Pamplona ( Spanish pronunciation: [pamˈplona] ; Basque : Iruña [iɾuɲa] ), historically also known as Pampeluna in English, is the capital city of the Chartered Community of Navarre , in Spain .
116-633: Pamplona in Spain , NMQ (Nueva Montaña Quijano) between 1966 - 1975; The Austin Motor Company A-series is a British small straight-4 automobile engine. Launched in 1951 with the Austin A30 , production lasted until 2000 in the Mini . It used a cast-iron block and cylinder head, and a steel crankshaft with three main bearings . The camshaft ran in the cylinder block, driven by
232-500: A 86.0 mm × 86.0 mm (3.4 in × 3.4 in) bore and stroke. 1987 – The Opel/Vauxhall 2.0 L GM Family II engines are square at 86.0 mm × 86.0 mm (3.39 in × 3.39 in) bore and stroke; example as C20XE C20NE C20LET X20A X20XEV X20XER Z20LET Z20LEH Z20LER A20NHT A20NFT. 1989 – Nissan's SR20DE is a square engine, with an 86.0 mm × 86.0 mm (3.39 in × 3.39 in) bore and stroke. 1990–2010 Saab B234/B235
348-518: A Jewish community existed in Pamplona. The first documentation of Jews in Pamplona dates to 958, when Hasdai Ibn Shaprut visited Pamplona on a diplomatic mission to meet with Sancho I . The Jews of Pamplona had an independent court system which enforced the Jewish system of halacha , or religious laws. In 1498, the Jewish population was either expelled or forced to convert to Christianity. After
464-400: A steam engine , where the combustion of the fuel takes place outside the working cylinders of the engine. The contemporary convention for describing the stroke ratio of a piston engine ‘s cylinders is its bore/stroke ratio. Stroke/bore ratio is an obsolete expression dating to the early era of reciprocating engine development. The diameter of the cylinder bore is divided by
580-426: A 101.6 mm × 101.6 mm (4.00 in × 4.00 in) bore and stroke. 1973 – Kawasaki Z1 and KZ(Z)900 had a 66.0 mm × 66.0 mm (2.60 in × 2.60 in) bore and stroke. 1982 - Honda Nighthawk 250 and Honda CMX250C Rebel have a 53.0 mm × 53.0 mm (2.09 in × 2.09 in) bore and stroke. 1983 – Mazda FE 2.0L inline four-cylinder engine with
696-462: A 970 cc (59 cu in) version. It had the same 70.6 mm (2.78 in) bore as the 1071 cc Cooper S but used a shorter 61.95 mm (2.439 in) stroke. It was produced from 1964 to 1965. Applications: The largest A-series engine displaced 1.3 L; 77.8 cu in (1,275 cc). It used the 70.6 mm (2.78 in) bore from the Mini Cooper S versions but
812-500: A bore/stroke ratio of 0.845:1. Some rear-wheel-drive cars that borrow engines from front-wheel-drive cars (such as the Mazda MX-5 ) use an undersquare design. BMW's acclaimed S54B32 M54 engine was undersquare with a bore and stroke of 87 mm × 91 mm (3.4 in × 3.6 in)), offering a world record torque-per-litre figure (114 N⋅m/L, 1.38 lb⋅ft/cu in) for normally-aspirated production engines at
928-680: A certain Velasko—stirred against their governor, but later the inhabitants provided some support for the Banu Qasi Fortun ibn-Musa's uprising. This regional revolt was shortly after suppressed by the Cordovan emir Hisham I , who re-established order, but failed to retain his grip on the town, since the Pamplonese returned to Frankish suzerainty in 806. A Muslim cemetery containing about 200 human remains mingled with Christian tombs
1044-552: A commercial link between those very different natural parts of Navarre. The historical centre of the city is on the left bank of the Arga River , a tributary of the Ebro. The city has developed on both sides of the river. The climate of Pamplona is classified as an oceanic climate ( Köppen climate classification : Cfb ) with influences of a Mediterranean climate ( Csb ). Due to global warming and stronger summer heat waves in
1160-416: A complete renewal of the fortified system. Starting in 1569, King Philip II built the fortifications at Pamplona, to designs by Giovan Giacomo Paleari and Vespasiano Gonzaga . The citadel in the south of the town is a pentagonal star fort . Phillip had the city bounded by walls that made it almost a regular pentagon. The modernization of the walls was intended mainly to keep locals in check and strengthen
1276-516: A compression ratio of 23.6:1. Produced 15 hp at 2500rpm and 38 lb⋅ft (52 N⋅m) torque at 1,750 rpm. A petrol version of this modified engine was 'reverse-engineered' for use in the Mini Tractor whilst retaining parts commonality with the diesel variant, rather than using a standard petrol A-series unit. The diesel A series was also sold as a marine engine under the BMC name alongside
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#17327900807421392-565: A cycle of general decline along with other towns across the Basque territory, but managing to keep some sort of urban life. During the Visigothic period (fifth to eighth centuries), Pamplona alternated between self-rule, Visigoth domination or Frankish suzerainty in the Duchy of Vasconia (Councils of Toledo unattended by several Pamplonese bishops between 589 and 684). In 466 to 472, Pamplona
1508-610: A few decades from a little administrative and even rural town to a medium-size city of industry and services. The industry sector is diversified although the most important activity is related to automobile industry . Volkswagen manufactures Polo model in its factory of Landaben and there are many auxiliary industries that work for Volkswagen and other companies. Other remarkable industries are building materials , metalworking and food processing . Renewable energy technologies are also an increasing economic sector ( wind turbine manufacturing and generation ) and neighboring Sarriguren
1624-592: A priest. The most remarkable twentieth century religious buildings are probably the new diocesan seminary (1931) and the classical-revival style memorial church (1942) to the Navarrese dead in the Nationalist side of the Civil War and that is used today as temporary exhibitions room. From the prominent military past of Pamplona remain three of the four sides of the city walls and, with little modifications,
1740-757: A scaled-down version of the 1200cc overhead-valve engine first seen in the Austin A40 Devon which would form the basis of the later B-series engine . All engines had a cast iron head and block, two valves per cylinder in an OHV configuration and sidedraft SU carburettor . Engines were available in diesel in the BMC tractor. All A-series engines up until mid-1970 were painted in British Standard (381c) 223 "Middle Bronze Green". This does not include overseas production models such as Australian manufacture. "Factory/dealer warranty replacement" units were painted black, these were primarily distributed for
