarre and the king's brother Alençon, the crown responded by arresting the duke of Montmorency and imprisoning him in Vincennes on 4 May. Alongside Montmorency, Marshal Cossé was also imprisoned, Cossé

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4368-506: The king discussed the prospect of an invasion of the Spanish Netherlands and the enforcement of the Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye . The siege of La Rochelle in 1573 was the first opportunity of many young nobles to demonstrate their military skill. As such they flocked to join the siege lines under the command of the king's brother Anjou. Among the nobles who hurried to the city in February 1573 were Thoré and Méru. During that year, both Méru and Thoré were more open to rebelling against

4452-456: The kings of France had resisted the interference of the pope in political matters, and that he should not raise a foreign prince or princess to the throne of France under the pretext of religion. Mayenne was angered that he had not been consulted prior to this admonishment, but yielded, since their aim was not contrary to his present views. Despite these setbacks for the League, Henry remained unable to take control of Paris. On 25 July 1593, with

4536-503: The main mercenary army would roll into France in January 1576, carving a path through Champagne. By May 1576, the crown felt compelled to make peace with the rebels. The terms were generous to Alençon and his noble backers, but also to French Protestants. Méru remained close to Alençon, and in 1578 took responsibility for raising troops to support his plans for entry into the Spanish Netherlands . The soldiers he raised were deplored by

4620-416: The massacre of French Calvinists, he was forced by Catherine de' Medici and the royal court to convert. In 1576, after escaping from Paris, he abjured Catholicism and returned to Calvinism. In 1593, to gain recognition as King of France , he converted again to Catholicism. Although a formal Catholic, he valued his Calvinist upbringing and was tolerant toward the Huguenots until his death in 1610, and issued

4704-544: The policy of a Franco-Ottoman alliance and received an embassy from Sultan Mehmed III in 1601. In 1604, a "Peace Treaty and Capitulation " was signed between Henry IV and the Ottoman Sultan Ahmed I , granting France numerous advantages in the Ottoman Empire. In 1606–07, Henry IV sent Arnoult de Lisle as Ambassador to Morocco to request the observance of past friendship treaties. An embassy

4788-484: The regency for nearly thirty years. Henry became heir presumptive to the French throne in 1584 upon the death of Francis, Duke of Anjou , brother and heir to the Catholic Henry III , who had succeeded Charles IX in 1574. Given that Henry of Navarre was the next senior agnatic descendant of King Louis IX , King Henry III had no choice but to recognise him as the legitimate successor. A conflict for

4872-551: The reign of Henry IV, rivalry continued among France, Habsburg Spain, and the Holy Roman Empire for the mastery of Western Europe. The conflict was not resolved until after the Thirty Years' War . During Henry's struggle for the crown, Spain had been the principal backer of the Catholic League, and it tried to thwart Henry. Under the Duke of Parma , an army from the Spanish Netherlands intervened in 1590 against Henry and foiled his siege of Paris. Another Spanish army helped

4956-485: The release of Montmorency, who was allowed his freedom on 2 October. In parallel to these developments Thoré led the advanced guard of the German mercenary army across the border into France, he was bested by the duke of Guise at the Battle of Dormans . Despite this failure, Thoré was able to extract himself from the debacle. Méru let it be known that the main mercenary army of 8000 reitres and 8000 Swiss would invade France on Saint-Martin's day (11 November). In fact,

5040-437: The removal of the brothers would restore his authority. However, the populace was horrified and rose against him. The King was no longer recognized in several cities; his effective power was limited to Blois , Tours, and the surrounding districts. In the general chaos, Henry III relied on Henry of Navarre and his Huguenots. The two kings were united by a common interest—to win France from the Catholic League. Henry III recognized

5124-580: The request of Henry IV. From 1604 to 1609, following the return of François Martin de Vitré, Henry attempted to set up a French East India Company on the model of England and the Netherlands. On 1 June 1604, he issued letters patent to Dieppe merchants to form the Dieppe Company , giving them exclusive rights to Asian trade for 15 years, but no ships were sent until 1616. In 1609, another adventurer, Pierre-Olivier Malherbe , returned from

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5208-417: The rights to nominate 18 chevaliers , with Méru granted two of this number to choose at his discretion. On 22 August, an attempt was made on the life of Admiral Coligny . The following day, the king came to visit Coligny where he was recuperating from his wound in bed. Travelling with the king for his audience with the magnate were three of the Montmorency brothers Damville , Thoré and Méru. Coligny and

