A tombolo is a sandy or shingle isthmus . A tombolo, from the Italian tombolo , meaning 'pillow' or 'cushion', and sometimes translated incorrectly as ayre (an ayre is a shingle beach of any kind), is a deposition landform by which an island becomes attached to the mainland by a narrow piece of land such as a spit or bar . Once attached, the island is then known as a tied island .
58-701: The Aupōuri Peninsula is a tombolo at the northern tip of the North Island of New Zealand . It projects between the Tasman Sea to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east. It constitutes the northern part of the Far North District , incorporating North Cape, Houhora and the northern half of Awanui . The peninsula was an important location for the kauri gum digging trade, which peaked between 1890 and 1935. High quality kauri gum
116-521: A broader "European" ethnic grouping predominates political discourse in New Zealand today, the vast majority of European New Zealanders are of full or partial British ancestry, and some continue to self-identity as such. Others see the term as better describing previous generations; for instance, journalist Colin James referred to "we ex-British New Zealanders" in a 2005 speech. Nonetheless, it remains
174-476: A conclusion. Use of the aquifer for the avocado industry has caused concerns for the public regarding water security for local communities, and the potential environmental impact on the nearby Kaimaumau wetland . Tombolo Several islands tied together by bars which rise above the water level are called a tombolo cluster . Two or more tombolos may form an enclosure (called a lagoon ) that can eventually fill with sediment. The shoreline moves toward
232-412: A convergence of longshore drift on the opposite side of the island. The beach sediments that are moving by lateral transport on the lee side of the island will accumulate there, conforming to the shape of the wave pattern. In other words, the waves sweep sediment together from both sides. Eventually, when enough sediment has built up, the beach shoreline, known as a spit, will connect with an island and form
290-523: A distinct response to the ethnicity question and their placement of it within the "Other" ethnic category, along with an email campaign asking people to give it as their ethnicity in the 2006 Census. In previous censuses, these responses were counted belonging to the European New Zealanders group, and Statistics New Zealand plans to return to this approach for the 2011 Census. Eleven percent of respondents identified as New Zealanders in
348-480: A distinct variety of English. New Zealand English blunted new settlers' patterns of speech into it. New Zealand English differs from other varieties of English in vocabulary , accent , pronunciation , register , grammar and spelling . Other than English, the most commonly spoken European languages in New Zealand are French and German . Another area of cultural influence are New Zealand Patriotic songs: Scottish architect Sir Basil Spence provided
406-829: A form of limestone mined at Weston in North Otago . Notable buildings in this style include Dunedin Railway Station , the University of Otago Registry Building , Christchurch Arts Centre , Knox Church, Dunedin , Christ Church Cathedral, Christchurch , Christ's College, Christchurch , Garrison Hall, Dunedin , parts of the Canterbury Provincial Council Buildings and Otago Boys' High School . There are many places in New Zealand named after people and places in Europe, especially
464-528: A gold rush in Otago. By 1860 more than 100,000 British and Irish settlers lived throughout New Zealand. The Otago Association actively recruited settlers from Scotland, creating a definite Scottish influence in that region, while the Canterbury Association recruited settlers from the south of England, creating a definite English influence over that region. In the 1860s most migrants settled in
522-433: A nationwide rail system, lighthouses, ports and bridges, and encouraged mass migration from Britain. By 1870 the non-Māori population reached over 250,000. Other smaller groups of settlers came from Germany, Scandinavia, and other parts of Europe as well as from China and India, but British and Irish settlers made up the vast majority, and did so for the next 150 years. There were 3,383,742 people identifying as being part of
