86-474: Boulogne-sur-Mer ( French: [bulɔɲ syʁ mɛʁ] ; Picard : Boulonne-su-Mér ; Dutch : Bonen ; Latin : Gesoriacum or Bononia ), often called just Boulogne ( UK : / b ʊ ˈ l ɔɪ n / , US : / b uː ˈ l oʊ n , b uː ˈ l ɔɪ n / ), is a coastal city in Northern France . It is a sub-prefecture of the department of Pas-de-Calais . Boulogne lies on
172-629: A blood lineage to the Byzantine Imperial family; his predecessor, Sultan Orhan had married a Byzantine princess, and Mehmed may have claimed descent from John Tzelepes Komnenos . Ottoman sultans were not the only rulers to claim such a title, as there was the Holy Roman Empire in Western Europe, whose emperor, Frederick III , traced his titular lineage from Charlemagne who obtained the title of Roman Emperor when he
258-512: A distinctive literary tradition. The Ch'ti language was re-popularised by the 2008 French comedy film Welcome to the Sticks ( French : Bienvenue chez les Ch'tis ; French pronunciation: [bjɛ̃vny ʃe le ʃti] ) which broke nearly every box office record in France and earned over $ 245,000,000 worldwide on an 11 million euro budget. The first person plural often appears in spoken Picard in
344-587: A few high-ranking and distinguished officials, and only rarely awarded to foreigners. According to the Klētorologion of 899, the Byzantine caesar ' s insignia were a crown without a cross, and the ceremony of a caesar ' s creation (in this case dating to Constantine V ), is included in De Ceremoniis I.43. The title remained the highest in the imperial hierarchy until the introduction of
430-523: A large number are unique to Picard—principally terms relating to mining or farming . Here are several typical phrases in Picard, accompanied by French and English translations: Cardinal numbers in Picard from 1 to 20 are as follows: Picard is not taught in French schools (apart from a few one-off and isolated courses) and is generally only spoken among friends or family members. It has nevertheless been
516-631: A matter of months, as in the case of Hostilian . The sole caesar to successfully obtain the rank of augustus and rule for some time in his own right was Gordian III , and even he was heavily controlled by his court. In 293, Diocletian established the Tetrarchy , a system of rule by two senior emperors and two junior colleagues. The two coequal senior emperors were styled identically to previous Emperors, as augustus (in plural, augusti ). The two junior colleagues were styled identically to previous Emperors-designate, as nobilissimus caesar . Likewise,
602-715: A period of Germanic presence following the collapse of the Empire, Boulogne was integrated into the County of Boulogne of the Kingdom of France during the Middle Ages . It was occupied by the Kingdom of England numerous times due to conflict between the two nations. In 1805 it was a staging area for Napoleon 's troops for several months during his planned invasion of the United Kingdom . The city's 12th-century belfry
688-588: A site near Calais which has since silted up. A tall lighthouse was built at Gesoriacum circa 39 AD by order of the Emperor Caligula , possibly in preparation for an invasion of Britain. Known as the Tour d'Ordre, coastal erosion caused it to topple into the sea in 1644. From the time of Claudius 's invasion in AD ;43, Gesoriacum formed the major port connecting the rest of the empire to Britain . It
774-624: A variety of very closely related dialects. It is difficult to list them all accurately in the absence of specific studies on the dialectal variations, but these varieties can probably provisionally be distinguished: Amiénois, Vimeu-Ponthieu, Vermandois, Thiérache, Beauvaisis, "chtimi" (Bassin Minier, Lille ), dialects in other regions near Lille (Roubaix, Tourcoing, Mouscron, Comines), "rouchi" ( Valenciennois ) and Tournaisis, Borain, Artésien rural, Boulonnais. The varieties are defined by specific phonetic, morphological and lexical traits and sometimes by
860-411: A veil bearing the wearer's name and pendants identical to those of the despotēs and the sebastokratōr . He wore a red tunic ( rouchon ) similar to the emperor's (without certain decorations), and his shoes and stockings were blue, as were the accouterments of his horse; these were all identical to those of the sebastokratōr , but without the embroidered eagles of the latter. Pseudo-Kodinos writes that
946-608: Is twinned with: Picard language Picard ( / ˈ p ɪ k ɑːr d / , also US : / p ɪ ˈ k ɑːr d , ˈ p ɪ k ər d / , French: [pikaʁ] ) is a langue d'oïl of the Romance language family spoken in the northernmost of France and parts of Hainaut province in Belgium. Administratively, this area is divided between the French Hauts-de-France region and
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#17327986288381032-531: Is a title of imperial character. It derives from the cognomen of the Roman dictator Julius Caesar . The change from being a surname to a title used by the Roman emperors can be traced to AD 68, following the fall of the Julio-Claudian dynasty . When used on its own, the title denoted heirs apparent , who would later adopt the title Augustus on accession. The title remained an essential part of