1856-554: A shorter engine that increases room available for the front wheels to steer. Examples of this include many Volkswagen , Nissan , Honda , and Mazda engines. The 1KR-FE -engine used in the Toyota Aygo , Citroën C1 and Peugeot 107 amongst others is an example of a modern long-stroke engine widely used in FF layout cars. This engine has a bore and stroke of 71 mm × 84 mm (2.8 in × 3.3 in) stroke giving it
1972-407: A similar aggressive economic development during the sixties and seventies. The urbanization of Pamplona, being from anterior designs, is not constrained by the grid plan. The apartment buildings are taller: never less than five floors and many taller than ten. Industry, which previously coexisted with housing, was moved to industrial parks (the oldest and the only one within municipal limits of Pamplona
2088-430: A single-row chain for most applications, and with tappets sliding in the block, accessible through pressed steel side covers for most applications, and with overhead valves operated through rockers. The cylinder blocks are not interchangeable between versions intended for conventional end-on mounted gearboxes and the 'in-sump' transaxle used on British Motor Corporation / British Leyland front wheel drive models such as
2204-624: A special lightweight body in steel that was a couple of gauges lighter than normal with altered panels to keep weight at a minimum) known as the Austin A20 or the "Lightweight Austin 7". In 2021 retired racing driver and Bugatti specialist Ivan Dutton rebuilt an example of the 4 stroke engine from an original head and cylinder block and documented the work on Youtube. He also has the EMC 2-cylinder two-stroke engine which he plans to return to running condition. This engine continues to be improved, it has
2320-640: A substantially undersquare bore/stroke ratio of 0.709:1. The 4-litre Barra Inline 6 and Intech engines from the Australian Ford Falcon , uses a bore and stroke of 92.21 mm × 99.31 mm (3.63 in × 3.91 in) stroke, which equates to a 0.929:1 bore-stroke ratio. The 292 Chevrolet I6 is also undersquare, with a bore and stroke of 98.4 mm × 104.8 mm (3.875 in × 4.125 in) in (bore/stroke ratio = 0.939:1). Mitsubishi's 4G63T engine found primarily in many generations of Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution
2436-434: A very large and wide market, whether in the classic car industry or the racing industry. It has a wide OEM manufacturer support. Almost every part of the engine is still made, whether in original specification or improved versions, pistons, camshafts, crankshafts, cylinder heads. Cylinder heads are available in 8v or 16v, made in aluminium with 5, 7 or 8 ports. Additionally over the past few decades it has not been unusual to see
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#17327900807422552-750: Is Joseba Asiron ( EH Bildu ), also supported by the Socialist Party of Navarre , Geroa Bai , and Contigo Zurekin . Pamplona is linked by motorways with neighbouring Zaragoza (1978), San Sebastián , Vitoria (1995) and Logroño (2006). Since 2007 buses use a new bus station in the city centre that replaces the old one (1934). The airport (1972), operated by Aena and located in Noain , schedules several flights daily to Madrid and Barcelona . There are railway (1861) links with Madrid , Zaragoza and northern Spain, operated by Renfe . High speed train link with Zaragoza, Madrid, and Barcelona
2668-457: Is Landaben). In recent years, single-family house -predominant neighborhoods have grown in the metropolitan area: Zizur Mayor , Cizur Menor , Mutilva Alta , Mutilva Baja , Olaz , Esquíroz , Artica , Alzuza , Artiberri and Sarriguren. And new districts emerged like Buztintxuri, Lezkairu and Ripagaina, the latter two being still under construction. These new suburbs have more room for green areas and recreative parks. Pamplona has shifted in
2784-638: Is a square engine, with a 90.0 mm × 90.0 mm (3.54 in × 3.54 in) bore and stroke. 1991 – Ford's 4.6 V8 OHC engine has a 90.2 mm × 90.0 mm (3.552 in × 3.543 in) bore and stroke. 1995 – The BMW M52 engine with a displacement of 2793 cubic centimeters is an example of a perfect square engine with an 84.0 mm × 84.0 mm (3.31 in × 3.31 in) bore and stroke. 1996 – Jaguar's AJ-V8 engine in 4.0-litre form has an 86.0 mm bore and stroke. 2000 – Mercedes-Benz 4.0-litre (3996 cc; 243.9 cu in) OM628 V8 diesel engine
2900-477: Is able to generate a peak torque of 350 lb·ft as low as 2501 rpm. The Willys Jeep L134 and F134 engines were undersquare, with a bore and stroke of 79.4 mm × 111.1 mm (3.13 in × 4.37 in) stroke (bore/stroke ratio = 0.714:1). The Dodge Power Wagon used a straight-six Chrysler Flathead engine of 230 cu in (3.8 L) with a bore and stroke of 83 mm × 117 mm (3.3 in × 4.6 in), yielding
3016-471: Is an example of a square engine – with an 86.0 mm × 86.0 mm (3.39 in × 3.39 in) bore and stroke. An engine is described as oversquare or short-stroke if its cylinders have a greater bore diameter than its stroke length, giving a bore/stroke ratio greater than 1:1. An oversquare engine allows for more and larger valves in the head of the cylinder, higher possible rpm by lowering maximum piston speed, and lower crank stress due to
3132-606: Is an undersquare engine with a bore and stroke of 85 mm × 88 mm (3.3 in × 3.5 in). The Jaguar XK6 engine , used in all 6-cylinder Jaguars from 1949 to 1987 was undersquare. For example, the 4.2 litre engine had a bore and stroke of 92.08 mm × 106 mm (3.63 in × 4.17 in), providing a bore/stroke ratio of 0.869:1. Virtually all piston engines used in military aircraft were long-stroke engines. The PW R-2800, Wright R-3350, Pratt & Whitney R-4360 Wasp Major , Rolls-Royce Merlin (1650), Allison V-1710, and Hispano-Suiza 12Y-Z are only
3248-536: Is coming mainly from abroad . Pamplona is listed as a city with one of the highest standards of living and quality of life in Spain. Its industry rate is higher than the national average, although it is threatened by delocalization. Crime statistics are lower than the national average but cost of living , especially housing, is considerably higher. Thanks to its small size and an acceptable public transport service, there are no major transport problems. Pamplona