580-529: A number of settlements with over 100 people, including Te Hapua, Te Kao, Pukenui and Kaimaumau, the peninsula is sparsely inhabited, with a population of approximately 3,900. For this reason, the area's roads are largely only metalled rather than being sealed . The main road ( State Highway 1 ) is sealed, the final section completed in April 2010. Ninety Mile Beach is a designated highway, but most rental contracts include it in "prohibited roads". The nearest town to
638-462: A number of small lakes in the Aupōuri Peninsula, such as Lake Waiparera , Lake Heather, Lake Ngatu , and Lake Rotoroa . There is a possibility to use these as "window lakes" presenting an extension of the groundwater table ("window lakes" would be affected by groundwater pumping due to the direct hydraulically connection with the aquifer), there is however, little data available on which to base
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#1732787253796696-575: A relatively uncontroversial descriptor of ethnic origin amongst the wider population. As the earliest colonists of New Zealand, settlers from England and their descendants often held positions of power and made or helped make laws often because many had been involved in government back in England. The lineage of most of the national founders of New Zealand was British (especially English) such as: Various other founders of New Zealand have also been unofficially recognised: The culture of New Zealand
754-467: A tombolo because it links the island to the land, it is better thought of in terms of its formation as a spit , because the sand or shingle ridge is parallel rather than at right angles to the coast. Tombolos demonstrate the sensitivity of shorelines . A small piece of land, such as an island, or a beached shipwreck can change the way that waves move, leading to different deposition of sediments. Sea level rise may also contribute to accretion, as material
812-474: A tombolo. In the case of longshore drift due to an oblique wave direction, like at Chesil Beach or Spurn Head , the flow of material is along the coast in a movement which is not determined by wave diffraction around the now tied island , such as the Isle of Portland , which it has reached. In this and similar cases like Cádiz , while the strip of beach material connected to the island may be technically called
870-613: Is easy to see this pattern when the waves are destructive and wash away finer grained material at the top, revealing coarser sands and cobbles as the base. Some of these may be simple isthmuses, and not have the deposition creation that defines a true tombolo. European New Zealanders New Zealanders of European descent are mostly of British and Irish ancestry, with significantly smaller percentages of other European ancestries such as Germans , Poles , French , Dutch , Croats and other South Slavs , Greeks , and Scandinavians . European New Zealanders are also known by
928-630: Is essentially a Western culture influenced by the unique geography of New Zealand, the diverse input of Māori and other Pacific people , the British colonisation of New Zealand that began in 1840, and the various waves of multi-ethnic migration that followed. Evidence of a significant Anglo-Celtic heritage includes the predominance of the English language , the common law , the Westminster system of government, Christianity ( Anglicanism ) as
986-519: Is located, commonly New Zealand kitsch and symbols from marketing such as the Chesdale Cheese men are used as signifiers, and might more appropriately be called " Kiwiana ". New Zealand English is one of New Zealand's official languages and is the primary language of a majority of the population . New Zealand English began to diverge from British English after the English language
1044-410: Is pushed up with rising sea levels. Tombolos are more prone to natural fluctuations of profile and area as a result of tidal and weather events than a normal beach is. Because of this susceptibility to weathering, tombolos are sometimes made more sturdy through the construction of roads or parking lots. The sediments that make up a tombolo are coarser towards the bottom and finer towards the surface. It
1102-583: The 2018 New Zealand census , 3,372,708 people (70.2%) identified as European, with 3,013,440 people (64%) identifying as New Zealand European. British Captain James Cook sailed to New Zealand in 1769. Prior to him was Dutchman Abel Tasman in 1642. The establishment of British colonies in Australia from 1788 and the boom in whaling and sealing in the Southern Ocean brought many Europeans to
