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64-548: These ratings take many details into account, such as country of origin, how travel to the U.S. was funded, and the visitor's driving record. Other more mundane details also factor in, such as where the person is sitting on the flight and what they ordered for their meal. The existence of such a system was first discovered by the public in November 2006, when a mention of it appeared in the Federal Register . The system

128-497: A database and web sites of related news and information, monitors and challenges potential legislation that it believes would infringe on personal liberties and fair use , and solicits a list of what it considers are abusive patents with intentions to defeat those that it considers are without merit . The Electronic Frontier Foundation was formed in July 1990 by John Gilmore , John Perry Barlow and Mitch Kapor in response to

192-712: A Member of the European Parliament from the Netherlands, seeking disclosure of records about herself from ATS and other systems of records. Hasbrouck v. U.S. Customs and Border Protection On August 25, 2010, Edward Hasbrouck of the Identity Project (PapersPlease.org) filed suit against CBP under the Privacy Act and FOIA, seeking disclosure of records about himself from ATS, information about how ATS records are retrieved, and records related to

256-562: A beginners' how-to manual by contracted technical writer Adam Gaffin, and made available for free download in many formats. MIT Press published it in paperback form in 1994 as Everybody's Guide to the Internet ( ISBN   9780262571050 ). The online edition was updated regularly throughout the 1990s and early 2000s, and translated into dozens of languages. The organization's second book, Protecting Yourself Online ( ISBN   9780062515124 ), an overview of digital civil liberties,

320-559: A growing social crisis: Future Shock. America was entering the Information Age with neither laws nor metaphors for the appropriate protection and conveyance of information itself." Barlow felt that to confront this a formal organization would be needed; he hired Cathy Cook as press coordinator, and began to set up what would become the Electronic Frontier Foundation. The Electronic Frontier Foundation

384-403: A negative impact on travel. This could very will be the impetus for businesses to fully explore alternatives to travel. Bruce Schneier , noted security specialist and writer, wrote about ATS: There is something un-American about a government program that uses secret criteria to collect dossiers on innocent people and shares that information with various agencies, all without any oversight. It's

448-576: A new application programming interface (API) to facilitate programmatic access to the Federal Register content. The API is fully RESTful , utilizing the HATEOAS architecture with results delivered in the JSON format. Details are available at the developers page and Ruby and Python client libraries are available. In addition to purchasing printed copies or subscriptions, the contents of

512-580: A paper describing it. More recently, the organization has been involved in defending Edward Felten , Jon Lech Johansen and Dmitry Sklyarov . The organization was originally located at Mitch Kapor's Kapor Enterprises offices in Boston. By the fall of 1993, the main EFF offices were consolidated into a single office in Washington DC, headed by Executive Director Jerry Berman. During this time, some of

576-522: A replacement for DES. The EFF is a leading supporter of the Email Privacy Act . The EFF regularly brings and defends lawsuits at all levels of the US legal system in pursuit of its goals and objectives. The EFF has long taken a stance against strategic lawsuits against public participation (SLAPP) as attempts to stymie free speech and advocated for effective anti-SLAPP legislation. Many of

640-505: A series of Macintosh ROMs. Barlow described the visit as "complicated by [the agent's] fairly complete unfamiliarity with computer technology. I realized right away that before I could demonstrate my innocence, I would first have to explain to him what guilt might be." Barlow felt that his experience was symptomatic of a "great paroxysm of governmental confusion during which everyone's liberties would become at risk". Barlow posted an account of this experience to The WELL online community and

704-407: A series of actions by law enforcement agencies that led them to conclude that the authorities were gravely uninformed about emerging forms of online communication, and that there was a need for increased protection for Internet civil liberties . In April 1990, Barlow had been visited by a U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation agent in relation to the theft and distribution of the source code for

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768-445: A set of seven specific criteria ranging from whether messages were encrypted in transit to whether or not the code had been recently audited." As of April 21, 2017 , a revised version is under development. As of 2021, Charity Navigator has given the EFF an overall rating of four out of four stars, including four stars for its financial efficiency and capacity. In 2011, the EFF received $ 1 million from Google as part of

832-401: A settlement of a class action related to privacy issues involving Google Buzz . The Electronic Privacy Information Center and seven other privacy-focused nonprofits protested that the plaintiffs' lawyers and Google had, in effect, arranged to give the majority of those funds "to organizations that are currently paid by Google to lobby for or to consult for the company". An additional $ 1 million

