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39-505: Situated on today's Münzplatz that is named after the later mint , the street Augustinergasse is named after the abbey. The area of the convent was west of the St. Peterhofstatt square towards the then Fröschengraben moat. The Augustinerkirche Zürich , like the street with the same name, is named after the former Augustinian monastery, meaning the church of the Augustinian order. In

78-406: A "rough incuse" by the hammer. Later a rectangular mark, a "square incuse", was made by the sharp edges of the little anvil, or punch . The rich iconography of the obverse of the early electrum coins contrasts with the dull appearance of their reverse which usually carries only punch marks. The shape and number of these punches varied according to their denomination and weight-standard. Subsequently,

117-609: A license to strike British coins, but was soon engaged in striking coins for the British East India Company , Sierra Leone and Russia, while producing high-quality planchets , or blank coins, to be struck by national mints elsewhere. The firm sent over 20 million blanks to Philadelphia, to be struck into cents and half-cents by the United States Mint —Mint Director Elias Boudinot found them to be "perfect and beautifully polished". These were

156-427: A roll of lead to protect the hand of the operator while heavy blows were struck with a hammer. An early improvement was the introduction of a tool resembling a pair of tongs, the two dies being placed one at the extremity of each leg. This avoided the necessity of readjusting the dies between blows, and ensured greater accuracy in the impression. Minting by means of a falling weight (monkey press ) intervened between

195-576: Is now allowed to cool before being struck. With the substitution of iron for bronze as the material for dies, about 300 AD, the practice of striking the blanks while they were hot was gradually discarded. In the Middle Ages bars of metal were cast and hammered out on an anvil. Portions of the flattened sheets were then cut out with shears , struck between dies and again trimmed with shears. A similar method had been used in Ancient Egypt during

234-722: The Augustinertor and the Augustinerturm tower gates, are mentioned as its western section. Until the 14th century memorial measurements in Zürich, as a basis for the increasing income, had to be held at Grossmünster. By 1524 all income obtained from funerals had also to be given to the Grossmünster abbey. Hence, like the other mendicant orders , the Augustinians were reduced to the status of area pastors within

273-740: The Empire , and were sometimes used for propaganda purposes. The populace often learned of a new Roman Emperor when coins appeared with the new Emperor's portrait . Some of the emperors who ruled only for a short time made sure that a coin bore their image; Quietus , for example, ruled only part of the Roman Empire from 260 to 261 AD, and yet he issued two coins bearing his image. Ancient coins were made by casting in moulds or by striking between engraved dies . The Romans cast their larger copper coins in clay moulds carrying distinctive markings, not because they knew nothing of striking, but because it

312-470: The Ptolemaic Kingdom (c. 300 BC), but had been forgotten. Square pieces of metal were also cut from cast bars, converted into round disks by hammering and then struck between dies. In striking, the lower die was fixed into a block of wood, and the blank piece of metal laid upon it by hand. The upper die was then placed on the blank, and kept in position by means of a holder around which was placed

351-536: The Roman Republic , dating from about the 4th century BCE, significantly influenced the later development of coin minting in Europe. The origin of the word "mint" is ascribed to the manufacture of silver coin at the temple of Juno Moneta in 269 BCE Rome. This goddess became the personification of money, and her name was applied both to money and to its place of manufacture. Roman mints were spread widely across

390-473: The United States Mint much less than 25 cents to make a quarter (a 25 cent coin), and the difference in production cost and face value (called seigniorage ) helps fund the minting body. Conversely, a U.S. penny ($ 0.01) cost $ 0.015 to make in 2016. The first mint was likely established in Lydia in the 7th century BC, for coining gold, silver and electrum . The Lydian innovation of manufacturing coins under

429-435: The history of coins . In the beginning, hammered coinage or cast coinage were the chief means of coin minting, with resulting production runs numbering as little as the hundreds or thousands. In modern mints, coin dies are manufactured in large numbers and planchets are made into milled coins by the billions. With the mass production of currency, the production cost is weighed when minting coins. For example, it costs

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468-557: The Catholic community rejected the decisions of the First Vatican Council of 1870, the whole community was expelled from the Catholic church, forming the present Christkatholische Kirche der Schweiz . This explains why Augustinerkirche is still its Parish church . There was considerable construction activity, when the mendicant order, near the present "Strohof" (Augustinergasse 3) from Werner Strouhmeier acquired

507-668: The Government for Boulton's mint to be shut down. Boulton was finally awarded a contract by the Royal Mint on 3 March 1797, after a national financial crisis reached its nadir when the Bank of England suspended convertibility of its notes for gold. The twopenny coins measured exactly an inch and a half across; 16 pennies lined up would reach two feet. Between 1817 and 1830 the German engineer Dietrich "Diedrich" Uhlhorn invented