1160-829: The Māori-language loanword Pākehā . Statistics New Zealand maintains the national classification standard for ethnicity. European is one of the six top-level ethnic groups, alongside Māori , Pacific ( Pasifika ), Asian , Middle Eastern/Latin American/African (MELAA), and Other. Within the top-level European group are two second-level ethnic groups, New Zealand European and Other European . New Zealand European consists of New Zealanders of European descent, while Other European consists of migrant European ethnic groups. Other Europeans also includes some people of indirect European descent, including Americans , Canadians , South Africans and Australians . According to
1218-789: The Tasman district and the Grey district (both 90.7%). Europeans are a minority in three districts: the Auckland region (49.8%), Ōpōtiki district (49.7%), and Wairoa district (46.9%). Within Auckland, ten of the 21 local board areas have a minority European population: Ōtara-Papatoetoe (14.6%), Māngere-Ōtāhuhu (18.4%), Manurewa (24.5%), Puketāpapa (32.1%), Papakura (36.7%), Whau (37.6%), Howick (38.1%), Maungakiekie-Tāmaki (42.2%), Henderson-Massey (43.6%), and Upper Harbour (49.1%). The first general Census of New Zealand population
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#17327872537961276-607: The United Kingdom , the Republic of Ireland , and the Netherlands as a result of the many English, Scottish, Welsh, Irish, Dutch and other European settlers and explorers . These include the name "New Zealand" itself, as described below, along with several notable cities and regions: Small pockets of settlers from other European countries add to the identity and place names of specific New Zealand regions, most notably
1334-453: The 1916 Census. The 2006 Census counted 2,609,592 European New Zealanders. Most census reports do not separate European New Zealanders from the broader European ethnic category, which was the largest broad ethnic category in the 2006 Census. Europeans comprised 67.6 percent of respondents in 2006 compared with 80.1 percent in the 2001 census. The apparent drop in this figure was due to Statistics New Zealand's acceptance of 'New Zealander' as
1392-475: The 1950s it was common for New Zealanders to refer to themselves as British, such as when Prime Minister Keith Holyoake described Sir Edmund Hillary 's successful ascent of Mount Everest as "[putting] the British race and New Zealand on top of the world". New Zealand passports described nationals as "British Subject and New Zealand Citizen" until 1974, when this was changed to "New Zealand Citizen". While
1450-473: The 2006 Census (or as something similar, e.g. "Kiwi"), well above the trend observed in previous censuses, and higher than the percentage seen in other surveys that year. In April 2009, Statistics New Zealand announced a review of their official ethnicity standard, citing this debate as a reason, and a draft report was released for public comment. In response, the New Zealand Herald opined that
1508-519: The 2018 census, there were 1,614,807 males and 1,683,054 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.959 males per female. In terms of population distribution, 2,401,983 (71.0%) Europeans at the 2023 census lived in the North Island and 981,279 (29.0%) lived in the South Island . The Waimakariri district had the highest concentration of Europeans at 92.1%, followed by the Carterton district (91.2%),
1566-525: The Beehive "of outstanding heritage significance for its central role in the governance of New Zealand". Many of the more imposing structures in and around Dunedin and Christchurch were built in the latter part of the 19th century as a result of the economic boom following the Otago gold rush . A common style for these landmarks is the use of dark basalt blocks and facings of cream-coloured Oamaru stone ,
1624-538: The European ethnic group at the 2023 New Zealand census , making up 67.8% of New Zealand's population. This is an increase of 85,878 people (2.6%) since the 2018 census , and an increase of 414,351 people (14.0%) since the 2013 census . The median age was 41.7 years, compared with 38.1 years for New Zealand as a whole. 604,404 people (17.9%) were aged under 15 years, 612,864 (18.1%) were 15 to 29, 1,477,293 (43.7%) were 30 to 64, and 689,187 (20.4%) were 65 or older. At
1682-472: The Scandinavian-inspired place names of Dannevirke and Norsewood in southern Hawke's Bay . All of the ancestors of the 42 prime ministers of New Zealand were European and Anglo-Celtic ( English , Scottish , Northern Irish , Welsh , or Irish ). Some ancestors of three prime ministers did not originate from Britain or Ireland: some of the ancestors of David Lange were Germans, some of