896-441: Is a major section of its main website at EFF.org. The EFF sent a video message of support to global grassroots movement CryptoParty . EFF's How to Fix the Internet podcast won a 2024 Anthem Award . The EFF has developed some software and browser add-ons, including Switzerland , HTTPS Everywhere , and Privacy Badger . The EFF conducted a project named Secure Messaging Scorecard which "evaluated apps and tools based on

960-643: Is an international non-profit digital rights group based in San Francisco, California . It was founded in 1990 to promote Internet civil liberties . It provides funds for legal defense in court, presents amicus curiae briefs, defends individuals and new technologies from what it considers abusive legal threats, works to expose government malfeasance, provides guidance to the government and courts , organizes political action and mass mailings, supports some new technologies which it believes preserve personal freedoms and online civil liberties, maintains

1024-556: Is designed to quickly document irregularities and instances of voter suppression as they occur on an election day. The EFF was active in the 2016 United States presidential election because of online phishing related to the controversy over fabrication of election results. J. Alex Halderman , a computer security professor at the University of Michigan , wrote an article that was published in Medium in 2016 stating he thought it

1088-532: Is the official journal of the federal government of the United States that contains government agency rules, proposed rules, and public notices. It is published every weekday, except on federal holidays . The final rules promulgated by a federal agency and published in the Federal Register are ultimately reorganized by topic or subject matter and codified in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), which

1152-442: Is undoubtedly raising red flags among privacy advocates and other groups that question the legality and intent of such programs, ACTE is primarily concerned with the economic impact this initiative will have on the business travel community. Delays, missed flights, canceled meetings, and potential arrests will generate staggering costs. In an ACTE survey dating to 2004, 97 percent of respondents stated that programs like this will have

1216-400: Is updated annually. Copies of the Federal Register may be obtained from the U.S. Government Publishing Office. Most law libraries associated with an American Bar Association -accredited law school will also have a set, as will federal depository libraries . The Federal Register has been available online since 1994. Federal depository libraries within the U.S. also receive copies of

1280-622: Is updated quarterly. The Federal Register is compiled by the Office of the Federal Register (within the National Archives and Records Administration ) and is printed by the Government Publishing Office . There are no copyright restrictions on the Federal Register ; as a work of the U.S. government , it is in the public domain . The Federal Register provides a means for the government to announce to

1344-704: The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), and eventually returned to the ACLU). Not long before EFF's move into new offices at 454 Shotwell St. in SF's Mission District, Mike Godwin departed, long-time Legal Director Shari Steele was appointed executive director, and staff attorney Cindy Cohn became the legal director. In the spring of 2006, the EFF announced the opening of an office again in Washington, D.C., with two new staff attorneys. In 2012,

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1408-549: The EFF DES cracker (nicknamed Deep Crack), using special purpose hardware and software and costing $ 210,000. This brought the record for breaking a message down to 56 hours on 17 July 1998 and to under 24 hours on 19 January 1999 (in conjunction with distributed.net ). The EFF published the plans and source code for the cracker. Within four years the Advanced Encryption Standard was standardized as

1472-655: The Federal Register can be acquired via several commercial databases: The Federal Register system of publication was created on July 26, 1935, under the Federal Register Act. The first issue of the Federal Register was published on March 16, 1936. In 1946 the Administrative Procedure Act required agencies to publish more information related to their rulemaking documents in the Federal Register . Electronic Frontier Foundation The Electronic Frontier Foundation ( EFF )

1536-410: The Federal Register , including sparklines of agency activity and maps of current rules, but is no longer available. On July 25, 2010, the Federal Register 2.0 website went live. The new website is a collaboration between the developers who created GovPulse.us, the Government Publishing Office and the National Archives and Records Administration . On August 1, 2011, the Federal Register announced

1600-560: The United States Patent and Trademark Office . The EFF has long been an advocate of paper audit trails for voting machines and testified in support of them after the 2004 United States presidential election . Later, it funded the research of Hariprasad Vemuru who exposed vulnerabilities in a particular model. Since 2008, the EFF has operated the Our Vote Live website and database. Staffed by hotline volunteers, it

1664-452: The ACLU's Technology and Liberty Project. "That is a radical new step with far-reaching implications – but one that has been taken almost thoughtlessly by expanding a cargo-tracking system to incorporate human beings, and with little public notice, discussion, or debate." The Association of Corporate Travel Executives (ACTE) requested an immediate suspension of the program, stating: While ATS

1728-483: The Administrative Procedure Act, gives the people a chance to participate in agency rulemaking . Publication of documents in the Federal Register also constitutes constructive notice , and its contents are judicially noticed . The United States Government Manual is published as a special edition of the Federal Register . Its focus is on programs and activities. Each daily issue of

