73-685: The Bowery ( / ˈ b aʊər i / ) is a street and neighborhood in Lower Manhattan in New York City , United States. The street runs from Chatham Square at Park Row , Worth Street , and Mott Street in the south to Cooper Square at 4th Street in the north. The eponymous neighborhood runs roughly from the Bowery east to Allen Street and First Avenue , and from Canal Street north to Cooper Square /East Fourth Street . The neighborhood roughly overlaps with Little Australia . To
146-410: A residents' committee ; these are subdivided into residents' small groups of fifteen to forty families. In most urban areas of China, neighbourhood , community , residential community , residential unit , residential quarter have the same meaning: 社区 or 小区 or 居民区 or 居住区 , and is the direct sublevel of a subdistrict ( 街道办事处 ), which is the direct sublevel of a district ( 区 ), which
219-639: A Bowery Historic District was registered with the New York State Register of Historic Places and therefore was automatically nominated for listing on the National Register of Historic Places . A grassroots community organization named Bowery Alliance of Neighbors (BAN) in association with the community-based housing organization called the Two Bridges Neighborhood Council led the effort for creation of
292-551: A Bowery flophouse. The Bowery, which marked the eastern border of the slum of " Five Points ", had also become the turf of one of America's earliest street gangs, the nativist Bowery Boys . In the spirit of social reform, the first YMCA opened on the Bowery in 1873; another notable religious and social welfare institution established during this period was the Bowery Mission , founded in 1880 at 36 Bowery by Reverend Albert Gleason Ruliffson . The mission has remained along
365-495: A cut-down orchestration. The curtain fell on this well-established NYC opera forum on May 31, 2009, when Tony Amato retired. The Bowery Savings Bank was chartered in May 1834, when the Bowery was an upscale residential street, and grew with the rising prosperity of the city. Its 1893 headquarters building at 130 Bowery is an official New York City designated landmark, as is the 1920s domed Citizens Savings Bank . The Bowery Ballroom
438-489: A farming area outside the city. The street gained in respectability and elegance, becoming a broad boulevard , as well-heeled and famous people moved their residences there, including Peter Cooper , the industrialist and philanthropist . The Bowery began to rival Fifth Avenue as an address. When Lafayette Street was opened parallel to the Bowery in the 1820s, the Bowery Theatre was founded by rich families on
511-753: A fortification on Mud Island . In 1772, he was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society . During this period, he also took a six-month leave in England and spent time on Bermuda . He also purchased an island in New York Harbor which would be called Montresor's Island (now Randall's Island ). He was in Boston at the outset of the American Revolutionary War and marched with Percy to relieve
584-800: A high level of regulation of social life by officials. For example, in the Tang period Chinese capital city Chang'an, neighbourhoods were districts and there were state officials who carefully controlled life and activity at the neighbourhood level. Neighbourhoods in preindustrial cities often had some degree of social specialisation or differentiation. Ethnic neighbourhoods were important in many past cities and remain common in cities today. Economic specialists, including craft producers, merchants, and others, could be concentrated in neighbourhoods, and in societies with religious pluralism neighbourhoods were often specialised by religion. One factor contributing to neighbourhood distinctiveness and social cohesion in past cities
657-420: A small area within a town or city. The label is commonly used to refer to organisations which relate to such a very local structure, such as neighbourhood policing or Neighbourhood watch schemes. In addition, government statistics for local areas are often referred to as neighbourhood statistics, although the data themselves are broken down usually into districts and wards for local purposes. In many parts of
730-496: A specific geographic area and functionally as a set of social networks. Neighbourhoods, then, are the spatial units in which face-to-face social interactions occur—the personal settings and situations where residents seek to realise common values, socialise youth, and maintain effective social control." In the words of the urban scholar Lewis Mumford , "Neighborhoods, in some annoying, inchoate fashion exist wherever human beings congregate, in permanent family dwellings; and many of
803-490: A unit of analysis. In mainland China , the term is generally used for the urban administrative division found immediately below the district level, although an intermediate, subdistrict level exists in some cities. They are also called streets (administrative terminology may vary from city to city). Neighbourhoods encompass 2,000 to 10,000 families. Within neighbourhoods, families are grouped into smaller residential units or quarters of 100 to 600 families and supervised by