1118-510: Is a relatively important city of the North, exercising an influence on the Boulonnais territory (74 towns and villages which surround Boulogne). The coast consists of important tourist natural sites, like the capes Gris Nez and Blanc Nez (which are the closest points of France to England), and attractive seaside resorts like Wimereux , Wissant , Hardelot and Le Touquet . The hinterland
1204-740: Is an onomatopoeia created based on the frequent use of the /ʃ/ ( ch- ) phoneme and of the /ʃti/ ( chti ) sound in Picard: " ch'ti " means the one, as in the sentence " ch'est chti qui a fait cha" ( he is the one who has done that), for instance. Belgium's French Community gave full official recognition to Picard as a regional language along with Walloon , Gaumais ( Lorraine ), Champenois ( Champagne ) and Lorraine German in its 1990 decree. The French government has not followed suit and has not recognized Picard as an official regional language (in line with its policy of linguistic unity, which allows for only one official language in France, as per
1290-489: Is mainly rural and agricultural. The city is divided into several parts : Boulogne-sur-Mer has an oceanic climate that has chilly winters not far above freezing and cool summers tempered by its exposure to the sea. Considering its position, the climate is quite cold in relation to south and east coast locations in England year round. Due to warm winds originating inland, the record temperatures in summer are well above
1376-626: Is one of the langues d'oïl and belongs to the Gallo - Roman family of languages. It consists of all the varieties used for writing ( Latin : scriptae ) in the north of France from before 1000 (in the south of France at that time the Occitan language was used). Often, the langues d'oïl are referred to simply as Old French . Picard is phonetically quite different from the North-central langues d'oïl , which evolved into modern French. Among
1462-699: Is recognised by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site (along with other belfries of Belgium and France ), while another popular attraction is the marine conservation centre Nausicaa . The French name Boulogne derives from the Latin Bononia , which was also the Roman name for Bologna in Italy. Both places – and Vindobona ( Vienna ) – are thought to have derived from native Celtic placenames , with bona possibly meaning "foundation", "citadel", or "granary". The French epithet sur - Mer ("on sea") distinguishes
1548-441: Is similar to that of French. It is undoubtedly the easiest for French speakers to understand but can also contribute the stereotype that Picard is only a corruption of French rather than a language in its own right. Various spelling methods have been proposed since the 1960s to offset the disadvantage and to give Picard a visual identity that is distinct from French. There is now a consensus, at least between universities, in favor of
1634-469: Is the area that makes up Romance Flanders , around the metropolis of Lille and Douai , and northeast Artois around Béthune and Lens . Picard is also named Rouchi around Valenciennes , Roubaignot around Roubaix , or simply patois in general French. In 1998, Picard native speakers amounted to 700,000 individuals, the vast majority of whom were elderly people (aged 65 and over). Since its daily use had drastically declined, Picard
1720-530: The sebastokratōr (a composite derived from sebastos and autokrator , the Greek equivalents of augustus and imperator ) by Alexios I Komnenos (r. 1081–1118) and later of despotēs by Manuel I Komnenos (r. 1143–1180). The title remained in existence through the last centuries of the Empire. In the Palaiologan period , it was held by prominent nobles such as Alexios Strategopoulos , but from
1806-647: The Côte d'Opale , a touristic stretch of French coast on the English Channel between Calais and Normandy, and the most visited location in the region after the Lille conurbation. Boulogne is its department's second-largest city after Calais , and the 183rd-largest in France. It is also the country's largest fishing port, specialising in herring . Boulogne is an ancient town and was the main Roman port for trade and communication with its Province of Britain . After
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#17327986288381892-850: The First World War , this was the entrepôt for the first unit of the British Expeditionary Force to land in France and for many others thereafter. Boulogne was one of the three base ports most extensively used by the Commonwealth armies on the Western Front throughout the First World War. It was closed and cleared on 27 August 1914 when the Allies were forced to fall back ahead of the German advance, but