1792-653: The Cleveland Chapter of the Council on American Islamic Relations (CAIR) filed suit pro se against the DHS under the Privacy Act, seeking disclosure of records about herself from ATS and the correction of erroneous records falsely characterizing her as a terrorist. In 't Veld v. Department of Homeland Security On July 1, 2008, the EFF FLAG project filed suit against the DHS under FOIA on behalf of Sophie In 't Veld,

1856-464: The DHS from spending a penny on any system like this to assign risk scores to airline passengers, and that the Privacy Act forbids any Federal agency form collecting information about how we exercise rights protected by the First Amendment — like our right to travel — except as expressly directed by Congress. Federal Register The Federal Register ( FR or sometimes Fed. Reg. )

1920-499: The EFF Pioneer Awards, are awarded annually to recognize individuals who in its opinion are "leaders who are extending freedom and innovation on the electronic frontier." In 2017, the honorees were Chelsea Manning , Mike Masnick and Annie Game. The EFF Cooperative Computing Awards are a series of four awards meant "to encourage ordinary Internet users to contribute to solving huge scientific problems", to be awarded to

1984-796: The EFF and 56 other digital advocacy organizations called for internet infrastructure providers to stop policing the content of the websites they service. The organizations argued that many providers can only moderate content by revoking access to an entire website, leaving end-users with little transparency or recourse. They expressed concern that governments may pressure infrastructure providers to deny service to opponents and marginalized groups, and that monopolistic infrastructure providers may take banned users offline altogether. The coalition believes that platforms and user-facing websites are better-positioned as moderators, because they can remove specific content, sanction accounts granularly, and offer reasoning and appeals for moderation decisions. The initiative

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2048-527: The EFF began a fundraising campaign for the renovation of a building located at 815 Eddy Street in San Francisco, to serve as its new headquarters. The move was completed in April 2013. On April 1, 2015, Shari Steele stepped down as executive director. Cindy Cohn became the new executive director, Corynne McSherry became the legal director, and Kurt Opsahl became the general counsel. By the mid-1990s

2112-477: The EFF was becoming seriously concerned about the refusal of the US government to license any secure encryption product for export unless it used key recovery and claims that governments could not decrypt information when protected by Data Encryption Standard (DES), continuing even after the public breaking of the code in the first of the DES Challenges . They coordinated and supported the construction of

2176-489: The EFF's attention focused on influencing national policy , to the dislike of some of the members of the organization. In 1994, Berman parted ways with the EFF and formed the Center for Democracy and Technology , while Drew Taubman briefly took the reins as executive director. In 1995, under the auspices of Executive Director Lori Fena , after some downsizing and in an effort to regroup and refocus on their base of support,

2240-718: The Privacy Act and the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) seeking disclosure of information about ATS as well as records from ATS dossiers about individuals. EFF v. Department of Homeland Security On December 19, 2006, the Electronic Frontier Foundation's FOIA Litigation for Accountable Government (FLAG) project filed suit against the Department of Homeland Security under FOIA, demanding "immediate answers about an invasive and unprecedented data-mining system deployed on American travelers." Shearson v. Department of Homeland Security In June 2006, Julia Shearson, Executive Director of

2304-637: The United States at about that time as part of a state–federal task force called Operation Sundevil . GURPS Cyberpunk , one of the game company's projects, was mistakenly labeled as a handbook for computer crime, and the Secret Service raided the offices of Steve Jackson Games. The search warrant for the raid was deemed hastily issued, and the games company soon after claimed unauthorized access as well as tampering of their emails. While phone calls were protected by legislation, digital emails were an early concept and had not been considered to fall under

2368-437: The amount of regulation on social media were open to abuse. Also in 2019, the EFF launched the website " TOSsed out" to document cases of moderation rules being applied inconsistently. Cindy Cohn underscored their commitment to upholding free speech online, writing that "once you've turned it on, whether through pressure or threats of lawsuits, the power to silence people doesn't just go in one direction." In December 2022,

2432-537: The areas relating to digital speech and the extension of the Constitution into Cyberspace." This generated further reaction and support for the ideas of Barlow and Kapor. In late June, Barlow held a series of dinners in San Francisco with major figures in the computer industry to develop a coherent response to these perceived threats. Barlow considered that: "The actions of the FBI and Secret Service were symptoms of

2496-576: The assessment is made, the government will retain the information for 40 years -- as well as make it available to untold numbers of federal, state, local, and foreign agencies in addition to contractors, grantees, consultants, and others. The Identity Project (Papersplease.org) filed a series of formal comments objecting to the ATS: The Identity Project has filed comments with the DHS, objecting to this proposal. Among other things, we’ve pointed out that Congress has expressly forbidden

