Misplaced Pages

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56-606: The Australian Bird Count (ABC) was a project of the Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union (RAOU). Following the first and successful Atlas of Australian Birds project, which led to the publication of a book on the distribution of Australian birds in 1984, it was suggested by Ken Rogers that the RAOU should next look at bird migration and other movements in Australia. Methodology for

112-472: A breeding colony where the parent birds had been shot for the international trade in plumes for millinery . The photographs were widely reprinted internationally as part of a campaign to halt the trade. As a result, the fashion for wearing plumes in hats and head-dresses changed and the market collapsed. In 1909, the union was one of the first major sponsors of the Gould League of Bird Lovers , which

168-550: A committee to reconsider the question of collecting. The result was a policy that collecting of specimens, except under government permit, was not acceptable, and that no collecting should take place at campouts anyway. Membership of the RAOU, after reaching a peak in the 1920s, went into a decline during the Great Depression and the Second World War , and there were difficulties meeting the costs of printing

224-567: A glossy colour magazine received by all members. By 2004, fewer than 20% of RAOU members subscribed to the Emu . In 1996, the RAOU formally adopted the name Birds Australia for most public purposes, and updated its logo from a lone emu to an emu with a family of chicks, reflecting new growth in the size and number of its regional groups. 1996 also saw the first Southern Hemisphere Ornithological Conference (SHOC), held in Albany, Western Australia . This

280-641: A letter sent to the RAOU Council meeting in July 1966, the ACT branch strongly criticised the standard of the Emu , the administrative disorder, and the passivity regarding conservation and field studies. It finished by proposing two formal motions to (i) adopt active policies for organising research, publicity and education, and to (ii) set up a committee to implement the former. Subsequently, in September 1966, such

336-408: A move to establish bird observatories as field research centres. These were Eyre in 1976, Rotamah Island in 1979, Barren Grounds in 1982, and Broome in 1988. Later the emphasis shifted from the establishment of field centres to the purchase of large properties as habitat conservation , with the acquisition of Gluepot Reserve in 1997 and Newhaven Reserve in 2000. Between the beginning and

392-480: A new review committee of two, Dom Serventy and himself. Serventy, a scientist with the CSIRO, was the principal writer of the review report and he addressed both the need for a sense of what the RAOU should be doing, and the structure that would allow it to do so. Although there was considerable vocal opposition to the reform proposals (including cutting the number of people on Council from an unwieldy forty to just nine)

448-723: A number of individuals have been imprisoned, both for possessing and for attempting to buy egg collections. The Jourdain Society continued to meet although membership dwindled after 1994, when a dinner of the society was raided by police, assisted by the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB). This resulted in six members being convicted and fined. Despite this, some of those who engage in egg collecting show considerable recidivism in their activity. One, Colin Watson ,

504-467: A reform committee was appointed under the chairmanship of Keith Hindwood . However, the lack of agreement between committee members led to its disbandment in August 1967, less than a year later. The RAOU was in crisis. Up to this point, the Emu had been the only serial publication produced by the RAOU for all members, and was by far the biggest financial cost to the organisation. For a majority of members

560-454: A small group of amateur ornithologists from 1896. The driving force behind the formation of the union was Archibald J. Campbell . Its founding membership was 137, including six women and 10 overseas members. The first general meeting of members was held in Adelaide on 1 November 1901, where office-bearers were elected. The first president was Colonel William Vincent Legge of Tasmania ,

616-507: A suitable project involving volunteers was worked out through experimental fieldwork and a workshop on ‘Monitoring the Populations and Movements of Australian Birds’. A project manager, [Stephen Ambrose], was appointed and project fieldwork ran from January 1989 to August 1995. Some 950 volunteer observers carried out 79,000 surveys, for fixed 20-minute periods in 1700 three-hectare locations over Australia. Project management started at

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672-702: A tree. In 1922, the British Oological Association was founded by Baron Rothschild , a prominent naturalist, and the Reverend Francis Jourdain ; the group was renamed the Jourdain Society after Jourdain's death in 1940. Rothschild and Jourdain founded it as a breakaway group after egg collecting by members of the British Ornithologists' Union was denounced by Earl Buxton at a meeting of