1978-739: The French Constitution ), but some reports have recognized Picard as a language distinct from French. A 1999 report by Bernard Cerquiglini, the director of the Institut national de la langue française (National Institute of the French Language) stated: The gap has continued to widen between French and the varieties of langues d'oïl , which today we would call "French dialects"; Franc-comtois , Walloon , Picard, Norman , Gallo , Poitevin , Saintongeais , Bourguignon-morvandiau , Lorrain must be accepted among
2064-726: The Roman Republic following his war against the Senate . He appointed himself as dictator perpetuo ("dictator in perpetuity"), a title he held for only about a month before he was assassinated in 44 BC. Julius Caesar's death did not lead to the restoration of the Republic, and instead led to the rise of the Second Triumvirate , which was made up of three generals, including Julius' adopted son Gaius Octavius . Following Roman naming conventions , Octavius adopted
2150-746: The Treaty of the Pyrenees moved the border northwards. Boulogne received its current status as a subprefecture of the Pas-de-Calais department in 1800 due to the territorial re-organisation in Revolutionary France. France became the French Empire in 1804; in 1803 Boulogne became an Imperial City (Ville Impériale) . The 19th century was a prosperous one for Boulogne, which became a bathing resort for wealthy Parisians after
2236-585: The 14th century, it was mostly awarded to rulers of the Balkans such as the princes of Vlachia , Serbia and Thessaly . In the late Byzantine hierarchy, as recorded in the mid-14th century Book of Offices of pseudo-Kodinos , the rank continued to come after the sebastokratōr . Pseudo-Kodinos further records that the caesar was equal in precedence to the panhypersebastos , another creation of Alexios I, but that Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos (r. 1259–1282) had raised his nephew Michael Tarchaneiotes to
2322-688: The 1848 completion of the Longueau–Boulogne railway connecting the town with the French capital. In the 19th century, the Basilica of Notre-Dame de Boulogne was reconstructed by the priest Benoît Haffreingue , who claimed to have received a call from God in 1820 to reconstruct the town's ruined basilica . During the Napoleonic Wars , Napoleon amassed La Grande Armée in Boulogne to invade
2408-534: The 1950s and 60s. Boulogne-sur-Mer is in Northern France, at the edge of the Channel and in the mouth of the river Liane . In a direct line, Boulogne is approximately at 30 kilometres (19 miles) from Calais , 50 kilometres (31 miles) from Folkestone , 100 kilometres (62 miles) from Lille and Amiens , 150 kilometres (93 miles) from Rouen and London and 215 kilometres (134 miles) from Paris. Boulogne
2494-541: The 19th century from the Nord-Pas de Calais region to Argentina and Chile can explain some cultural ties with South America of the Boulognais and Latino /Ibero-American culture. Nausicaä , the French national sealife centre. As an international maritime port on the English Channel ( La Manche ), the town of Boulogne-sur-Mer has European and American influences in local cuisine. They include: Boulogne-sur-Mer
2580-527: The Arab , Decius , Trebonianus Gallus , Gallienus and Carus . With the exception of Verus Maximus and Valerian II all of them were later either promoted to the rank of augustus within their father's lifetime (like Philip II ) or succeeded as augusti after their father's death ( Hostilian and Numerian ). The same title would also be used in the Gallic Empire , which operated autonomously from
2666-489: The Belgian Wallonia along the border between both countries due to its traditional core being the districts of Tournai and Mons ( Walloon Picardy ). The language or dialect is referred to by different names, as residents of Picardy call it simply Picard , but in the more populated region of Nord-Pas-de-Calais it is called Ch'ti or Ch'timi (sometimes written as Chti or Chtimi ). This
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2752-589: The British were overwhelmed and the survivors were evacuated by Royal Navy destroyers while under direct German gunfire. On 15 June 1944, 297 aircraft (155 Avro Lancasters , 130 Handley Page Halifaxes , and 12 De Havilland Mosquitos ) of the Royal Air Force bombed Boulogne harbour to suppress German naval activity following D-Day . Some of the Lancasters carried Tallboy bombs and the harbour and
2838-499: The Eastern or Byzantine Empire . Originally, as in the classical Roman Empire , it was used for the heir apparent, and was first among the "awarded" dignities. From the reign of Theodosius I , however, most emperors chose to solidify the succession of their intended heirs by raising them to co-emperors, i.e. augustus . Hence the title was more frequently awarded to second- and third-born sons, or to close and influential relatives of