546-799: The Gröditzberg castle. From there, six of the former stained glass windows of the Augustinerkloster Zürich were bought by the Gottfried Keller Stiftung in 1894, exhibited in the cloister of the Fraumünster cathedral in Zürich, and then entrusted to the Swiss National Museum on deposit. In the 19th century, when the owner of property became Prince Hans Heinrich XV von Hochberg-Pless from Książ, more work of preservation and reconstruction

585-659: The Presse Monétaire, a level coin press which became known as the Uhlhorn Press. His steam driven knuckle-lever press made him internationally famous, and over 500 units had been sold by 1840. The advanced construction of the Uhlhorn press proved to be highly satisfactory, and the use of the screw press for general coinage was gradually eliminated. This new technology was used at the Birmingham Mint ,

624-564: The Prince of Legnica , Friedrich I repurchased it. Master bricklayers brought from Wrocław and Görlitz gave the establishment its present-day spatial structure. After the Prince's death by the order of his son, Friedrich II, work on the castle continued. It then become one of the most beautiful Gothic - Renaissance residences in Silesia. The final work coincided with the wedding of the Prince to Princess Sophie von Hohenzollern. A grand feast

663-405: The anvil was marked in various ways, and decorated with letters and figures of beasts, and later still the anvil was replaced by a reverse die. The spherical blanks soon gave place to lenticular-shaped ones. The blank was made red-hot and struck between cold dies. One blow was usually insufficient, and the method was similar to that still used in striking medals in high relief, except that the blank

702-416: The arms driving the screw which struck the medals. Later, the rolls were driven by horses, mules or water-power. Henry II came up against hostility on the part of the coin makers, so the process was largely discarded in 1585 and only used for coins of small value, medals and tokens. The system was reintroduced into France by Jean Varin in 1640 and the practice of hammering was forbidden in 1645. In England

741-497: The authority of the state spread to neighbouring Greece , where a number of city-states operated their own mints. Some of the earliest Greek mints were within city-states on Greek islands such as Crete ; a mint existed at the ancient city of Cydonia on Crete at least as early as the fifth century BCE . At about the same time, coins and mints appeared independently in China and spread to Korea and Japan. The manufacture of coins in

780-545: The castle. In the time of his heir, Henryk I the Bearded , the wooden terrestrial castle was replaced by the building of a brick one. The foundation of the castle church is attributed to Saint Hedwig . In the 14th and partially in the 15th centuries the castle was the property of the knightly family of Busewoy. In the period of the Hussite Wars , the building was captured and plundered by a Hussite detachment. In 1470,

819-482: The design to the most well-known and respected architect and conservator, Bodo Ebhardt , who also supervised the work. In 1908, Emperor Wilhelm II was a guest during the solemn reopening of the castle after the completion of renovations. The castle was inherited by Dirksen's son, Herbert von Dirksen , who become a prominent German diplomat serving as the ambassador to the Soviet Union, Japan and Great Britain. At

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858-518: The estates of that name in 1270. The order had to build the section of the town wall, south of the Lindenhof hill and St. Peterhofstatt towards the Fröschengraben moat. The monastery complex consisted of a rectangular four bay wing, housing the later Rütiamt , where the Augustinerturm gate was erected. On both sides of the lower edge of the roof of the tower, there were the two wings of

897-598: The first truly modern coins; the mass-production of coinage with steam driven machinery organised in factories enabled the achievement of standardized dimensions and uniform weight and roundness, something no counterfeiter of the day could hope to achieve. Boulton also pioneered special methods to further frustrate counterfeiters. Designed by Heinrich Küchler , the coins featured a raised rim with incuse or sunken letters and numbers. The high-technology of Soho Mint gained increasing and somewhat unwelcome attention: rivals attempted industrial espionage , while lobbying with

936-565: The former stained glass windows were bought by the Gottfried Keller Foundation in 1894, exhibited in the cloister of the Fraumünster cathedral, and then entrusted to the Swiss National Museum on deposit. 47°22′18″N 8°32′21″E  /  47.37167°N 8.53917°E  / 47.37167; 8.53917 Mint (coin) A mint is an industrial facility which manufactures coins that can be used as currency . The history of mints correlates closely with

975-625: The governments of the thirteen members of the Old Swiss Confederacy for chapter house windows. The canton of Fribourg approved and one of the windows showed the attached coat of arms, marking a community foundation of Basel, Fribourg, Solothurn, Schaffhausen and Appenzell. The art dealer Martin Usteri acquired 32 glass panes in 1796, which were sold from his legacy in 1829, and came into the Gröditzberg in Silesia. From there, six of

1014-534: The hand hammers and the screw press in many places. In Birmingham in particular this system became highly developed and was long in use. In 1553, the French engineer Aubin Olivier introduced screw presses for striking coins, together with rolls for reducing the cast bars and machines for punching-out round disks from flattened sheets of metal. 8 to 12 men took over from each other every quarter of an hour to maneuver