1740-624: The South Island due to gold discoveries and the availability of flat grass-covered land for pastoral farming. The low number of Māori (about 2,000) and the absence of warfare gave the South Island many advantages. It was only when the New Zealand wars ended that the North Island again became an attractive destination. In the 1870s the MP Julius Vogel borrowed millions of pounds from Britain to help fund capital development such as
1798-457: The capes at the tip of the peninsula is Kaitaia, 100 kilometres to the south. It is named after Te Aupōuri , one of the Māori tribes that inhabits it. The two statistical areas making up the Aupōuri Peninsula cover 1,103.19 km (425.94 sq mi) and had an estimated population of 4,550 as of June 2024, with a population density of 4 people per km. The statistical areas include Awanui to
Aupōuri Peninsula - Misplaced Pages Continue
1856-503: The census question. Of those at least 15 years old, 324 (9.3%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, 2,034 (58.4%) had a post-high school certificate or diploma, and 1,038 (29.8%) people exclusively held high school qualifications. 147 people (4.2%) earned over $ 100,000 compared to 12.1% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 1,467 (42.2%) people were employed full-time, 495 (14.2%) were part-time, and 147 (4.2%) were unemployed. The Aupōuri Aquifer extends along
1914-592: The clipper Gananoque and the Glentanner carried immigrants to New Zealand. Typically clipper ships left British ports such as London and travelled south through the central Atlantic to about 43 degrees south to pick up the strong westerly winds that carried the clippers well south of South Africa and Australia. Ships would then head north once in the vicinity of New Zealand. The Glentanner migrant ship of 610 tonnes made two runs to New Zealand and several to Australia carrying 400 tonne of passengers and cargo. Travel time
1972-621: The concept of distinct European New Zealander practices and imaginations in his books: Being Pākehā (1985) and Being Pākehā Now (1999), and the edited collection, Pakeha: The Quest for Identity in New Zealand (1991), conceptualising Pākehā as New Zealand's "second indigenous" culture. By contrast, Māori art historian Jonathan Mane-Wheoki described Pākehā as "the people who define themselves by what they are not. Who want to forget their origins, their history, their cultural inheritance – who want Maori, likewise, to deny their origins so that we can all start off afresh." Where Pākehā identity
2030-462: The decision to leave the question unchanged in 2011 and rely on public information efforts was "rather too hopeful", and advocated a return to something like the 1986 approach. This asked people which of several identities "apply to you", instead of the more recent question "What ethnic group do you belong to?" The term Pākehā (or Pakeha ), the etymology of which is unclear, is used interchangeably with European New Zealanders . The 1996 census used
2088-466: The island (or detached breakwater ) owing to the accretion of sand in the lee of the island, where wave energy and longshore drift are reduced and therefore deposition of sand occurs. True tombolos are formed by wave refraction and diffraction . As waves near an island, they are slowed by the shallow water surrounding it. These waves then bend around the island to the opposite side as they approach. The wave pattern created by this water movement causes
2146-537: The nationality of their former nations—typically British. Historian Fiona Barker states, "New Zealanders saw their country as playing a special role as a loyal member of the British Empire, and for a long time New Zealand aspired to be a ‘Britain of the South’." However, by the mid-20th century a distinctive identity had cemented. Michael King , a leading writer and historian on Pākehā identity, discussed
2204-828: The next biggest immigrant group after the British and Irish), France, Portugal, the Netherlands, Denmark, the United States, and Canada. In 1840 representatives of the British Crown signed the Treaty of Waitangi with 240 Māori chiefs throughout New Zealand, motivated by plans for a French colony at Akaroa and land purchases by the New Zealand Company in 1839. British sovereignty was then proclaimed over New Zealand in May 1840. Some would later argue that
2262-472: The north, could read and write in their native language and to a lesser extent English. European migration has left a deep legacy on the social and political structures of New Zealand. Early visitors to New Zealand included whalers, sealers, missionaries, mariners, and merchants, attracted to natural resources in abundance. They came from the Australian colonies, Great Britain and Ireland, Germany (forming