728-494: A type of membership without a subscription to Emu . The next step was when Jack Hyett resigned as editor of Emu in 1968, the ACT Branch nominated Stephen Marchant for the editorship, and he was elected unopposed. Marchant was editor for the next twelve years and he transformed Emu into the lean and rigorous journal the 'scientists' wanted. With regard to other necessary reforms, the new president, Allan McEvey , set up

784-473: Is illegal to sell a collection, regardless of the eggs' age, so old collections may only be disposed of by giving the eggs away or by destroying them. Museums are reluctant to accept donations of collections without reliable collection data (i.e. date and place that they were collected) that gives them scientific value. Also, museums no longer put egg collections on public display. In the United States,

840-525: Is illegal. However, the practice of egg collecting, or egging, continues as an underground or illegal activity in the UK and elsewhere. In the 1980s and 1990s, the fines allowed by the law were only a moderate deterrent to some egg collectors. However, the Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 allowed for six months' imprisonment for the possession of the eggs of wild birds and, since it came into force,

896-499: The Emu . After the War, membership numbers began to rise again. However, during the 1950s and 1960s, there was further division between the members. There were those who enjoyed the clubby atmosphere of the campouts and the comfortable, sometimes chatty, style of the Emu . Others, including those professionally involved in ornithology, as well as the more scientifically rigorous amateurs, wanted

952-832: The Australian Museum in Sydney and was later moved to the RAOU National Office in Melbourne . Financial support came at first from the Australian Nature Conservation Agency and subsequently from BP Australia which pledged A$ 260,000 to the project over five years. While much of the data has yet to be analysed, significant seasonal movements of several species of birds, (demonstrated through geographical shifts in seasonal abundance) have been quantified. A report on some of

1008-644: The Brigade of Gurkhas in camouflage skills and in surveillance, map and radio techniques, to better enable them to guard nests of rare birds. In the United Kingdom, to avoid the possibility of prosecution, owners of old egg collections must retain sufficient proof to show, on the balance of probabilities, that the eggs pre-date 1981. However owners of genuinely old collections are unlikely to face prosecution as experienced investigators and prosecutors are able to distinguish them from recently collected eggs. It

1064-533: The Emu was outsourced to CSIRO Publishing , which already handled a large stable of international and Australian scientific journals. Other projects, such as the Australian Bird Count (1989–1995), followed the first Atlas. However, the project that would dominate the period from the early 1980s until 2006 was the Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds (HANZAB). Financially it

1120-541: The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds . Legislation, such as the Protection of Birds Act 1954 and Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 in the United Kingdom, has made it impossible to collect wild birds' eggs legally. In the United Kingdom, it is only legal to possess a wild-bird's egg if it was taken before 1954, or with a permit for scientific research; selling wild birds' eggs, regardless of their age,

1176-413: The RAOU to be scientifically credible and to publish an ornithological journal that merited international recognition. The sudden death of Charles Bryant in 1960, while editor of the Emu , was another blow. He had edited and managed the publication of the journal for over 30 years, but had not prepared for his successor. Those who did succeed him during the 1960s struggled to maintain, let alone develop,

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1232-403: The United States during the 1800s. Observing birds from afar was difficult because high-quality binoculars were not readily available. Thus it was often more practical to shoot the birds or collect their eggs. While the collection of the eggs of wild birds by amateurs was considered a respectable scientific pursuit in the 19th century and early 20th century, from the mid 20th century onwards it

1288-864: The bird conservation challenges of those regions. These are: The RAOU / Birds Australia has Special Interest Groups that focus attention on particular groups of birds that have special study and conservation needs. These are: Four bird observatories were established by the RAOU in order to provide accommodation and act as bases for research, education and recreation, in areas of particular interest and bird richness. Two of these, Barren Grounds Bird Observatory in NSW, and Rotamah Island Bird Observatory in Victoria, have since been closed for economic reasons. The two remaining observatories, both in Western Australia, are: The RAOU has established two reserves, through