2924-576: The Emperor: for example, Alexios Mosele who was the son-in-law of Theophilos (ruled 829–842), Bardas who was the uncle and chief minister of Michael III (r. 842–867), and Nikephoros II (r. 963–969) who awarded the title to his father, Bardas Phokas . An exceptional case was the conferment of the dignity and its insignia to the Bulgarian khan Tervel by Justinian II (r. 685–695, 705–711) who had helped him regain his throne in 705. The title
3010-598: The Empire in 324, after defeating the Eastern emperor Licinius . The tetrarchic division of power was abandoned, although the divisions of the praetorian prefectures were maintained. The title caesar continued to be used, but now merely as a ceremorial honorific for young heirs. Constantine had four caesares at the time of his death: his sons Constantius II , Constantine II , Constans and his nephew Dalmatius , with his eldest son Crispus having been executed in mysterious circumstances earlier in his reign. He would be succeeded only by his three sons, with Dalmatius dying in
3096-476: The Louvre), collections of Roman and medieval sculptures, paintings (15th–20th century), an Egyptian collection, African Arts etc. As these collections are exhibited in a medieval castle, one can also discover the Roman walls (in the underground) as well as rooms built in the 13th century (La Barbière, banqueting hall, chapel, covered parapet walk...) La Casa San Martin is currently a museum where José de San Martín
3182-586: The Roman imperium. His claim was that, by possession of the city, he was emperor, a new dynast by conquest , as had been done previously by the likes of Heraclius and Leo III . Contemporary scholar George of Trebizond wrote "the seat of the Roman Empire is Constantinople ... and he who is and remains Emperor of the Romans is also the Emperor of the whole world". Gennadius II , a staunch antagonist of
3268-656: The Romans", from Middle Persian kēsar ). Thus, following the conquest of Constantinople in 1453, the victorious Ottoman sultan Mehmed II became the first of the rulers of the Ottoman Empire to assume the title (in Ottoman Turkish : قیصر روم Kayser-i Rûm ). After the Fall of Constantinople, having conquered the Byzantine Empire, Mehmed took the title Kayser-i Rûm , claiming succession to
3354-658: The Sea) and the Pasteur Institute are located in Boulogne Port. Certain brands, including Crown and Findus , have regional offices in Boulogne. In 1905, the first World Esperanto Congress was held in Boulogne-sur-Mer, where the historic Declaration of Boulogne was ratified. L. L. Zamenhof , the creator of Esperanto , was among the attendees. In 2005, there was an anniversary celebration to mark
3440-405: The Sticks , starring comedian Dany Boon , deals with Ch'ti language and culture and the perceptions of the region by outsiders, and it was the highest-grossing French film of all time at the box office in France until it was surpassed by The Intouchables . Today Picard is primarily a spoken language, but in the medieval period, there is a wealth of literary texts in Picard. However, Picard
3526-626: The United Kingdom in 1805. However, his plans were halted by other European matters and by the supremacy of the Royal Navy . A nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte (subsequently the emperor Napoleon III ), returned to France in secret from his exile in Britain, passing through Boulogne in August 1840. He was later jailed for trying to lead a revolt in Strasbourg . During
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3612-704: The West because of the Sack of Constantinople committed by the Western Catholics and theological controversies between the two Churches, had been enthroned the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople-New Rome with all the ceremonial elements and ethnarch (or milletbashi ) status by the Sultan himself in 1454. In turn, Gennadius II formally recognized Mehmed as successor to the throne. Mehmed also had
3698-435: The averages and the warmest day of the year is averaging about 31 °C (88 °F). Summer diurnal temperature variation is low, with normals varying between nights of 15 °C (59 °F) with days at about 20 °C (68 °F). Precipitation is also higher than in said southern English locations. Between 1981 and 2010 the precipitation days averaged 125.3 annually, although overall precipitation increased somewhat in
3784-432: The centenary with more than 500 attendees. In 2018, 40,664 people lived in the city, while its metropolitan area had a population of 160,130. Boulogne-sur-Mer hosts one of the oldest Universités de l'été – summer courses in French language and culture. It is known as the Université d'été de Boulogne-sur-Mer . The Saint-Louis building of the University of the Côte d'Opale's Boulogne campus opened its doors in 1991, on