3364-400: Is described as undersquare or long-stroke if its cylinders have a smaller bore (width, diameter) than its stroke (length of piston travel) - giving a ratio value of less than 1:1. At a given engine speed, a longer stroke increases engine friction and increases stress on the crankshaft due to the higher peak piston acceleration. The smaller bore also reduces the area available for valves in
3480-407: Is extremely oversquare with a bore/stroke ratio of 1.84:1. It was given the name "SuperQuadro" by Ducati , roughly translated as "super-square" from Italian. The side-valve Belgian D-Motor LF26 aero-engine has a bore/stroke ratio of 1.4:1. Early Mercedes-Benz M116 engines had a 92 millimetres (3.62 in) bore and a 65.6 millimetres (2.58 in) stroke for a 3.5 litre V8. An engine
3596-588: Is located in the middle of Navarre in a rounded valley, known as the Basin of Pamplona , that links the mountainous north with the Ebro valley. It is 92 km (57 mi) from the city of San Sebastián, 117 km (73 mi) from Bilbao, 735 km (457 mi) from Paris, and 407 km (253 mi) from Madrid. The climate and landscape of the basin is a transition between those two main Navarrese geographical regions. Its central position at crossroads has served as
BMC A-series engine - Misplaced Pages Continue
3712-627: Is mentioned again in 829, followed by Wiliesind and a certain Jimenez from 880 to 890. Even in the 10th century, important gaps are found in bishop succession, which is recorded unbroken only after 1005. At the time of the Umayyad invasion in 711, the Visigothic king Roderic was fighting the Basques in Pamplona and had to turn his attention to the new enemy coming from the south. By 714–16,
3828-458: Is significantly lower than in Bilbao and especially San Sebastián , as well as the climate is harsher than in the northern coastal areas (colder winter lows, warmer summer highs) because of the altitude of 450 metres (1,480 ft) and its inland location. Like many other European cities, it is very easy to distinguish what is so called the "old city" and the new neighborhoods. The oldest part of
3944-559: Is the seat of the Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy , National Centre for Renewable Energies (CENER) and of Acciona Energía . Pamplona is the main commercial and services centre of Navarre. Its area of influence is not beyond the province, except for the University of Navarre and its teaching hospital, which provide private educational and health services nationwide. The city is home to two universities:
4060-485: Is undersquare, with a bore and stroke of 86 mm × 105 mm (3.4 in × 4.1 in) stroke (bore/stroke ratio = 0.819:1). The Ford 5.4L Modular Engine features a bore and stroke of 90.1 mm × 105.8 mm (3.55 in × 4.17 in), which makes a bore/stroke ratio of 0.852:1. Since the stroke is significantly longer than the bore, the SOHC 16V (2-valve per cylinder) version of this engine
4176-478: The 1512 conquest and annexation of Navarre to Spain, Pamplona remained as capital of the semiautonomous kingdom of Navarre , which preserved its own (reformed) institutions and laws. Pamplona became a Castilian-Spanish outpost at the foot of the western Pyrenees. After the Castilian conquest, king Ferdinand V ordered in 1513 the demolition and removal of the medieval castle and the city's monasteries, as well as
4292-667: The 998 previously used in the Riley Elf and Wolseley Hornet . It was produced from 1962 to 1980. The 1,070 cc (65 cu in) version was another one-off, this time for the Mini Cooper S . It used a new 70.6 mm (2.78 in) bore size and the 68.26 mm (2.687 in) stroke from the 848 . It was only produced in 1963–1964. Paired with the even rarer 970 cc (59 cu in) version, below, it became that rarest of things: an oversquare A-series engine. Applications: The Mini Cooper S next moved on to
4408-515: The Civil War , three new zones of Pamplona began to grow: Rochapea, Milagrosa, and Chantrea. Only the last one was a planned neighborhood, the other two being disorderly growths. In 1957, the municipality designed the first general ordination plan for the city, which established the guidelines for further urban development. According to this, during the 1960s and 1970s saw the creation of new neighborhoods like San Juan, Iturrama, San Jorge, Etxabakoitz, and Orvina. The urban expansion of Pamplona exceeded
4524-558: The GMC 478 V6 has a bore/stroke ratio of 1.33. The 1.6 litre version of the BMW N45 gasoline engine has a bore/stroke ratio of 1.167. Horizontally opposed, also known as "Boxer" or "flat", engines typically feature oversquare designs since any increase in stroke length would result in twice the increase in overall engine width. This is particularly so in Subaru ’s front-engine layout, where
4640-615: The Iberian Peninsula and its drier inland. Early population in the settlement traces back to the late Bronze to early Iron Age , even if the traditional inception date refers to the foundation of Pompaelo by Pompey during the Sertorian Wars circa 75 BC. During Visigothic rule Pamplona became an episcopal see, serving as a staging ground for the Christianization of the area. It later became one of
4756-633: The Nissan CA engine which culminated in the DOHC 169 PS (124 kW; 167 bhp) CA18DET . The basic design was also scaled down into the Nissan MA engine . All these engines show their lineage by the characteristic un-skirted crankcase block of the BMC A-series, but with the A and E having the camshaft moved to the right side allowing greater port areas, and a mounting on the right wall of
BMC A-series engine - Misplaced Pages Continue
4872-578: The Pyrenees . In the 12th century, the city enlarged with two new separate burgos (independent boroughs): San Cernín (Saint Saturnin) and San Nicolás ; the population of local Navarrese mainly confined to the original urban nucleus, the Navarrería, was swelled by Occitan merchants and artisans. The boroughs showed very distinct features both socially and culturally, and were almost always engaged in quarrels among themselves. The most dramatic episode
4988-649: The Spanish top division . In the winter of 75–74 BC, the area served as a camp for the Roman general Pompey in the war against Sertorius . He is considered to be the founder of Pompaelo , "as if Pompeiopolis " in Strabo's words, which became Pamplona, in modern Spanish . However, in later times, it has been discovered to be the chief town of the Vascones . They called it Iruña, translating to 'the city'. Roman Pompaelo