1053-497: The high European Middle Ages, the abbey was part of the fortifications of Zürich , situated on the lower slope of the Lindenhof hill , at the location of the so-called small Kecinstürlin gate at the southern Fröschengraben moat, the Augustinertor gate. The inner moat was enforced by the 16th-century Schanzengraben . The city of Zürich supported the popular mendicant orders of the times by attributing free plots in

1092-504: The intervention of cumbrous shafting. Grodziec Castle Grodziec Castle ( German : Gröditzburg or Gröditzberg) has a history dating back to 1155 and is located in the Silesia region of Poland . The first confirmed reference of Grodziec comes from Pope Adrian IV 's bull of April 23, 1155. In 1175, Prince Bolesław I the Tall drew up a privilege for Cistercians from Lubiąż at

1131-453: The largest private mint in the world for much of the 19th century, and was further improved at the Taylor and Challen who began to supply complete press room equipment to national mints around the world, such as Sydney Mint , Australia. By the early 20th century, mints were using electrical power to drive rolls, the advantage being that each pair of rolls could be driven independently without

1170-639: The medieval city. As a result, the order supported the Brun regime of the Guilds of Zürich and may therefore not have lost as much influence as its brother convents within the city walls, namely the Predigerkloster which even had to leave the city for one decade. During the Reformation in Zürich , the convent was abolished in 1524, worship in the church was discontinued, and the buildings and income of

1209-478: The monastery were assigned to an Amt , conducting administration for the city government ( Rat ). In 1525 a wine press was installed, an alms institution established, and thereafter the administration was integrated in the so-called Rütiamt , the former Rüti Abbey . In 1841 the Roman Catholic community of Zürich planned to build a church to commemorate the old Augustinian church. But, as the majority of

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1248-630: The new machinery was tried in London in 1561, but abandoned soon afterwards; it was finally adopted in 1662, although the old pieces continued in circulation until 1696. Industrial techniques and steam-power were introduced to coin manufacture by industrialist Matthew Boulton in Birmingham in 1788. By 1786, two-thirds of the coins in circulation in Britain were counterfeit, and the Royal Mint responded to this crisis by shutting itself down, worsening

1287-476: The same year (his original machinery was being used at the Royal Mint until 1881, almost a century later), which worked by atmospheric pressure applied to a piston . The piston was in communication with a vacuum vessel from which the air had been pumped by steam power . He installed eight of these state-of-the-art steam-driven presses in his factory, each with the capacity to strike between 70 and 84 coins per minute. The firm had little immediate success getting

1326-450: The situation. Boulton, business partner of the engineer James Watt in the firm of Boulton & Watt for the manufacture of steam engines , turned his attention to coinage in the mid-1780s as an extension to the small metal products he already manufactured in his factory in Soho . In 1788 he established a Mint as part of his industrial plant. He invented a steam driven screw press in

1365-433: The so-called Almosen office of 1524. The transverse wing was used as the refectory , the monks' dining hall. The monastery area was separated by a wall from the urban environment. On the northwestern narrow side of the monastery, there is the present Augustinerkirche, the nave and chancel under one roof. The present roof skylights disappeared in 1692, and were rebuilt in 1936/37. In 1519 the Augustinian community petitioned

1404-419: The suburbs, requiring them to assist with the construction of the city wall in return. In the west of the area, the city's fortification was not yet built in the late 11th or 12th century, and the Augustinian monks were allowed to settle there. The monastery consisted of the present Romanesque church, and a building complex attached to the north of the church. The important late medieval city fortifications, namely

1443-620: Was held in the castle and a great knightly tournament outside was arranged. In the time of the Thirty Years' War , the castle was captured and burned by the forces of Prince Albrecht von Wallenstein . Because of the amount of damage due to the war, the fortress was left with some parts of the stronghold missing. In the 17th and 18th centuries efforts were made to rebuild Grodziec, however they were not completed. The Swiss art dealer Martin Usteri acquired 32 glass panes in 1796, which were sold from his legacy in 1829, and thereafter installed in

1482-399: Was not suitable for such large masses of metal. Casting is now used only by counterfeiters. The most ancient coins were cast in bulletshaped or conical moulds and marked on one side by means of a die which was struck with a hammer. The "blank" or unmarked piece of metal was placed on a small anvil , and the die was held in position with tongs . The reverse or lower side of the coin received

1521-489: Was taken up. Reconstruction was stopped during the Napoleonic Wars , but in the mid-1830s the castle became an object of many tourist excursions. At this time, it developed the reputation of being one of the most attractive historical buildings in Europe. Reconstruction was started again in the 20th century, when Willibald von Dirksen  [ de ] became the owner of the castle. He ordered an elaboration of

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