1344-494: The club. In 1916, when the union acquired its own room for meetings and storage of donated specimens, it became impossible for the club to share the use of the room. This led to the club becoming inactive for the next few years, though it was successfully revived as an independent entity in 1927. In 1907, the issue of bird conservation was raised prominently with the publication, in the Emu , of articles and photographs by Arthur Mattingley depicting starving egret nestlings in

1400-737: The collection and possession of wild bird eggs is also restricted, and in some cases is a criminal act. Depending on the species, the Migratory Bird Treaty Act , the Lacey Act , the Endangered Species Act , or other laws may apply. When collecting eggs, normally the whole clutch of eggs is taken. Because eggs will rot if the contents are left inside, they must be "blown" to remove the contents. Although collectors will take eggs at all stages of incubation, freshly laid eggs are much easier to blow, usually through

1456-508: The distinction between the notionally scientific discipline of oology and simple egg-collecting was blurred. Identification of any but the most common and distinctive species usually entailed the collection of specimens to be made into study skins. Modern field guides did not exist and few people could afford the massive multi-volume, lavishly illustrated handbooks of John Gould and Gregory Mathews . However, both Archibald J. Campbell and Alfred North had produced comprehensive guides to what

1512-417: The egg-collectors were later formally censured. This growing split between members' attitudes to bird-study came to a head at the 1935 campout at Marlo , eastern Victoria , when a museum ornithologist, George Mack , provocatively shot a scarlet robin at its nest, which had been under observation by the party. This caused outrage among many members and was followed by a decision of the RAOU Council to appoint

1568-573: The encyclopaedic Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds . Its quarterly colour membership magazine was Wingspan . The RAOU is the Australian Partner of BirdLife International , and had the motto "Conservation through Knowledge". The RAOU was formally constituted (as the Australasian Ornithologist's Union ) on 1 July 1901 in Melbourne , Victoria, following a series of informal meetings held by

1624-466: The end of the first Atlas project RAOU membership grew from fewer than a thousand to over two thousand. Not all Atlassers became members, but many did, and most of them were not interested in subscribing to the Emu but were happy to receive the RAOU Newsletter that contained all the informal in-house news that the pre-reform Emu had carried. In 1991, the newsletter was renamed Wingspan ,

1680-525: The findings of the project was published as a supplement to the RAOU's magazine Wingspan in 1999. Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union The Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union ( RAOU ), now part of BirdLife Australia , was Australia's largest non-government, non-profit, bird conservation organisation. It was founded in 1901 to promote the study and conservation of the native bird species of Australia and adjacent regions, making it Australia's oldest national birding association. In 1996,

1736-432: The general public. They reflected the shifting mood in amateur ornithology, through the first half of the 20th century, from collecting to observation. The annual campouts were increasingly being seen as opportunities for bird-watching , photography and non-destructive studies. During the 1933 campout near Moree, New South Wales , extensive egg-collecting by the oologists present aroused much criticism from other members;

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1792-757: The granting of the title of Fellow of the Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union (FRAOU) to a small and limited number of individuals. It also recognises excellence in contributions to ornithological knowledge through annual awards: the D.L. Serventy Medal for outstanding published work on birds in the Australasian region, and the John Hobbs Medal for major contributions to amateur ornithology. Oology Oology became increasingly popular in Britain and

1848-673: The history of the RAOU came to an end. In March 2007, the RAOU moved its National Office to new, smaller premises in the Green Building at 60 Leicester Street, Carlton , Melbourne. On 21 May 2011, members of both Birds Australia and Bird Observation & Conservation Australia (BOCA) voted by an overwhelming majority at their respective annual general meetings to merge the two organisations into one entity, to be named BirdLife Australia . The RAOU / Birds Australia has several Regional Groups that cater for members based in particular geographic regions of Australia, as well as looking at