2320-617: The northern town of Kaitaia , the Northland Peninsula suddenly narrows from a width of 60 kilometres to a mere 10 kilometres, a width which it maintains approximately for the last 100 kilometres of its thrust to the north. At the base of the peninsula to the east is the natural inlet of the Rangaunu Harbour. Beyond this lies the Karikari Peninsula and the broad sweep of Doubtless Bay. The east coast of
2378-619: The once dominant religion, and the popularity of British sports such as rugby and cricket ; all of which are part of the heritage that has shaped modern New Zealand. European settlement increased through the early decades of the 19th century, with numerous trading stations established, especially in the North. The experiences of European New Zealanders have endured in New Zealand music , cinema and literature . The early European settlers and later organised settlers identified themselves as
Aupōuri Peninsula - Misplaced Pages Continue
2436-512: The original conceptual design of the Beehive in 1964. The detailed architectural design was undertaken by the New Zealand government architect Fergus Sheppard , and structural design of the building was undertaken by the Ministry of Works . The Beehive was built in stages between 1969 and 1979. W. M. Angus constructed the first stage - the podium, underground car park and basement for a national civil defence centre, and Gibson O'Connor constructed
2494-436: The peninsula is dominated by Rangaunu Bay in the south and Great Exhibition Bay in the north. Towards its northern tip is the natural inlet of Parengarenga Harbour , beyond which lies North Cape . Spirits Bay and Tom Bowling Bay are located on northernmost of the land. The peninsula's best-known feature is on the other coast: almost the entire west coast is the 88-kilometre long Ninety Mile Beach . At its northern end,
2552-562: The peninsula widens to 30 kilometres. Here there are several capes that appear to be the northernmost point of New Zealand's main islands: Cape Maria van Diemen , North Cape , Cape Reinga , and the Surville Cliffs , which is the actual northernmost point by a few hundred metres, at latitude 34° 23' 47" South. Only a handful of islands in the Three Kings and Kermadec chains lie further north in New Zealand. Although there are
2610-533: The proclamation of sovereignty was in direct conflict with the treaty, which in its Māori version had guaranteed sovereignty ( rangatiratanga ) to the Māori who signed it. By the end of the 1850s the European and Māori populations were of a similar size as immigration and natural increase boosted European numbers. Following the formalising of British sovereignty, the organised and structured flow of migrants from Great Britain and Ireland began. Government-chartered ships like
2668-522: The recent relatively sudden introduction of firearms into the Māori world), cultural barriers and the lack of an established European law and order made settling in New Zealand a risky prospect. By the late 1830s the average missionary would claim that many Māori were nominally Christian; many of the Māori slaves that had been captured during the Musket Wars had been freed, and cannibalism had been largely stamped out. By this time many Māori, especially in
2726-862: The south of the peninsula. Aupōuri Peninsula had a population of 4,395 in the 2023 New Zealand census , an increase of 483 people (12.3%) since the 2018 census , and an increase of 996 people (29.3%) since the 2013 census . There were 2,235 males, 2,151 females and 12 people of other genders in 1,587 dwellings. 2.0% of people identified as LGBTIQ+ . There were 915 people (20.8%) aged under 15 years, 705 (16.0%) aged 15 to 29, 1,896 (43.1%) aged 30 to 64, and 879 (20.0%) aged 65 or older. People could identify as more than one ethnicity. The results were 61.5% European ( Pākehā ); 60.8% Māori ; 5.8% Pasifika ; 1.8% Asian ; 0.2% Middle Eastern, Latin American and African New Zealanders (MELAA); and 2.7% other, which includes people giving their ethnicity as "New Zealander". English
2784-422: The survey chose the option Pākehā to describe themselves with the remainder preferring New Zealander , New Zealand European or Kiwi . The term Palagi , pronounced Palangi, is Samoan in origin and is used in similar ways to Pākehā , usually by people of Samoan or other Pacific Island descent. Historically, a sense of 'Britishness' has figured prominently in the identity of many New Zealanders. As late as