5104-420: The citadel or star fort. All the mediaeval structures were replaced and improved during 16th, 17th and 18th centuries in order to resist artillery sieges . Completely obsolete for modern warfare , they are used today as parks. The oldest civil building today existing is a fourteenth-century house that was used as Cámara de Comptos (the court of auditors of the early modern autonomous kingdom of Navarre) from
5220-432: The unification of the boroughs in a single city in 1423. The feuds between boroughs had been partly ignited by disputes over the use of the gulf dividing the three boroughs, so after Charles III's unification, the gulf was filled and on its site a common space laid out on the present-day city hall. The walls dividing the boroughs were demolished. During the late 15th century, Pamplona bore witness to power struggles between
5336-451: The 1330cc Monte Carlo as well as the 1380cc and 1450cc Oselli Edition. Pamplona Lying at near 450 m (1,480 ft) above sea level, the city (and the wider Cuenca de Pamplona ) is located on the flood plain of the Arga river , a second-order tributary of the Ebro . Precipitation-wise, it is located in a transitional location between the rainy Atlantic northern façade of
5452-582: The 19th century, this fortress-city played a key role in several wars in which Spain was involved. During the Peninsular War of the Napoleonic Wars , French troops occupied the city - by launching a coup de main (surprise attack) and seized the city in 1808, and remained in it until the French forces were compelled to surrender on 31 October 1813 due to starvation, having been blockaded in
5568-620: The 21st century, it is also on the boundary with a humid subtropical climate ( Cfa ). Precipitation patterns do not vary much over the course of the year, as is typical of marine climates, but both classifications are possible due to the Mediterranean patterns of somewhat drier summer months. Sunshine hours are typical for a location in Northern Spain , thus more similar to the oceanic coastal climate in nearby Basque locations than typical Spanish Mediterranean areas are, but rainfall
5684-499: The 81.4 mm (3.20 in) stroke from the plain Mini Cooper. It was produced from 1964 until 1980, when it was replaced by an A-Plus version . The bore size was around the maximum possible in the block, with very little separation between the middle cylinders, which often contributed to head gasket failures. British Leyland was keen to update the old A-series design in the 1970s. However, attempts at replacement, including an aborted early-70s British Leyland 'K engine' (unrelated to
5800-545: The 998 cc (60.9 cu in) motor was produced from 1980 to 1992. Applications: The larger 1.3 L; 77.8 cu in (1,275 cc) engine was also given the "A-Plus" treatment. This lasted from 1980 to 2000, making it the last of the A-series line. To allow the MG Metro to compete with larger, more powerful hot hatchbacks a turbocharged version of the 1,275 cc (77.8 cu in) A-Plus
5916-481: The A-Plus had stronger engine blocks and cranks, lighter pistons and improved piston rings, Spring loaded tensioner units for the timing chain and other detail changes to increase the service interval of the engine (from 6,000 to 12,000 miles (9,700 to 19,300 km)). More modern SU Carburettors and revised manifold designs allowed for small improvements in power without any decrease in torque or fuel economy. Many of
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#17327900807426032-606: The A-Series stretched beyond 1275cc with capacities ranging from as low as 1293cc up to 1479cc, although it is commonly enlarged to 1380cc while retaining its reliability so long it is serviced regularly and well looked after. The A series engine is currently used in David Brown Mini Remastered . The engine is totally rebuilt, with new internals to an improved specification. The engine used is based in 1275cc MPi version, with larger capacity versions including
6148-520: The BMC Mini tractor. It was developed with the help of Ricardo Consulting Engineers . It was redesign of existing 948 cc version, new purpose-designed cylinder head, with Lucas CAV fuel injection. This engine has dry liners. The block is almost identical to the petrol engine. The oil pump has been removed from the camshaft and is driven by an extension to what would have been the distributor drive. It uses Ricardo-patented "Comet V" combustion chambers, with
6264-537: The Basque region. To a considerable extent, that alternation reflected the internal struggles of the Basque warrior nobility. After the Frankish defeat at Roncevaux (778), Pamplona switched again to Cordovan rule , after Abd-al-Rahman's expedition captured the stronghold in 781. A wali or governor was imposed, Mutarrif ibn-Musa (a Banu-Qasi) up to the 799 rebellion. In that year, the Pamplonese—possibly led by
6380-686: The Basques south of the Pyrenees do not seem to have shown much resistance to the Moorish thrust, and Pamplona may even have flourished as a launching point and centre of assembly for their expeditions into Gascony . In 740, the Wali (governor) Uqba ibn al-Hajjaj imposed direct central Cordovan discipline on the city. In 755, though, the last governor of Al-Andalus , Yusuf al Fihri , sent an expedition north to quash Basque unrest near Pamplona, resulting in
6496-472: The Beaumont and Agramont confederacies and external military interventions. Several times, the stronghold was taken over by different factions and foreign forces, like the ones sent by Ferdinand II of Aragon . Queen Catherine I was a minor and often absent from Pamplona, but eventually she married John III in 1494, an event celebrated with joy in the city. However, Navarre continued divided. Historically,
6612-450: The Mini, when the 998 A-Plus version supplanted it. The one-off 997 cc (60.8 cu in) version for the Mini Cooper used a smaller 62.43 mm (2.458 in) bore and longer 81.4 mm (3.20 in) stroke. It was produced from 1961 to 1964. Applications: The Mini also got a 998 cc (60.9 cu in) version. This was similar to the 948 in that it had
6728-534: The Mini. The cylinder head for the overhead-valve version of the A-series engine was designed by Harry Weslake – a cylinder head specialist famed for his involvement in SS ( Jaguar ) engines and several Formula One -title winning engines. Although a "clean sheet" design, the A-series owed much to established Austin engine design practise, resembling in general design (including the Weslake head) and overall appearance