3870-423: The city from Boulogne-Billancourt on the edge of Paris. In turn, the Boulogne in Boulogne-Billancourt originates from a church there dedicated to Notre-Dame de Boulogne , " Our Lady of Boulogne[-sur-Mer]". The foundation of the city known to the Romans as Gesoriacum is credited to the Celtic Boii . In the past, it was sometimes conflated with Caesar 's Portus Itius , but that is now thought to have been
3956-421: The city's Notre Dame cathedral, which became a site of pilgrimage from the 12th century onwards, attended by fourteen French kings and five of England. It was an important whaling center prior to 1121. The city survived on herring fishing and received its municipal charter from Count Renaud of Dammartin in 1203. The area was fought over by the French and the English, including several English occupations during
4042-410: The club. Basketball teams in Boulogne include Stade Olympique Maritime Boulonnais and ESSM Le Portel of Pro A (first-tier men's professional basketball league in France). The Château de Boulogne-sur-Mer (now a castle museum) of Boulogne, in the fortified town, houses the most important exhibition of masks from Alaska in the world, the second largest collection of Greek ceramics in France (after
4128-432: The course of the Hundred Years War . In 1492 Henry VII laid siege to Boulogne before the conflict was ended by the Peace of Étaples . Boulogne was again occupied by the English from 1544 to 1550. In 1550, The Peace of Boulogne ended the war of England with Scotland and France. France bought back Boulogne for 400,000 crowns. A culture of smuggling was present in the city until 1659, when French gains in Flanders from
4214-509: The form of the neutral third person in ; however, the written form prioritizes os (as in French, where on is used for nous ). On the other hand, the spelling of conjugated verbs will depend on the pronunciation, which varies within the Picard domain. For instance southern Picard would read il étoait / étoét while northern Picard would read il étot . This is noted as variants in the following: The majority of Picard words derive from Vulgar Latin . Many words are very similar to French, but
4300-449: The honorific princeps iuventutis ("First among the Youth") and, starting with the 3rd century, nobilissimus ("Most Noble"). The popularity of using the title caesar to designate heirs-apparent increased throughout the third century. Many of the soldier-emperors during the Crisis of the Third Century attempted to strengthen their legitimacy by naming their sons as heirs with the title of caesar , namely Maximinus Thrax , Philip
4386-410: The junior colleagues retained the title caesar upon becoming full emperors. The caesares of this period are sometimes referred as "emperors", with the Tetrarchy being a "rule of four emperors", despite being clearly subordinate of the augusti and thus not actually sovereigns. The Tetrarchy collapsed as soon as Diocletian stepped down in 305, resulting in a lengthy civil war . Constantine reunited
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#17327986288384472-425: The leader of independence struggle in Argentina (also Chile and Peru) died in 1850, from 1930 to 1967 this house was the consulate of Argentina in France. There is a statue dedicated to his colleague Simón Bolívar , other liberator of South America in the revolutions against Spanish colonial rule in the 1810s. Bolivar planned to head in exile to this very part of France before his death in 1830. Historic emigration in
4558-660: The modern French form of chasser . Because of the proximity of Paris to the northernmost regions of France, French (that is, the languages that were spoken in and around Paris) greatly influenced Picard and vice versa. The closeness between Picard and French causes the former to not always be recognised as a language in its own right, but rather a "distortion of French" as it is often viewed. Despite being geographically and syntactically affiliated according to some linguists due to their inter-comprehensible morphosyntactic features, Picard in Picardy, Ch'timi and Rouchi still intrinsically maintain conspicuous discrepancies. Picard includes
4644-532: The most notable traits, the evolution in Picard towards palatalization is less marked than in the central langues d'oïl in which it is particularly striking; /k/ or /ɡ/ before /j/ , tonic /i/ and /e/ , as well as in front of tonic /a/ and /ɔ/ (from earlier *au ; the open /o/ of the French p o rte ) in central Old French but not in Picard: The effects of palatalization can be summarised as this: There are striking differences, such as Picard cachier ('to hunt') ~ Old French chacier , which later took
4730-415: The name "Caesar" following his adoption on 26 June 4 AD, restyling himself as "Tiberius Julius Caesar". Upon his own ascension to the throne, he styled himself as "Tiberius Caesar Augustus". The precedent was thus then set: the Emperor, styled as "Augustus", designated his successor by adopting him and giving him the name "Caesar". The fourth emperor, Claudius (in full, "Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus"),