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#1732786710357876-412: A weekly poetry slam, and an Emily Dickinson Marathon, amongst other events. The club closed in 2012 and reopened in 2013 as a shared performance space under the name "Bowery Poetry". Bowery Arts + Science presents poetry, and Duane Park presents alternative burlesque in this space. The Bowery Theatre was a 19th-century playhouse at 46 Bowery. It was founded in the 1820s by rich families to compete with
949-568: Is a tunnel under the Bowery intended for use by a never-built subway extension . The M103 bus runs on the entire Bowery. The Bowery is the oldest thoroughfare on Manhattan Island , preceding European intervention as a Lenape footpath, which spanned roughly the entire length of the island, from north to south. When the Dutch settled Manhattan island, they named the path Bouwerie road – "bouwerie" (or later "bouwerij") being an old Dutch word for "farm" – because it connected farmlands and estates on
1022-426: Is a geographically localized community within a larger city , town , suburb or rural area , sometimes consisting of a single street and the buildings lining it. Neighbourhoods are often social communities with considerable face-to-face interaction among members. Researchers have not agreed on an exact definition, but the following may serve as a starting point: "Neighbourhood is generally defined spatially as
1095-481: Is a music venue. The structure, at 6 Delancey Street, was built just before the Stock Market Crash of 1929 . It stood vacant until the end of World War II , when it became a high-end retail store. The neighborhood subsequently went into decline again, and so did the caliber of businesses occupying the space. In 1997 it was converted into a music venue. It has a capacity of 550 people. Directly in front of
1168-414: Is a performance space at Bowery and Bleecker Street. It was founded in 2001 as Bowery Poetry Club (BPC), and provided a home base for established and upcoming artists. It was founded by Bob Holman , owner of the building and former Nuyorican Poets Café Poetry Slam MC (1988–1996). The BPC featured regular shows by Amiri Baraka , Anne Waldman , Taylor Mead , Taylor Mali , along with open mic, gay poets,
1241-597: Is the direct sublevel of a city ( 市 ). (See Administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China ) The term has no general official or statistical purpose in the United Kingdom, but is often used by local boroughs for self-chosen sub-divisions of their area for the delivery of various services and functions, as for example in Kingston-upon-Thames or is used as an informal term to refer to
1314-580: The Mischianza , given in Philadelphia in honor of General Howe. Again superseded in his role as chief engineer, he returned to England and in March 1779 resigned from the army, bringing to an end over two decades of American service, all reported in journals (although many of these were lost). In England, he was called before Parliament to testify on the conduct of the war and on several occasions
1387-635: The Niagara River at Fort Niagara and Fort Erie as well as a series of blockhouses and an early gravity railroad along the Niagara Portage between 1762 and 1764. Montresor's journal of 1764 contains the first written reference to ' Buffalo Creek ', from which Buffalo, New York , derives its name. Stationed at Fort George (the former site of Fort William Henry ) in 1765, he witnessed rioting in Albany and New York City in response to
1460-457: The Post Road , the main route to Boston , the Bowery rivaled Broadway as a thoroughfare; as late as 1869, when it had gained the "reputation of cheap trade, without being disreputable" it was still "the second principal street of the city". As the population of New York City continued to grow, its northern boundary continued to shift northward, and by the early 1800s the Bowery was no longer
1533-619: The Saint Lawrence River , and of his route along the Kennebec River . (The journal of this last expedition through the wilds of Maine would fall into enemy hands in the American Revolution , and was used as a guide by Benedict Arnold in his expedition against Quebec .) During Pontiac's Rebellion , he carried dispatches and led troops to besieged Fort Detroit . He designed and built fortifications on
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#17327867103571606-628: The Stamp Act , and in the same year was promoted to captain lieutenant , and engineer extraordinary, as well as barrackmaster for ordnance in North America . Over the next several years, he surveyed the boundary between New York and New Jersey , and he repaired or constructed barracks and fortifications in Boston , New York City , the Bahamas , and Philadelphia , where he would build
1679-656: The Tokyo -based firm Sejima + Nishizawa/SANAA and the New York-based firm Gensler , has greatly expanded the museum's exhibitions and space. In March 2008, the museum's new building was named one of the architectural seven wonders by Conde Nast Traveler . The museum has an ongoing Bowery Project honoring artists who lived on the Bowery with taped interviews and archived records. Notes Sources Further reading Neighbourhood A neighbourhood (Commonwealth English) or neighborhood (American English)