2560-566: The director of the original office, and in December 1992, Jerry Berman became the acting executive director of the organization as a whole, based in a new second office. The creation of the organization was motivated by the massive search and seizure on Steve Jackson Games executed by the United States Secret Service early in 1990. Similar but officially unconnected law-enforcement raids were being conducted across

2624-408: The first individual or group who discovers a prime number with a significant record number of decimal digits. The awards are funded by an anonymous donor. The awards are: EFF publishes through several outlets such as the online periodical EFFector , as well as its websites, blogs, and on social networking services. EFF's first book was published in 1993 as The Big Dummy's Guide to the Internet ,

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2688-618: The most significant technology law cases have involved the EFF, including MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd. , Apple v. Does , and others. The EFF represented the Internet Archive in Hachette v. Internet Archive . Following the COVID-19 pandemic , the Internet Archive introduced a digital book borrowing system which allows users to borrow digital copies of physical books the archive had in its physical location. The case

2752-467: The organization moved offices to San Francisco, California . There, it took up temporary residence at John Gilmore's Toad Hall, and soon afterward moved into the Hamm's Building at 1550 Bryant St. After Fena moved onto the EFF board of directors for a while, the organization was led briefly by Tara Lemmey , followed by Barry Steinhardt (who had come from the closely allied Technology and Liberty Program at

2816-411: The printed Federal Register is organized into four categories: Citations from the Federal Register are [volume] FR [page number] ([date]), e.g. , 71 FR 24924 (April 7, 2006). The final rules promulgated by a federal agency and published in the Federal Register are ultimately reorganized by topic or subject matter and re-published (or "codified") in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), which

2880-638: The processing of his previous Privacy Act requests and appeals for ATS records. Mr. Hasb rouck was represented by the First Amendment Project. Gellman v. Department of Homeland Security et al. On April 4, 2016, Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Barton Gellman filed suit against DHS and other Federal agencies under the Privacy Act and FOIA, seeking disclosure of records about himself including "ticket and flight information, Passenger Name Records, records pertaining to inspections... [and] any other data collected and/or stored by ATS-P." Mr. Gellman

2944-413: The public changes to government requirements, policies, and guidance. Both proposed and final government rules are published in the Federal Register . A Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (or "NPRM") typically requests public comment on a proposed rule and provides notice of any public meetings where a proposed rule will be discussed. The public comments are considered by the issuing government agency , and

3008-442: The right to personal privacy. The Steve Jackson Games case was the EFF's first high-profile case, was the major rallying point around which the EFF began promoting computer- and Internet-related civil liberties. The EFF's second big case was Bernstein v. United States led by Cindy Cohn , in which programmer and professor Daniel J. Bernstein sued the government for permission to publish his encryption software, Snuffle, and

3072-579: The rulemakings. To help federal agencies manage their dockets, the Federal Docket Management System (FDMS) was launched in 2005 and is the agency side of regulations.gov. In April 2009, Citation Technologies created a free, searchable website for Federal Register articles dating from 1996 to the present. GovPulse.us, a finalist in the Sunlight Foundation's Apps for America 2, provided a Web 2.0 interface to

3136-493: The sort of thing you'd expect from the former Soviet Union or East Germany or China. And it doesn't make us any safer from terrorism. The Electronic Frontier Foundation expressed their concerns: The Automated Targeting System (ATS) will create and assign "risk assessments" to tens of millions of citizens as they enter and leave the country. Individuals will have no way to access information about their "risk assessment" scores or to correct any false information about them. But once

3200-611: The spring of 2018, the EFF joined the Open Technology Institute (OTI), the Center for Democracy & Technology , the ACLU Foundation of Northern California and four academics in writing The Santa Clara Principles: On Transparency and Accountability in Content Moderation . The document sets out the following guidelines for social networks. Six months later, the same organizations sought

3264-620: The support of roughly 80 others, including Article 19 , in calling for Facebook to adopt the Santa Clara Principles. This was later updated with a request for Facebook to warn users who have interacted with sock puppet law enforcement accounts. In 2019, the EFF and OTI delivered testimony about the Online Harms White Paper in the United Kingdom. They commented that several proposals to increase

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3328-543: The target of Secret Service raids. This generated a large amount of publicity which led to offers of financial support from John Gilmore and Steve Wozniak . Barlow and Kapor continued to research conflicts between the government and technology and in June 1990, Barlow posted online the influential article titled "Crime & Puzzlement" in which Barlow announced his and Kapor's plans to create an organization to "raise and disburse funds for education, lobbying, and litigation in