4816-488: The name "Caesar" in addition to his own nomen , "Claudius". His stepson thus became " Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus". The first emperor to assume both the position and name without any real claim was Galba , who took the throne under the name "Servius Galba Caesar Augustus" following the death of Nero in AD 68. Galba helped solidify "Caesar" as the title of the designated heir by giving it to his own adopted heir, Piso Licinianus . His reign did not last long, however, and he
4902-680: The name "Caesar" varied among the early emperors. It usually came right before the cognomen ( Vespasian , Titus , Domitian , Trajan , Hadrian ); a few placed it right after it ( Galba , Otho , Nerva ). The imperial formula was finally standardised during the reign of Antoninus Pius . Antoninus, born "Titus Aurelius Antoninus", became "Titus Aelius Caesar Antoninus" after his adoption but ruled as "Imperator Caesar Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Augustus Pius". The imperial formula thus became " Imperator Caesar [name] Augustus " for emperors. Heir-apparents added "Caesar" to their names, placing it after their cognomen . Caesars occasionally were given
4988-419: The name of his adoptive father, thus also becoming "Gaius Julius Caesar", though he was often called "Octavianus" to avoid confusion. He styled himself simply as "Gaius Caesar" to emphasize his relationship with Julius Caesar. Eventually, distrust and jealousy between the triumvirs led to a lengthy civil war which ultimately ended with Octavius gaining control of the entire Roman world in 30 BC. In 27 BC, Octavius
5074-406: The next averages of 1991 to 2020. Boulogne is close to the A16 motorway (Paris-Amiens-Calais-Dunkerque). Metropolitan bus services are operated by "Marinéo". The company Flixbus proposed establishing a bus line connecting Paris to Boulogne. There are coach services to Calais and Dunkerque. The city has several railway stations, of which the most important is Boulogne-Ville station , located in
5160-625: The object of scholarly research at universities in Lille and Amiens , as well as at Indiana University . Since people are now able to move around France more easily than in past centuries, the different varieties of Picard are converging and becoming more similar. In its daily use, Picard is tending to lose its distinctive features and may be confused with regional French. At the same time, even though most Northerners can understand Picard today, fewer and fewer are able to speak it, and people who speak Picard as their first language are increasingly rare, particularly under 50. The 2008 film Welcome to
5246-421: The particular forms of another form of hat, the domed skaranikon , and of the mantle, the tamparion , for the caesar were not known. "Caesar" is the title officially used by the Sasanid Persians to refer to the Roman and Byzantine emperors. In the Middle East , the Persians and the Arabs continued to refer to the Roman and Byzantine emperors as "Caesar" (in Persian : قیصر روم Qaysar-i Rum , "Caesar of
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#17327986288385332-438: The private Clinique de la côte d'opale. Boulogne's football club, US Boulogne Côte d'Opale (US refers to Union Sportive), is one of the oldest in France due to the city's proximity to England, founded in 1898. The club currently play in the third tier, the Championnat National , and host home matches at the 14,500-capacity Stade de la Libération . Boulogne native and FIFA World Cup finalist Franck Ribéry began his career at
5418-435: The rank of protovestiarios and decreed that to come after the caesar ; while under Andronikos II Palaiologos (r. 1282–1328) the megas domestikos was raised to the same eminence, when it was awarded to the future emperor John VI Kantakouzenos (r. 1347–1354). According to pseudo-Kodinos, the caesar ' s insignia under the Palaiologoi was a skiadion hat in red and gold, decorated with gold-wire embroideries, with
5504-498: The regional languages of France ; by placing them on the list [of French regional languages], they will be known from then on as langues d'oïl . Even if it has no official status as a language in France, Picard, along with all the other languages spoken in France, benefits from actions led by the Culture Minister's General Delegation for the French language and the languages of France ( la Délégation générale à la langue française et aux langues de France ). Picard, like French,
5590-456: The replacement of the sacked and lower-lying city by another nearby community. The city was an important town of the Morini (the 'sea people'), and Zosimus called it Germanorum ("Germanic-speaking") at the end of the 4th century. In the Middle Ages Boulogne was the capital of an eponymous county , founded in the mid-9th century. An important Count, Eustace II , assisted William the Conqueror in his conquest of England. His wife founded