1752-407: The librettist for Mozart 's Don Giovanni , The Marriage of Figaro , and Così fan tutte , immigrated to New York City in 1806, he briefly ran one of the shops along the Bowery, a fruit and vegetable store. In 1766, straight lanes led away at right angles to gentlemen's seats, mostly well back from the dusty " Road to Albany and Boston ", as it was labeled on Montresor's map; Nicholas Bayard's
1825-565: The 1900s, Clarence Perry described the idea of a neighbourhood unit as a self-contained residential area within a city. The concept is still influential in New Urbanism . Practitioners seek to revive traditional sociability in planned suburban housing based on a set of principles. At the same time, the neighbourhood is a site of interventions to create Age-Friendly Cities and Communities (AFCC) as many older adults tend to have narrower life space. Urban design studies thus use neighbourhood as
1898-422: The 1930s and again in 1947, there were efforts to change the name of the Bowery to something more "dignified and prosaic", such as "Fourth Avenue South". The vagrant population of the Bowery declined after the 1970s, in part because of the city's effort to disperse it. Since the 1990s the entire Lower East Side has been reviving, and gentrification has contributed to ongoing change along the Bowery. In particular,
1971-513: The American cradle of punk rock. CBGB closed on October 31, 2006, after a long battle by club owner Hilly Kristal to extend its lease. The space is now a John Varvatos boutique . Miner's Bowery Theatre was a vaudeville or variety show theater opened by Senator Henry Clay Miner in 1878. The theater was known for its method of encouraging anyone to get on stage and perform on amateur nights, and for its method of removing bad performers from
2044-422: The Bowery between Grand Street and Hester Street. New York magazine claims that while this street blends in with neighboring Chinatown , the area is filled with Vietnamese restaurants. This company, founded in 1948 by Tony Amato and his wife, Sally, found a permanent home at 319 Bowery next to the former CBGB and afforded many young singers the opportunity to hone their craft in full-length productions with
2117-592: The Bowery throughout its lifetime. In 1909 the mission moved to its current location at 227–229 Bowery. By the 1890s, the Bowery was a center for prostitution that rivaled the Tenderloin , also in Manhattan, and for bars catering to gay men and some lesbians at various social levels, from The Slide at 157 Bleecker Street , New York's "worst dive", to Columbia Hall at 5th Street, called Paresis Hall . One investigator in 1899 found six saloons and dance halls ,
2190-441: The Bowery was New York City's " Skid Row ," notable for "Bowery Bums" (disaffected alcoholics and homeless persons). Among those who wrote about Bowery personalities was New Yorker staff member Joseph Mitchell (1908–1996). Aside from cheap clothing stores that catered to the derelict and down-and-out population of men, commercial activity along the Bowery became specialized in used restaurant supplies and lighting fixtures. In
2263-571: The British troops returning from Concord . He was appointed chief engineer in America and captain in late 1775. He was present at the Battle of Long Island the next year, and was present at the execution of Nathan Hale on 22 September 1776. It is said that he kindly sheltered Hale in his office, giving him pen and paper to write final letters to his family, and that the execution moved him deeply. He
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2336-563: The UK wards are roughly equivalent to neighbourhoods or a combination of them. In the United States and Canada , neighbourhoods are often given official or semi-official status through neighbourhood associations , neighbourhood watches or block watches. These may regulate such matters as lawn care and fence height, and they may provide such services as block parties , neighbourhood parks and community security . In some other places
2409-471: The action at Quibbleton . He also participated at Brandywine later that year, and accompanied the army to Philadelphia where he launched the attack that destroyed his own Mud Island defences. He directed the construction of new defences for the city, including the first pontoon bridge at Gray's Ferry on the Schuylkill River. Along with John André , he was one of the planners of the lavish ball,
2482-523: The battle. He remained in America, serving along the Mohawk River and at Fort Edward and then accompanying British forces to Halifax . In 1758, he was commissioned a practicing engineer in the Corps of Engineers , and as such was present at the siege of Louisbourg , and later, at that of Quebec , there drawing one of the last known portraits of General Wolfe , who died in the deciding battle. With
2555-406: The city's governance, was renovated for retail space in 1921, "obliterating all vestiges of its former appearance", The New York Times reported. Restaurant supply stores were among the businesses that had come to the Bowery, and many remain to this day. Pressure for a new name after World War I came to naught and in the 1920s and 1930s, it was an impoverished area. From the 1940s through the 1970s,