6844-441: The Pyrenees. From the 11th century, reviving economic development allowed Pamplona to recover its urban life. The bishops of Pamplona recovered their ecclesiastical leading role; during the previous centuries, isolated monasteries , especially Leyre , had actually held the religious authority. The pilgrimages to Santiago de Compostela contributed to the revival of the commercial and cultural exchanges with Christian Europe beyond
6960-648: The Umayyad troops had reached the Basque-held Pamplona, with the town submitting apparently after a treaty was brokered between the inhabitants and the Arab military commanders. The position was then garrisoned by Berbers, who were stationed on the outside of the actual fortress, and established the cemetery unearthed not long ago at the Castle Square ( Plaza del Castillo ). During the following years,
7076-523: The Visigoth king Liuvigild overcame the Basques, seized Pamplona, and founded in the town of Victoriacum. Despite the legend citing Saint Fermin as the first bishop of Pamplona and his baptising of 40,000 pagan inhabitants in just three days, the first reliable accounts of a bishop date from 589, when bishop Liliolus attended the Third Council of Toledo . After 684 and 693, a bishop called Opilano
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#17327900807427192-644: The above-mentioned University of Navarre , a corporate work of Opus Dei founded in 1952, which is ranked as the best private university in Spain, and the Public University of Navarre , established by the Government of Navarre in 1987. There is also a local branch of the UNED ( Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia ). The two most important museums in Pamplona are the Museo de Navarra , devoted to
7308-430: The administrative limits of the city and involved municipalities like Barañáin , Burlada , Villava , Ansoain , Berriozar , Noain or Huarte in a larger metropolitan area. During the 1980s and 1990s, new neighborhoods were born: Azpilagaña, Mendebaldea, and Mendillorri. Rochapea was profoundly renewed. The urban development of those new neighborhoods is very similar to other Spanish provincial capitals that experienced
7424-660: The archaeological and artistic heritage of Navarre, and the Museo Diocesano of religious art, located in the cathedral. Pamplona is the first Spanish city in the French way of the Way of Saint James . Pamplona has hosted the Sarasate Violin International Competition biennially since 1991, and the annual Punto de Vista International Documentary Film Festival , the most important Spanish documentary film festival, since 2004. One of
7540-465: The building of a new castle in a very close place. In 1530, with Navarre under Spanish military occupation, the Castilian viceroy was still expecting a "French invasion", and in fear of a possible revolt of the city dwellers, he requested an additional 1,000-strong force from what he called "healthy land", i.e. Castile, besides the 1,000 stationed already in Navarre. The progress of artillery demanded
7656-516: The capitals of the Kingdom of Pamplona/Navarre . The city is famous worldwide for the running of the bulls during the San Fermín festival , which is held annually from 6 July to 14 July. This festival was brought to literary renown with the 1926 publication of Ernest Hemingway 's novel The Sun Also Rises . It is also home to Osasuna , the only Navarrese football club to have ever played in
7772-536: The closest area to the walls was banned to avoid any advantage for a besieger; thus the city could only grow by increasing its housing density. Higher and narrower houses were built and courtyards gradually disappeared. During the 19th century, road transportation improved, and the railway came in 1860. Nevertheless, industry in Pamplona and Navarre as a whole was weak during the century of the Industrial Revolution . Basically, no industrial development
7888-514: The code ADO11, a 474cc twin cylinder with a single H2 SU carburetor based on the 948cc unit was built with the intention to be used in ADO15 (Mini) with an in-sump gearbox. In May 1957, the engine was tested in one Austin A35, alongside a 20 hp 500cc air-cooled later 670cc water-cooled 2-cylinder two-stroke engine developed by Dr Joe Ehrlich of EMC Motorcycles that was tested in one Austin A30 before being used in an experimental Austin A30 based prototype with weight reduced to 584 kg (by way of
8004-568: The combustion chamber at ignition can cause increased inhomogeneity in the air/fuel mixture during combustion, resulting in higher emissions. The reduced stroke length allows for a shorter cylinder and sometimes a shorter connecting rod, generally making oversquare engines less tall but wider than undersquare engines of similar engine displacement . Oversquare engines (a.k.a. "short stroke engines") are very common, as they allow higher rpm (and thus more power), without excessive piston speed. Examples include both Chevrolet and Ford small-block V8s;
8120-536: The crankcase for the oil pump, whereas the BMC A-series had the oil pump at the back end of the left-side camshaft. With the intention of updating the current engine, for use in the new Mini Clubman (ADO20), and current ADO16, Leyland developed an OHC version. It appeared in a prototype version in 1971, with single overhead camshaft. It featured redesigned cylinder block, new aluminium cylinder head and twin SU carburetors. Eleven prototypes units were built, in three different capacities, 970, 1070 and 1275 cc. All engines use
8236-534: The cylinder head, requiring them to be smaller or fewer in number. Undersquare engines often exhibit peak torque at lower rpm than an oversquare engine due to their smaller valves and high piston speed limiting their potential to rev higher. Undersquare engines have become more common lately, as manufacturers push for more and more efficient engines and higher fuel economy. Many inline engines, particularly those mounted transversely in front-wheel-drive cars, utilize an undersquare design. The smaller bore allows for
8352-524: The defeat of the Arab army. From 755 until 781, Pamplona remained autonomous, probably relying on regional alliances. Although sources are not clear, it seems apparent that in 778, the town was in hands of a Basque local or a Muslim rebel faction loyal to the Franks at the moment of Charlemagne 's crossing of the Pyrenees to the south. However, on his way back from the failed expedition to Saragossa in August,