5676-428: The rest of the Roman Empire from 260 to 274, with the final Gallic emperor Tetricus I appointing his heir Tetricus II as caesar and his consular colleague. Despite the best efforts of these emperors, however, the granting of this title does not seem to have made succession in this chaotic period any more stable. Almost all caesares would be killed before, or alongside, their fathers, or, at best, outlive them for
5762-569: The rise of municipal power in the region. It is the oldest building in the upper city of Boulogne, and currently serves as the home to a museum of Celtic remains from the Roman occupation. Founded as the Count's dungeon, the top floor was added in the 13th century. Damage by a fire in 1712 was built over by 1734. Other than the belfry there are also the following sights: Boulogne-sur-Mer is an important fishing port, with 7,000 inhabitants deriving part, or all, of their livelihoods from fishing. IFREMER (the French Research Institute for Exploitation of
5848-405: The site of the former St. Louis Hospital, the front entrance to which remains a predominant architectural feature. Its 6 major specialisms are Modern Languages, French Literature, Sport, Law, History and Economics. The university is situated in the town centre, about 5 minutes from the Boulogne Tintelleries railway station. Two health centres are located in Boulogne, the public Hospital Duchenne and
5934-588: The south of the city. Boulogne-Tintelleries station is used by regional trains. It is located near the university and the city centre. The former Boulogne-Maritime and Boulogne-Aéroglisseurs stations served as a boat connection (to England) for the railway. Boulogne-Ville was the terminus of the Chemin de fer de Boulogne à Bonningues (CF de BB), which extended their line from Saint-Martin-Boulogne on 12 May 1902. Within Boulogne were also halts at Rue de la Lampe, Rue de la Liane, Abbatoir and La Madelaine. The CF de BB closed to passenger traffic on 31 December 1935. It
6020-406: The style of the emperors, and became the word for " emperor " in some languages, such as German ( kaiser ) and Russian ( tsar ). The first known individual to bear the cognomen of "Caesar" was Sextus Julius Caesar , who is likewise believed to be the common ancestor of all subsequent Julii Caesares . Sextus's great-grandson was the dictator Gaius Julius Caesar , who seized control of
6106-681: The summer of 337 in similarly murky circumstances. Constantius II himself would nominate as caesares his cousins Constantius Gallus and Julian in succession in the 350s, although he first executed Gallus and then found himself at war with Julian before his own death. After Julian's revolt of 360, the title fell out of imperial fashion for some time, with emperors preferring simply to elevate their sons directly to augustus , starting with Gratian in 367. The title would be revived in 408 when Constantine III gave it to his son Constans II , and then in 424 when Theodosius II gave it to his nephew Valentinian III before successfully installing him upon
6192-659: The surrounding area were completely destroyed. In August 1944 the town was declared a "fortress" by Adolf Hitler but it succumbed to Operation Wellhit , the assault and liberation by the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division in September. In one incident, a French civilian guided the Canadians to a "secret passage" leading into the walled old town and by-passing the German defenders. To replace the destroyed urban infrastructure, affordable housing and public facility projects in functional, brutalist building styles were carried out in
6278-724: The use of the Caesar title according to Treaty of Constantinople (1533) (though they would continue to use it and the Roman imperial title until the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806). The Russians, who defined Moscow as the Third Rome , were similarly sanctioned by the Ottomans, who ordered the Crimean Khanate to raid Russia on numerous occasions. The Ottomans stopped claiming political superiority over
6364-528: The western throne as augustus in 425. Thereafter it would receive limited use in the Eastern Empire; for example, it was given to Leo II in 472 several months before his grandfather 's death. In the Western Empire, Palladius , the son of emperor Petronius Maximus , became the last person bearing the title caesar in 455. Caesar or Kaisar ( Καῖσαρ ) remained a senior court title in
6450-685: The written form known as Feller-Carton (based on the Walloon spelling system, which was developed by Jules Feller , and adapted for Picard by Professor Fernand Carton ). Picard, although primarily a spoken language, has a body of written literature: poetry, songs (" P'tit quinquin " for example), comic books, etc. A number of dictionaries and patois guides also exist (for French speakers): Caesar (title) Caesar ( Latin: [ˈkae̯.sar] English pl. Caesars ; Latin pl. Caesares ; in Greek: Καῖσαρ Kaîsar )