2628-719: The control of city or state officials. In some preindustrial urban traditions, basic municipal functions such as protection, social regulation of births and marriages, cleaning and upkeep are handled informally by neighbourhoods and not by urban governments; this pattern is well documented for historical Islamic cities. In addition to social neighbourhoods, most ancient and historical cities also had administrative districts used by officials for taxation, record-keeping, and social control. Administrative districts are typically larger than neighbourhoods and their boundaries may cut across neighbourhood divisions. In some cases, however, administrative districts coincided with neighbourhoods, leading to
2701-647: The daughter of a local English farmer, of which John was the father. Finally, his name appears broadly as the father of Frances , the second wife of Ethan Allen . Born to a Mohawk Valley woman on, Ethan Allen would later record, 4 April 1760. After Frances's mother died, she was adopted by her maternal aunt, Margaret, and her husband, Crean Brush , one-time secretary of the Assembly of the Colony of New York. As to her paternity, when her daughter Frances "Fanny" Allen entered Hôtel-Dieu in 1808, her mother's maiden name
2774-539: The defeat of the French , Montresor was sent to neighbouring villages and as far afield as Cape Breton , using the language of his Huguenot ancestors to elicit oaths of allegiance . He was also twice sent overland from Quebec to Boston with dispatches, on one of these journeys, in a mid-winter blizzard , being reduced to eating belt and shoe leather in order to avoid starvation . He also, during this period, performed various surveys and prepared maps of Acadia ,
2847-435: The early 2000s, Community Development Corporations, Rehabilitation Networks, Neighbourhood Development Corporations, and Economic Development organisations would work together to address the housing stock and the infrastructures of communities and neighbourhoods (e.g., community centres). Community and Economic Development may be understood in different ways, and may involve "faith-based" groups and congregations in cities. In
2920-636: The equivalent organization is the parish , though a parish may have several neighbourhoods within it depending on the area. In localities where neighbourhoods do not have an official status, questions can arise as to where one neighbourhood begins and another ends. Many cities use districts and wards as official divisions of the city, rather than traditional neighbourhood boundaries. ZIP Code boundaries and post office names also sometimes reflect neighbourhood identities. John Montresor Captain John Montresor (22 April 1736 – June 1799)
2993-454: The first wife of General Sir Frederick William Mulcaster (half-brother of Capt Sir William Howe Mulcaster ). In addition to these relationships, he also had other more irregular connections. A surviving letter from Detroit in 1763 mentions the death of an apparent mistress, "poor Nancy", and that he had been "on the Common" since. Likewise, he made a small grant for the support of the child of
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3066-585: The functions of the city tend to be distributed naturally—that is, without any theoretical preoccupation or political direction—into neighborhoods." Most of the earliest cities around the world as excavated by archaeologists have evidence for the presence of social neighbourhoods. Historical documents shed light on neighbourhood life in numerous historical preindustrial or nonwestern cities. Neighbourhoods are typically generated by social interaction among people living near one another. In this sense they are local social units larger than households not directly under
3139-551: The historic district. The designation means that property owners will have financial incentives to restore rather than demolish old buildings on the Bowery. BAN was recognized for its preservation efforts with a Village Award from the Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation in 2013. The historic district runs from Chatham Square to Astor Place on both sides of the Bowery. New York's " Little Saigon ", though not officially designated, exists on
3212-430: The landlord of using this displacement to start renovating the buildings into a hotel, and they went on a hunger strike. The Bowery from Houston to Delancey Street still serves as New York's principal market for restaurant equipment and from Delancey to Grand for lamps. The upper Bowery refers to the portion of the Bowery above Houston Street ; the lower Bowery refers to the portion below it. In October 2011,
3285-672: The lives of residents of one of the few remaining flophouses . Construction on the Wyndham Garden Hotel at 93 Bowery in the late Aughts destabilized neighboring building 128 Hester Street (owned by the same man, William Su), and 60 tenants were thrown out of the building with the help of the Department of Buildings . At least 75 tenants were displaced from 83 to 85 Bowery in January 2018 in frigid temperatures due to long-overdue repairs that needed to be made. Tenants accused
3358-456: The mid-1970s. This spawned a full-blown scene of new bands ( Talking Heads , Blondie , edgy R&B -influenced Mink DeVille , rockabilly revivalist Robert Gordon , and others) performing mostly original material in a mostly raw and often loud and fast attack. The label of punk rock was applied to the scene even if not all the bands that made their early reputations at the club were punk rockers, strictly speaking, but CBGB became known as