1904-491: The house was too small and an upgrade was necessary; it was replaced in 1979 by a house in Gladstone Street, Moonee Ponds . The logistics of managing a national bird atlassing project, with 3000 volunteer atlassers mapping the avifauna of a continent, stretched the resources of the organisation beyond reasonable limits, but the RAOU was forced to grow in the process. The period of the first Atlas also coincided with

1960-461: The journal in a way that the membership and the changing times demanded, and its issue, due to problems with the printers, was becoming erratic. Moreover, the accounts were falling into disarray and the administrative backlog was becoming worse each year. There was increasing criticism from members, especially from the ACT branch, which contained a high proportion of professional scientists as members. In

2016-587: The number of Councillors meant that many regional positions in particular no longer existed. Some members left the organisation and many transferred their active loyalty to the Bird Observers Club . Independent regional groups were established to cater for those who felt disenfranchised by the new order, replacing previous RAOU branches. A comparison of the names of Council officers between 1968 and 1972 shows almost complete replacement, with most change occurring between 1969 and 1970. The process of renewal

2072-489: The organisation adopted the trading name of Birds Australia for most public purposes, while retaining its original name for legal purposes and as the publisher of its journal, the Emu . In 2012, the RAOU merged with Bird Observation & Conservation Australia to form BirdLife Australia . The RAOU was the instigator of the Atlas of Australian Birds project. It also published (in association with Oxford University Press )

2128-651: The organisation. Pauline Reilly was RAOU president and an enthusiastic proponent of the Atlas in the years leading up to the fieldwork phase of the project and she was subsequently Chair of the Atlas Committee which oversaw the project. The first paid staff members of the RAOU were appointed in connection with the project, and the first property, a small house in Dryburgh Street, North Melbourne , acquired as premises for it in 1976. It soon became obvious that

2184-602: The pre-reform RAOU, but had also threatened to start a competing group with its own journal if the reforms had not proceeded. Ultimately the RAOU contributed to the success of the IOC through provision of funding (along with the Australian Academy of Science (AAC) and the administrative assistance of the CSIRO ), and with the organisation of excursions for delegates. The appointment in 1974 of Tommy Garnett as RAOU secretary

2240-591: The purchase of large pastoral leases , in order to protect extensive areas of important bird habitat. They are: Newhaven Reserve was sold to the Australian Wildlife Conservancy in 2007. The RAOU retains access rights for its members and a say in monitoring and research on the reserve through the Newhaven Management Committee. The RAOU has always recognised service to the organisation and to ornithology through

2296-436: The receipt of the journal was the only direct contact they had with the RAOU. Yet the content of Emu was being assailed from both the 'scientists' who wanted more rigour and less in-house material, and from the 'amateurs' who disliked the scientific language of many papers. The long-term solution would be to cater separately for both groups. The start of this process came with the decision by the RAOU Council in 1968 to allow for

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2352-525: The report was ratified by Council in April 1969 and adopted at an Extraordinary General Meeting in June 1969, with the vote being over 80% in favour. Later that year came the first issue of the RAOU Newsletter , a publication that would evolve to become the magazine Wingspan . A perhaps unavoidable consequence of the reforms was the alienation of some of the members and Council officers. The drastic reduction in

2408-448: The secretary was Dudley Le Souef , the treasurer Robert Hall , and the editors Archibald J. Campbell and Henry Kendall . Such general meetings, soon termed "congresses" were held annually thereafter and were normally accompanied by the annual "campouts" of several days' duration, which gave members the opportunity to meet and to collect specimens and eggs. Many RAOU members in the early 20th century called themselves " oologists ", though

2464-465: The status of their birds. The 2003 and 2008 editions of SOAB are five-yearly overviews, while the other editions are themed on various aspects of Australian avifauna (e.g. SOAB 2010 was themed on Birds and Islands). Some of the material presented in SOAB is extracted from Birds Australia projects, notably the Atlas of Australian Birds project. The final volume of HANZAB was published in 2006, and an era in

2520-484: Was also a move that assisted in bringing order to the growing administrative demands of the evolving organisation. An essential part of the revolution within the RAOU in the late 1960s, and its evolution during the 1970s was a strong push to carry out scientific field studies with the involvement of volunteers. The first of the major projects undertaken was the Atlas of Australian Birds . Fieldwork for this project took place over five calendar years 1977-1981 and transformed