2842-518: The ten floors of the remainder of the building. Bellamy's restaurant moved into the building in the summer of 1975–76 and Queen Elizabeth II , Queen of New Zealand , unveiled a plaque in the reception hall in February 1977. The Prime Minister, Robert Muldoon , formally opened the building in May 1977. The government moved into the upper floors in 1979. The annex facing Museum Street was completed in 1981. In July 2015, Heritage New Zealand declared
2900-438: The tribe. By 1830 there was a population of about 800 non-Māori which included a total of about 200 runaway convicts and seamen. The seamen often lived in New Zealand for a short time before joining another ship a few months later. In 1839 there were 1100 Europeans living in the North Island. Violence against European shipping (mainly due to mutual cultural misunderstandings), the ongoing musket wars between Māori tribes (due to
2958-452: The vicinity of New Zealand. Whalers and sealers were often itinerant and the first real settlers were missionaries and traders in the Bay of Islands area from 1809. Some of the early visitors stayed and lived with Māori tribes as Pākehā Māori . Often whalers and traders married Māori women of high status which served to cement trade and political alliances as well as bringing wealth and prestige to
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#17327872537963016-406: The whole length of Te Oneroa-a-Tōhē / Ninety Mile Beach , and includes lowlying land between Waimanoni and Ahipara, covering a total land area of 75,322 hectares. Groundwater levels are monitored and water allocation limits are set by Northland Regional Council. Resource consents for water takes include conditions for monitoring bores to observe water levels and any saltwater intrusion . There are
3074-482: The wording "New Zealand European (Pākehā)" in the ethnicity question, however the word Pākehā was subsequently removed after what Statistics New Zealand called a "significant adverse reaction" to its use to identify ethnicity. In 2013, the New Zealand Attitudes and Values Study carried out by the University of Auckland found no evidence that the word was derogatory; 14% of the overall respondents to
3132-479: Was about 3 to 3 + 1 ⁄ 2 months to New Zealand. Cargo carried on the Glentanner for New Zealand included coal, slate, lead sheet, wine, beer, cart components, salt, soap and passengers' personal goods. On the 1857 passage the ship carried 163 official passengers, most of them government assisted. On the return trip the ship carried a wool cargo worth 45,000 pounds. In the 1860s discovery of gold started
3190-552: Was established in New Zealand by colonists during the 19th century. The earliest form of New Zealand English was first spoken by the children of the colonists born into the Colony of New Zealand . These children were exposed to a great variety of mutually intelligible dialectal regions of the British Isles . This first generation of children created a new dialect from the speech they heard around them that quickly developed into
3248-690: Was found around the Parengarenga Harbour in the north, which led to the development of the Parenga Gumfield Company. After 1910, gum digging intensified in the southern half of the peninsula, as the poorer grade gum found in this region greatly increased in value. It is a peninsula on a peninsula, being part of the massive Northland Peninsula (also called the North Auckland Peninsula) which makes up nearly one twelfth of New Zealand's land area. Close to
3306-557: Was spoken by 96.8%, Māori language by 17.7%, Samoan by 0.3% and other languages by 3.8%. No language could be spoken by 1.8% (e.g. too young to talk). New Zealand Sign Language was known by 0.5%. The percentage of people born overseas was 7.4, compared with 28.8% nationally. Religious affiliations were 33.0% Christian , 0.1% Hindu , 0.1% Islam , 12.7% Māori religious beliefs , 0.1% Buddhist , 0.3% New Age , 0.1% Jewish , and 0.5% other religions. People who answered that they had no religion were 45.1%, and 8.3% of people did not answer
3364-435: Was taken November–December 1851. Subsequent censuses were taken in 1858, 1861, 1864, 1867, 1871, 1874, 1878 and 1881 and thereafter at five-yearly intervals until 1926. The table shows the ethnic composition of New Zealand population at each census since the early twentieth century. Europeans are still the largest ethnic group in New Zealand. Their proportion of the total New Zealand population has been decreasing gradually since
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