3392-420: The text of a final rule along with a discussion of the comments is published in the Federal Register . Any agency proposing a rule in the Federal Register must provide contact information for people and organizations interested in making comments to the agencies and the agencies are required to address these concerns when it publishes its final rule on the subject. The notice and comment process, as outlined in

3456-627: The text, either in paper or microfiche format. Outside the U.S., some major libraries may also carry the Federal Register . As part of the Federal E-Government eRulemaking Initiative, the web site Regulations.gov was established in 2003 to enable easy public access to agency dockets on rulemaking projects including the published Federal Register document. The public can use Regulations.gov to access entire rulemaking dockets from participating Federal agencies to include providing on-line comments directly to those responsible for drafting

3520-404: Was advisable to have a recount on some of the election results from states like Wisconsin , Michigan , and Pennsylvania , exclusively states Hillary Clinton lost. In retaliation against Halderman, a hacker sent anti-Semitic and racist emails to students at University of Michigan signed from Halderman. The EFF publicizes these controversies and promotes the reduction of online phishing. In

3584-415: Was contacted by Mitch Kapor, who had had a similar experience. The pair agreed that there was a need to defend civil liberties on the Internet. Kapor agreed to fund any legal fees associated with such a defense and the pair contacted New York lawyers Rabinowitz, Boudin, Standard, Krinsky and Lieberman about defending several computer hackers from a Harper's magazine forum on computers and freedom who had been

3648-704: Was first implemented in the late 1990s, and was significantly expanded shortly after the 9/11 Terrorist Attacks . Following the controversial Passenger Name Record agreement signed with the European Union (EU) in 2007, the Bush administration proposed to exempt the Automated Targeting System from the requirements of the 1974 Privacy Act for access to records and for an accounting of disclosures. Those proposed exemptions were finalized on February 3, 2010. Lawsuits have been filed under both

3712-437: Was formally founded on July 10, 1990, by Kapor and Barlow, who very soon after elected Gilmore, Wozniak, and Stewart Brand to join them on the board of directors. Initial funding was provided by Kapor, Wozniak, and an anonymous benefactor. In 1990, Mike Godwin joined the organization as its first staff counsel. Then in 1991, Esther Dyson and Jerry Berman joined the EFF board of directors. By 1992, Cliff Figallo became

3776-544: Was launched in the wake of Drop Kiwi Farms , a campaign that convinced several internet service providers and DDoS protection firms to revoke service to Kiwi Farms , a controversial forum. After the forum returned behind an open-source bot detection tool, the EFF stopped classifying DDoS protection services as infrastructure because they cannot determine whether a website stays online or not. The EFF organizes two sets of awards to promote work in accordance with its goals and objectives. The EFF Awards, until 2022 called

3840-598: Was obtained from Facebook in a similar settlement. The agitprop art group Psychological Industries has independently issued buttons with pop culture tropes such as the logo of the Laughing Man from the anime series Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex (with the original The Catcher in the Rye quotation replaced with the slogan of Anonymous ), a bleeding roller derby jammer , and

3904-477: Was produced in 2015 as part of EFF's 25th anniversary activities, and includes contributions from 22 writers, including Charlie Jane Anders , Paolo Bacigalupi , Lauren Beukes , David Brin , Pat Cadigan , Cory Doctorow , Neil Gaiman , Eileen Gunn , Kameron Hurley , James Patrick Kelly , Ramez Naam , Annalee Newitz , Hannu Rajaniemi , Rudy Rucker , Lewis Shiner , Bruce Sterling , and Charles Yu . The Electronic Frontier Foundation's blog , DeepLinks ,

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3968-619: Was represented by the Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press. Organizations and security experts have expressed opposition to the system, citing concerns about reliability and undue scrutiny. The American Civil Liberties Union had similar concerns: "Never before in American history has our government gotten into the business of creating mass 'risk assessment' ratings of its own citizens," said Barry Steinhardt, Director of

4032-451: Was won by Hachette and the Internet Archive being forced to stop its digital book borrowing system. The Patent Busting Project is an Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) initiative challenging patents that the organization describes as illegitimate and suppress innovation or limit online expression. The initiative launched on April 19, 2004, and involves two phases: documenting the damage caused by these patents, and submitting challenges to

4096-445: Was written in 1998 by technical writer Robert B. Gelman and EFF Communications Director Stanton McCandlish, and published by HarperCollins . A third book, Cracking DES: Secrets of Encryption Research, Wiretap Politics & Chip Design ( ISBN   9781565925205 ), focusing on EFF's DES Cracker project, was published the same year by O'Reilly Media . A digital book, Pwning Tomorrow , an anthology of speculative fiction ,

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