2576-461: Was an initiative of Professor Brian Collins, RAOU president at the time. Another SHOC was held at Griffith University , Brisbane , in 2000 before the RAOU refined its conference concept and initiated the first Australasian Ornithological Conference (AOC), hosted with Charles Sturt University at Bathurst, New South Wales in December 2001. Also from 2001, the direct management and publication of

2632-406: Was convicted of possessing 200 eggs in 2021. The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds has been particularly active in fighting illegal egg collection and maintains an investigative unit that collects intelligence on egg collectors and assists police in mounting prosecutions on them, in addition to investigating other wildlife crimes. At one point, RSPB staff were being trained by soldiers from

2688-437: Was convicted six times before he fell to his death in 2006, while attempting to climb to a nest high up in a tree. While the threat of imprisonment after 2000 encouraged some to give up egg collecting, others were not deterred. One individual has been convicted ten times and imprisoned twice. As recently as 2018, a man was imprisoned for amassing a collection of 5000 eggs, after previously being imprisoned in 2005. Another man

2744-596: Was founded by Jessie McMichael and supported by John Albert Leach , the Director of Nature Study in the Victorian Education Department . In 1910, the union was given permission by King George V , newly ascended to the throne, to use the prefix "Royal" on what had hitherto been simply the "Australasian Ornithologists Union". Early in 1913, the first Official Checklist of the Birds of Australia

2800-464: Was increasingly regarded as being a hobby rather than a scientific discipline. In the 1960s, the naturalist Derek Ratcliffe compared peregrine falcon eggs from historical collections with more recent egg-shell samples, and was able to demonstrate a decline in shell thickness. This was found to cause the link between the use by farmers of pesticides such as DDT and dieldrin , and the decline of British populations of birds of prey. Egg collecting

2856-421: Was known about the nests and eggs of Australian birds, with illustrations of the eggs rather than the birds themselves, reflecting the dominance of egg and skin collecting in ornithology of the time. On 12 April 1905, some Melbourne members formed the Bird Observers Club to facilitate more frequent and less formal meetings and field-trips. At this time, membership of the union was a prerequisite for membership of

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2912-460: Was marked by the publication of An Australian Bird Book , by John Albert Leach . The popularity of the first edition ensured that a series of further editions and reprints continued into the 1960s. This was followed in 1931 with the first publication of Neville Cayley 's What Bird is That? , further editions of which continued to be published into the 1980s. These books were focussed on bird identification rather than collecting and were affordable to

2968-566: Was painful and the sense of alienation, for some, was permanent. One test of the reformed RAOU was to be the extent of its involvement with the International Ornithological Congress (IOC), held in Canberra in 1974 with about 800 delegates attending. The secretary-general of the congress (i.e. the principal organiser) was Dr Harold Frith who was not only one of the hardliners of the 'scientists' faction of

3024-485: Was published as a supplement to the Emu . For many years, the compilation of checklists and the production of regular supplements to them was a constant activity, and the position of Chairman of the Checklist Committee was an important one. Almost immediately after the first Checklist was published, it was apparent that work needed to be continued towards a second edition, eventually published in 1926. 1911

3080-421: Was still popular in the early 20th century, even as its scientific value became less prominent. Egg collectors built large collections and traded with one another. Frequently, collectors would go to extreme lengths to obtain eggs of rare birds. For example, Charles Bendire was willing to have his teeth broken to remove a rare egg that became stuck in his mouth. He had placed the egg in his mouth while climbing down

3136-536: Was the biggest project of all, and one that strained RAOU resources more than any other. The need to provide adequate working conditions for HANZAB staff was one factor that forced another move of its head office to larger premises in Riversdale Road, Hawthorn in 1994. Since 2003 Birds Australia has produced an annual State of Australia's Birds (SOAB) report. The reports collate and disseminate information on trends in bird populations to inform Australians of

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