8468-538: The diesel B-series engines. Production ceased in 1969. At the end of 1965, BMC South Africa started a new program, with the aim of using more components manufactured in the country (using less imported components from U.K.). They decided to develop and manufacture their own version of the engine. Two versions were made with 1.1 and 1.3 litres, using the same cylinder block. The block was redesigned, new oil circulation arrangements and redesigned main bearing (bigger dimensions) and stronger/biffers camshafts. Both versions use
8584-424: The end of the decade a new emphasis on good economy and high torque outputs at low speeds meant that the A series's inherent design was still well up to market demands. Given this, and the lack of funds to develop an all-new power unit, it was decided to upgrade the A-series unit at a cost of £30 million. The result was the 'A-Plus' Series of engines. Available in 998 and 1,275 cc (60.9 and 77.8 cu in),
8700-458: The engine complies with Euro 2 (later Euro 3) emission standard, such as adding a 3-way catalytic converter and making it twin-point injection, the engine also receive changes with ignition system by having a wasted spark instead of the distributor. For the Japanese domestic market. the engine maintained the single-point injection version of the engine and the radiator is still on the side due to
8816-484: The engine to use five main crankshaft bearings but the standard three-bearing crank had proven reliable even in high states of tune and at high engine speeds, so it was not deemed worth the extra funding. The new engines received distinctive 'A+' branding on their rocker covers and the blocks and heads were colour-coded for the different capacities: yellow for 998 cc (60.9 cu in) and red for 1,275 cc (77.8 cu in) engines. The A-Plus version of
8932-501: The failures common to the "wet crank" primary gear system in early Minis. The original A-series engine displaced just 803 cc (49.0 cu in) and was used in the A30 and Morris Minor . It had an undersquare 57.92 mm × 76.2 mm (2.280 in × 3.000 in) bore and stroke. This engine was produced from 1952 to 1956. Applications: 1956 saw a displacement increase, to 948 cc (57.9 cu in). This
9048-492: The historic-artistic heritage of Pamplona. The most important religious building is the fourteenth century Gothic Cathedral , with an outstanding cloister and a Neoclassical façade . There are another two main Gothic churches in the old city: Saint Sernin and Saint Nicholas , both built during the thirteenth century. Two other Gothic churches were built during the sixteenth century: Saint Dominic and Saint Augustine. During
9164-529: The improvements learnt from the Cooper-tuned units were also incorporated, with A-Plus engines having a generally higher standard of metallurgy on all units, where previously only the highest-tuned engines were upgraded in this way. This made the A-Plus engines generally longer-lived than the standard A series, which had a life between major rebuilds of around 80,000 to 100,000 miles (130,000 to 160,000 km) in normal service. Studies were made into upgrading
9280-499: The later Rover K series) and an OHC version of the A series, ended in failure. During the development of what was to become the Austin Metro , engineers tested the A series against its more modern rivals and found that it still offered competitive (or even class-leading) fuel economy and torque for its size. While in the 1970s the A series had begun to seem dated against a new generation of high-revving overhead cam engines, by
9396-593: The length of the piston stroke to give the ratio. The following terms describe the naming conventions for the configurations of the various bore/stroke ratio: A square engine has equal bore and stroke dimensions, giving a bore/stroke value of exactly 1:1. 1953 – Ferrari 250 Europa had Lampredi V12 with 68.0 mm × 68.0 mm (2.7 in × 2.7 in) bore and stroke. 1967 – FIAT 125, 124Sport engine 125A000, 125B000, 125BC000, 1608 ccm, DOHC, 80.0 mm × 80.0 mm (3.15 in × 3.15 in) bore and stroke. 1970 – Ford 400 had
9512-472: The lower peak piston acceleration for the same engine (rotational) speed. Because these characteristics favor higher engine speeds, oversquare engines are often tuned to develop peak torque at a relatively high speed. Due to the increased piston and head surface area, the heat loss increases as the bore/stroke ratio is increased. Thus an excessively high ratio can lead to a decreased thermal efficiency compared to other engine geometries. The large size/width of
9628-462: The more popular cultural expressions include the " Gigantes ", which come out during festivals many times during the year. These are approximately 30-foot wooden statues that have a person inside that make them dance around the city. They represent each of the main continents of the world, including Europe, the Americas, Africa, and Asia. Following the 2023 municipal election , the mayor of the city
9744-451: The most part, which "makes them incomprehensible". On the 24 July, after Christian troops and citizens fled, troops from Cordova sacked Pamplona, destroying houses and buildings including its celebrated church. The town only regained its urban and human shape after the end of raids by Vikings and Andalusians on the province. Especially after 1083, traffic on the Way of St James brought prosperity and new cultures via travelers from north of
9860-451: The old city is Navarrería, which corresponds with the Roman city. During the 12th century, the boroughs of Saint Sernin (San Saturnino or San Cernin) and Saint Nicholas (San Nicolás) were established. Charles III decreed the unification of the three places under a single municipality in 1423. The city did not expand until the late 19th century. In 1888, a modest modification of the star fort
9976-418: The other three remained as they did not hinder urban growth. The star fort continued to serve as a military facility until 1964, but just as a garrison. Pamplona has in recent years taken great care to integrate and preserve its fortifications for modern use. In October 2014, working with the city of Bayonne, Pamplona hosts an international conference 'Fortified Heritage: Management and Sustainable Development',
10092-430: The outpost Pamplona had become on the border with independent Navarre , a close ally of France. The walls that exist today date from the late 16th to 18th centuries. During the 18th century, Pamplona was considerably beautified and its urban services improved. A continuous water supply was established and the streets were paved, among many other enhancements. Rich aristocrats and businessmen also built their mansions. In