6536-507: Was awarded to the brother of Empress Maria of Alania , George II of Georgia in 1081. The office enjoyed extensive privileges, great prestige and power. When Alexios I Komnenos created the title of sebastokrator , kaisar became third in importance, and fourth after Manuel I Komnenos created the title of despot , which it remained until the end of the Empire. The feminine form was kaisarissa . It remained an office of great importance, usually awarded to imperial relations, as well as
6622-571: Was crowned by Pope Leo III in 800, although he was never recognized as such by the Byzantine Empire. In diplomatic writings between the Ottomans and Austrians, the Ottoman bureaucracy was angered by their use of the Caesar title when the Ottomans saw themself as the true successors of Rome . When war broke out and peace negotiations were done, the Austrians ( Holy Roman Empire ) agreed to give up
6708-531: Was declared by the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) a "severely endangered language ". However, as of 2023, the Picard language was listed as “vulnerable” by UNESCO. The word ch'ti , chtimi or ch'timi to designate the Picard language was invented during the First World War by Poilus from non-Picard speaking areas to refer to their brothers in arms from Picardy and Nord-Pas-de-Calais . It
6794-459: Was given the honorific Augustus by the Senate, adopting the name of "Imperator Caesar Augustus". He had previously dropped all his names except for "Caesar", which he treated as a nomen , and had adopted the victory title imperator ("commander") as a new praenomen . As a matter of course, Augustus's own adopted son and successor, Tiberius , followed his (step)father's example and bore
6880-458: Was not able to compete with French and was slowly reduced to the status of a regional language. A more recent body of Picard literature, written during the last two centuries, also exists. Modern written Picard is generally a transcription of the spoken language. For that reason, words are often spelled in a variety of different ways (in the same way that English and French were before they were standardized). One system of spelling for Picard words
6966-515: Was opened again in October and from that month to the end of the war, Boulogne and Wimereux formed one of the chief hospital areas. Until June 1918, the dead from the hospitals at Boulogne were buried in the Cimetiere de L'Est, one of the town's cemeteries, the Commonwealth graves forming a long, narrow strip along the right hand edge of the cemetery. In the spring of 1918, it was found that space
7052-636: Was reopened in November 1942, and closed in 1948. Boulogne has no cross channel ferry services since the closure of the route to Dover by LD Lines in 2010. The regional trains are TER Hauts-de-France run by SNCF . The principal service runs from Gare de Boulogne-Ville via Gare de Calais-Fréthun , Gare de Calais-Ville to Gare de Lille-Flandres . Boulogne's 12th-century belfry is one of 56 listed Belfries of Belgium and France , all in northeastern France and Belgium, with shared World Heritage Site status because of their architecture and testimony to
7138-562: Was running short in the Eastern Cemetery in spite of repeated extensions to the south and the site of the new cemetery at Terlincthun was chosen. It also was the site of an Allied (French and British) armaments production conference. On 22 May 1940 during the Battle of France , two British Guards battalions and some pioneers attempted to defend Boulogne against an attack by the German 2nd Panzer Division . Despite fierce fighting,
7224-590: Was soon killed by Otho , who became "Marcus Otho Caesar Augustus". Otho was then defeated by Vitellius , who became "Aulus Vitellius Germanicus Augustus", adopting the victory title "Germanicus" instead. Nevertheless, "Caesar" had become such an integral part of the imperial dignity that its place was immediately restored by Vespasian , who ended the civil war and established the Flavian dynasty in AD 69, ruling as "Imperator Caesar Vespasianus Augustus". The placement of
7310-406: Was the chief base of the Roman navy 's Britannic fleet until the rebellion of its admiral Carausius in 286. As part of the imperial response, the junior emperor Constantius Chlorus successfully besieged it by land and sea in 293. The name of the settlement was changed to Bononia at some point between the sack of Gesoriacum and 310, possibly as a consequence of its refounding or possibly by
7396-413: Was the first to assume the name without having been adopted by the previous emperor. However, he was at least a member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty , being the maternal great-nephew of Augustus on his mother 's side, the nephew of Tiberius, and the uncle of Caligula (who was also called "Gaius Julius Caesar"). Claudius, in turn, adopted his stepson and grand-nephew Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, giving him
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