5292-402: The room in which Charles was practicing and hid behind a curtain. Charles discovered his presence and was furious, chasing him from the room. Méru believed himself to have been betrayed by the young duke of Guise and remarked, 'if someone other than the king had brought me out from behind that curtain, I would have plunged my dagger into their chest'. The king's brother Anjou who was listening,

5376-403: The specific parameters of his kingship. Among those nobles present on Alençon's behalf to negotiate were La Châtre , La Fin , the duke of Elbeuf and Damville. After a period of tense negotiations, an acceptable arrangement was agreed, and Alençon became king of Nederland. By the late 1580s, Henri had established two prime favourites, Joyeuse and Épernon . In 1587 the latter was married to

5460-547: The strongest candidate was probably the Infanta Isabella Clara Eugenia of Spain , daughter of Philip II of Spain , whose mother Elisabeth had been the eldest daughter of Henry II of France . In the religious fervor of the time, the Infanta was considered a suitable queen, provided she married a suitable husband. The French overwhelmingly rejected Philip's first choice, Archduke Ernest of Austria ,

5544-474: The subsequent rapprochement with Spain under the regency of Marie de' Medici . Even before Henry's accession to the French throne, the French Huguenots were in contact with Aragonese Moriscos in plans against the Habsburg government of Spain in the 1570s. Around 1575, plans were made for a combined attack of Aragonese Moriscos and Huguenots from Béarn under Henry against Spanish Aragon , in agreement with

5628-518: The succession of the wealthy Duchies were in dispute. Henry aimed to maintain peace among the Protestant princes of the Holy Roman Empire to present a united front against the Habsburgs. To achieve this, Henry encouraged a peaceful settlement over the succession between the two main protestant claimants: Wolfgang Wilhelm of Palatinate-Neuburg and Johann Sigismund of Brandenburg . He communicated this with Maurice, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel ,

5712-453: The throne of France then ensued, contested by these three men and their respective supporters: Salic law barred inheritance by the king's sisters and all others who could claim descent through only the female line. However, since Henry of Navarre was a Huguenot, many Catholics refused to acknowledge the succession, and France was plunged into a phase of the Wars of Religion known as the War of

5796-771: The use of imported gold and silver cloth. He also built royal factories to produce luxuries such as crystal glass, silk, satin, and tapestries (at Gobelins Manufactory and Savonnerie manufactory workshops). The king re-established silk weaving in Tours and Lyon , and increased linen production in Picardy and Brittany . He had distributed 16,000 free copies of the practical manual The Theatre of Agriculture by Olivier de Serres. King Henry's vision extended beyond France, and he financed several expeditions of Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Monts and Samuel de Champlain to North America. France laid claim to New France (now Canada). During

5880-465: The world. He promoted the arts among all classes of people, and invited hundreds of artists and craftsmen to live and work on the building's lower floors. This tradition continued for another two hundred years, until ended by Napoleon I . The art and architecture of his reign have become known as the Henry IV style . Economically, Henry IV sought to reduce imports of foreign goods to support domestic manufacturing . To this end, new sumptuary laws limited

5964-455: Was Henry IV's last major military operation, but he continued to finance Spain's enemies. He generously assisted the Dutch Republic with over 12 million livres between 1598 and 1610. In some years, the payment was 10% of France's total annual budget. France also sent subsidies to Geneva after the Duke of Savoy attempted to capture the city in 1602. In 1609, the death of the childless Johann William , Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg , meant that

6048-447: Was Méru's father in law. Méru and Thoré meanwhile received warning of the impending arrests and fled court shortly before they were due to be rounded up. The two arrests the monarchy had succeeded in allowed the king to strike at Thoré and Méru without having them to hand to arrest however. As a further consequence Damville was deprived of his governorship of Languedoc, even if it was impossible to dislodge him in any practical capacity. As

6132-551: Was aroused, and he blocked the proposed election of a king. The Parlement of Paris also upheld the Salic law. They argued that if the French accepted natural hereditary succession, as proposed by the Spaniards, and accepted a woman as their queen, then the ancient claims of the English kings would be confirmed, and the monarchy of centuries past would be rendered illegal. The Parlement admonished Mayenne, as lieutenant-general, that