10208-501: The same 76.2 mm (3.00 in) stroke but the bore was increased slightly to 64.58 mm (2.543 in). It was produced from 1962 to 1992. This engine was first introduced into the Mk II versions of the Riley Elf and Wolseley Hornet , before becoming common fitment in the mainstream Minis. The 1.1 L; 67.0 cu in (1,098 cc) version was fitted to: It was a stroked (to 83.8 mm (3.30 in)) version of
10324-470: The same connecting rods, but different crankshaft and pistons. Prototypes versions were made by 1969. Production began in 1971, ending in 1980. The A-series design, along with particularly the B-Series , was licensed by Nissan of Japan. Many changes were made for the initial OHV Nissan C engine and the succeeding E and E-1 . An early change was to incorporate a five-bearing crankshaft. The cylinder head
10440-499: The same cylinder bore dimension of 70.6 mm, to reduce the number of engine parts, reducing production costs. It uses a modular approach, making it possible to produce the three versions with the same engine block. The lack of investment and the turmoil and chaos in British Leyland, meant the engine never reached production. In 1975 the plan was abandoned in favour of the "A+" version that reached production in 1980. Under
10556-770: The seventeenth and eighteenth century were built the Baroque chapels of Saint Fermin, in the church of Saint Lawrence, and of the Virgin of the Road (Virgen del Camino), in the church of Saint Sernin, the convents of the Augustinian Recollect nuns and the Carmelite friars, and the Saint Ignatius basilica in the place where he was injured in the battle and during the subsequent convalescence he decided to be
10672-591: The sixteenth to the nineteenth century. There are also several medieval bridges on the Arga: Santa Engracia, Miluce, Magdalena, and San Pedro. The medieval palace of Saint Peter, which was alternatively used by Navarrese kings and Pamplonese bishops, was used during the early modern age as the Viceroy 's palace and later was the seat of the military governor of Navarre; from the time of the Civil War it
10788-449: The so-called Palace of Navarre, during the nineteenth century. Oversquare Stroke ratio , today universally defined as bore/stroke ratio , is a term to describe the ratio between cylinder bore diameter and piston stroke length in a reciprocating piston engine . This can be used for either an internal combustion engine , where the fuel is burned within the cylinders of the engine, or external combustion engine , such as
10904-405: The space constraint for the air conditioner component. Applications JOHN COOPER GARAGES During the 1990s Mini Cooper revival, John Cooper Garages offered a number of factory-approved "Cooper S" and "Cooper Si" upgrades to the standard Coopers. The conversions came with a full Rover warranty, and could initially be fitted by any franchised Rover dealer. The diesel version appeared in 1962, on
11020-1022: The steering angle of the front wheels is constrained by the width of the engine. The Subaru EJ181 engine develops peak torque at speeds as low as 3200 rpm. Nissan's RB, VQ, VK, VH and VR38DETT engines are all oversquare. Additionally, SR16VE engine found in Nissan Pulsar VZ-R and VZ-R N1 is an oversquare engine with 86 millimetres (3.39 in) bore and 68.7 millimetres (2.70 in) stroke, giving it 175–200 horsepower (130–150 kW) but relatively small torque of 119–134 pound-feet (161–182 N⋅m; 16.5–18.5 kg⋅m) Extreme oversquare engines are found in Formula One racing cars, where strict rules limit displacement, thereby necessitating that power be achieved through high engine speeds. Stroke ratios approaching 2.5:1 are allowed, enabling engine speeds of 18,000 rpm while remaining reliable for multiple races. The Ducati Panigale motorcycle engine
11136-462: The time; this record stood until Ferrari unveiled the 458 Italia . Many British automobile companies used undersquare designs until the 1950s, largely because of a motor tax system that taxed cars by their cylinder bore . This includes the BMC A-Series engine , and many Nissan derivatives. The Trojan Car used an undersquare, split piston , two stroke , two-cylinder inline engine; this
11252-551: The town for four months by the Spanish army under Enrique José O'Donnell . During the Carlist Wars (1833–1839 and 1872–1876) Pamplona was each time controlled by the liberals, not just because the few liberals that lived in Navarre were mainly Pamplonese, but also because of the governmental control over the fortified city. Although Carlist rebels easily ruled the countryside, the government army had no problem in dominating
11368-449: The walled capital of Navarre. Nevertheless, during the last Carlist war, modern artillery operated by Carlists from surrounding mountains showed that the old walls would not be enough in the face of a stronger enemy. Thus, the government decided to build a fort on the top of mount San Cristóbal , just 3 km (1.9 mi) north of Pamplona. Due to its military role, the city could not grow outside its walled belt. Furthermore, building in
11484-460: The walls and probably the town were destroyed by Charlemagne (ahead of the Frankish defeat in the famous Battle of Roncevaux ), out of fear that the anti-Frankish party strong in the town might use the position against him. After Abd al-Rahman I 's conquest, Pamplona and its hinterland remained in a state of shaky balance between Franks, regional Andalusian lords and central Cordovan rule, all of whom proved unable to permanently secure dominance over
11600-567: The weather. The MG Metro Turbo was entered in the British Touring Car Championship in 1983 and 1984, with the tuned engines producing in excess of 200 bhp (150 kW). Turbo versions lasted from 1983 to 1990. Applications: A special "twin-port injection" version of the 1.3 L; 77.8 cu in (1,275 cc) engine was developed by Rover engineer, Mike Theaker. It was the last A-series variant, produced from 1997 to 2000. Few changes were made to ensure
11716-492: The website is in English, French, and Spanish. Available on a growing website are two free e-books, with copious colour photographs, on Pamplona's fortifications. Published in 2011 is 'Five living centuries of an impregnable fortress' about the city citadel and 'A walk round the Pamplona fortifications'. Freed from its military function, Pamplona could lead the process of industrialization and modernization in which Navarre