6216-440: Was at first defiant, urging Henri to carry out his threats, however he moderated himself and on 28 August wrote a letter to Damville, Thoré and Méru to that effect. It was clear to its recipients that it had been attained under duress and they ignored it, with Damville resuming an offensive against the duc d'Uzès . On 16 September Alençon succeeded in escaping from court, and promptly used the leverage his rebellion held to secure

6300-691: Was born in 1537 the third son of Anne de Montmorency and Madeleine of Savoy . Anne de Montmorency was paramount favourite of first François I and then Henri II , becoming Constable of France . His elder brothers François de Montmorency and Henri de Montmorency would each become duke of Montmorency (in 1567 and 1579 respectively). Meanwhile his younger brothers Guillaume de Montmorency and Gabriel de Montmorency would both predecease him (in 1593 and 1562 respectively). He also had three younger sisters Eléonore de Montmorency , Jeanne de Montmorency and Catherine de Montmorency , two of whom would predecease him. Damville would be married to Renée de Cossé ,

6384-530: Was considered a heretical usurper by some Catholics and a traitor to their faith by some Protestants. Henry was the target of at least 12 assassination attempts, including by Pierre Barrière in August 1593 and by Jean Châtel in December 1594. Henry was killed in Paris on 14 May 1610 by François Ravaillac , a Catholic zealot who stabbed him while his coach was stopped on Rue de la Ferronnerie . The carriage

6468-571: Was currently in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth ruling there as king, and upon receipt of the news made to hurry back to France. His return to France would be hazardous, as Méru, Thoré and Condé were in the process of raising an army from the Protestant princes of the empire to invade France with. Despite being in rebellion, Méru would accompany Henri for part of his journey back to France, during his passage through Savoie. It would primarily be through Condé's efforts that

6552-445: Was met by opposition from the parlements , which objected to the guarantees offered to Protestants. The Parlement de Rouen did not formally register the edict until 1609, although it begrudgingly observed its terms. During his reign, Henry IV worked through the minister Maximilien de Béthune, Duke of Sully , to regularize state finance, promote agriculture, drain swamps, undertake public works, and encourage education. He established

6636-563: Was proclaimed king by the League, but the Cardinal was Henry's prisoner at the time. Henry was victorious at the Battle of Arques and the Battle of Ivry , but failed to take Paris after besieging it in 1590. When Cardinal de Bourbon died in 1590, the League could not agree on a new candidate at the Estates General called to settle the question, also attended by the envoys of Spain. While some supported various Guise candidates,

6720-439: Was quick to respond that if he had discovered Méru prying on him he would have thrown him out the window. In 1567 with the death of the duke of Montmorency , Anjou was established at the head of the French army. To assist him in military matters the duke of Nemours , Montpensier and Marshal Cossé were selected. Meanwhile a council was established to advise him on other matters, composed of his military advisers, Villequier ,

6804-671: Was sent to Ottoman Tunisia in 1608 led by François Savary de Brèves . Under Henry IV, various enterprises were set up to develop long-distance trade. In December 1600, a company was formed through the association of Saint-Malo , Laval , and Vitré to trade with the Moluccas and Japan. Two ships, the Croissant and the Corbin , were sent around the Cape of Good Hope in May 1601. The Corbin

6888-513: Was the Peace of Vervins in 1598, which made peace in the long-running conflict with Spain. He formed a strategic alliance with England. He also forged alliances with Protestant states, such as the Dutch Republic and several German states, to counter the Catholic powers. His policies contributed to the stability and prominence of France in European affairs. Henry de Bourbon was born in Pau ,

6972-599: Was the Spanish Road which traversed Spanish territory through Savoy to the Low Countries. His first opportunity to cut the Spanish Road was a dispute over the ownership of the Marquisate of Saluzzo . The last marquis left Saluzzo to the French crown in 1548 (when Savoy was occupied by France), but the territory became disputed during the chaos of the Wars of Religion. The pope was asked to arbitrate between

7056-582: Was wrecked in the Maldives , leading to the adventure of François Pyrard de Laval , who managed to return to France in 1611. The Croissant , carrying François Martin de Vitré , reached Ceylon and traded with Aceh in Sumatra , but was captured by the Dutch on the return leg at Cape Finisterre . François Martin de Vitré was the first Frenchman to write an account of travels to the Far East in 1604, at

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