11832-408: Was accomplished by increasing the bore to 62.9 mm (2.48 in) while retaining the original 76.2 mm (3.00 in) stroke. It was produced until 1964. The 62.9 mm (2.48 in) bore was retained for 1959s 848 cc (51.7 cu in) Mini version. This displacement was reached by dropping the stroke to 68.26 mm (2.687 in). This engine was produced through to 1980 for
11948-508: Was allowed, but it just permitted the building of six blocks. It was called the I Ensanche (literally, "first widening"). The southern walls were destroyed in 1915 and the II Ensanche ("second widening") was planned. Its plan followed the grid pattern model designed by Ildefons Cerdà for Barcelona . Its blocks were built between the 1920s and the 1950s. The prevailing housing model is apartment buildings of five to eight floors. After
12064-452: Was conquered by the Visigoth count Gauteric, but they seemed to abandon the restless position soon, struggling as the Visigoth kingdom was to survive and rearrange its lands after their defeats in Gaul. During the beginning of the sixth century, Pamplona probably stuck to an unstable self-rule, but in 541, Pamplona, along with other northern Iberian cities, was raided by the Franks. Around 581,
12180-704: Was crowned as king of Pamplona in 824, when the Banu Qasi and he gained momentum in the wake of their victorious second battle of Roncevaux . The new kingdom, inextricably linked to the Banu Qasi of Tudela, strengthened its independence from the weakened Frankish empire and Cordoban emirate . During this period, Pamplona was not properly a town, but just a kind of fortress. In 924, Cordovan sources describe Pamplona as "not being especially gifted by nature", with its inhabitants being poor, not eating enough, and dedicated to banditry. They are reported to speak Basque for
12296-462: Was developed with the assistance of Lotus Engineering . A Garrett T3 turbocharger was fitted along with a unique SU carburettor with an automatic pressure-regulated fuel system. The engine block, cylinder head, pistons, crankshaft and valves were all modified from the standard A-Plus engines. The turbocharger was fitted with an advanced two-stage boost control system which only allowed full boost to be achieved at engine speeds above 4000 rpm - this
12412-518: Was feasible in such a constrained fortress-city. After a slight modification of the star fort allowed an expansion of just six blocks in 1888, the First World War demonstrated that the fortified system of Pamplona was already obsolete. In 1915, the Army allowed the destruction of the walls and abolished the building ban in the city's surroundings. The southern side of the walls was destroyed and
12528-615: Was in ruins but was recently rebuilt to be used as the General Archive of Navarre. The most outstanding Baroque civil architecture is from the eighteenth century: town hall, episcopal palace, Saint John the Baptist seminary, and the Rozalejo's, Ezpeleta's (today music school), Navarro-Tafalla's (today, the local office of PNV ), and Guenduláin's (today, a hotel) mansions. The provincial government built its own Neoclassical palace,
12644-413: Was involved during the 20th century, especially during its second half. The urban growth has been accompanied by the development of industry and services. Population growth has been the effect of an intense immigration process during the 1960s and 1970s: from the Navarrese countryside and from other less developed regions of Spain, mainly Castile and León and Andalusia . Since the 1990s the immigration
12760-564: Was located in the province of Hispania Tarraconensis , on the Ab Asturica Burdigalam , the road from Burdigala (modern Bordeaux ) to Asturica (modern Astorga ); it was a civitas stipendiaria in the jurisdiction of the conventus of Caesaraugusta (modern Zaragoza ). During the Germanic invasions of 409 and later as a result of Rechiar 's ravaging, Pamplona went through much disruption and destruction, starting
12876-455: Was modified by swapping plugs and ports, plugs fitted between pushrods and eight ports eliminated the Siamesed inlet and exhaust ports. Nissan modified the design into the later Nissan A engine that was launched in 1966 with an aluminium head and wedge combustion chambers . It formed the basis for many of their following engines , notably the later OHC Nissan E engine]], was scaled up into
12992-482: Was not expected until 2014. A new railway station will be built in the southern part of the city. Within the city and surroundings there are also 23 daytime lines and 10 night lines of public buses, operated by TCC , the chartered company of the Mancomunidad de la Comarca de Pamplona . Several notable churches, most of its 16th- to 18th-century fortified system and other civil architecture buildings belong to
13108-494: Was partly for this tax advantage and partly because its proportions allowed flexing V-shaped connecting rods for the two pistons of each U-shaped cylinder, which was cheaper and simpler than two connecting rods joined with an additional bearing. Their French and German competitors at the time also used undersquare designs even in absence of the tax reasoning, e. g. Renault Billancourt engine and Opel straight-6 engine . The 225 cu in (3.7 litre ) Chrysler Slant-6 engine
13224-486: Was the burning of the borough San Nicolás in 1258 and the destruction of the Navarrería by the other two boroughs and the massacre of its population in 1276. The site was abandoned for nearly 50 years. With regards to the outer defence walls of the city, the southern side was the weakest flank of the city, and the Navarrese king Louis I built a castle in the early 14th century in the site known today as Plaza del Castillo (Castle Square). Eventually, King Charles III decreed
13340-503: Was to prevent damage to the sump-mounted four-speed gearbox , the design of which dated back to the early 1950s and could not reliably cope with the high torque output of the Turbo engine at low speeds. The quoted power for the 1,275 cc (77.8 cu in) A-Plus Turbo was 94 bhp (70 kW) although in practice the tune could vary from car to car and, because the engine was not intercooled power varied significantly depending on
13456-503: Was unearthed in 2003 at the Castle Square, bearing witness to an important Muslim presence in the city during this period, but further research was stopped by the destruction of this and other historic evidence as decided by the city council, headed by mayor Yolanda Barcina . Following a failed expedition to the town led by Louis the Pious around 812, allegiance to the Franks collapsed after Enecco Arista rose to prominence. Moreover, he
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