3431-431: The neighbourhood as a small-scale democracy , regulated primarily by ideas of reciprocity among neighbours. Neighbourhoods have been the site of service delivery or "service interventions" in part as efforts to provide local, quality services, and to increase the degree of local control and ownership. Alfred Kahn, as early as the mid-1970s, described the "experience, theory and fads" of neighbourhood service delivery over
3504-654: The number of high-rise condominiums is growing. In 2007, the SANAA -designed facility for the New Museum of Contemporary Art opened between Stanton and Prince Street. In 2008, AvalonBay Communities opened Avalon Bowery Place, its first luxury apartment complex on the Bowery; the structure includes a Whole Foods Market . Avalon Bowery Place was quickly followed with the development of Avalon Bowery Place II. The new development has not come without social costs. Michael Dominic's 2001 documentary Sunshine Hotel followed
3577-547: The outskirts to the heart of the city in today's Wall Street / Battery Park area. In 1654, the Bowery's first residents settled in the area of Chatham Square ; ten freedmen and their wives set up cabins and a cattle farm there. Petrus Stuyvesant , the last Dutch governor of New Amsterdam before the English took control, retired to his Bowery farm in 1667. After his death in 1672, he was buried in his private chapel. His mansion burned down in 1778 and his great-grandson sold
3650-465: The path for none except a Loaden Cart. Nor do they spare for any diversion the place affords, and sociable to a degree, they'r Tables being as free to their Naybours as to themselves. By 1766, when John Montresor made his detailed plan of New York, "Bowry Lane", which took a more north-tending track at the rope walk , was lined for the first few streets with buildings that formed a solid frontage, with market gardens behind them; when Lorenzo Da Ponte ,
3723-426: The principles of engineering from his father and in his later teens served as assistant engineer to his father at Gibraltar. In 1754, he accompanied his father to America and served as an ensign in the 48th Regiment of Foot on the expedition to Fort Duquesne , also performing as a supernumerary engineer. In the defeat that followed, he was wounded but survived to learn of his promotion to lieutenant days before
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#17327867103573796-571: The prior decade, including discussion of income transfers and poverty. Neighbourhoods, as a core aspect of community, also are the site of services for youth, including children with disabilities and coordinated approaches to low-income populations. While the term neighbourhood organisation is not as common in 2015, these organisations often are non-profit, sometimes grassroots or even core funded community development centres or branches. Community and economic development activists have pressured for reinvestment in local communities and neighbourhoods. In
3869-483: The project with Jeffery Deitch and Deitch Projects in 2008. Goldman's goal was to use this wall to present the top contemporary artists from around the world, with an emphasis on artists who work on the streets. Seasonal murals have appeared on the wall curated and organized in collaboration with The Hole, NYC, an art gallery in SoHo run by former Deitch Projects directors Kathy Grayson and Meghan Coleman. The mural series
3942-785: The remaining chapel and graveyard, now the site of the Episcopal church of St. Mark's Church in-the-Bowery . In her Journal of 1704–05, Sarah Kemble Knight describes the Bowery as a leisure destination for residents of New York City in December: Their Diversions in the Winter is Riding Sleys about three or four Miles out of Town, where they have Houses of entertainment at a place called Bowery, and some go to friends Houses who handsomely treat them. [...] I believe we mett 50 or 60 slays that day – they fly with great swiftness and some are so furious that they'le turn out of
4015-744: The resorts of "degenerates" and "fairies", on the Bowery alone. Gay subculture was more highly visible there and more integrated into working-class male culture than it was to become in the following generations, according to historian George Chauncey . From 1878 to 1955 the Third Avenue El ran above the Bowery, further darkening its streets, populated largely by men. "It is filled with employment agencies, cheap clothing and knickknack stores, cheap moving-picture shows, cheap lodging-houses, cheap eating-houses, cheap saloons", writers in The Century Magazine found it in 1919. "Here, too, by
4088-537: The site of the Red Bull Tavern, which had been purchased by Andrew Morris and John Jacob Astor ; it opened in 1826 and was the largest auditorium in North America at the time. Across the way the Bowery Amphitheatre was erected in 1833, specializing in the more populist entertainments of equestrian shows and circuses . From stylish beginnings, the tone of Bowery Theatre's offerings matched
4161-465: The slide in the social scale of the Bowery itself. By the time of the Civil War , the mansions and shops had given way to popular music halls , brothels , beer gardens , pawn shops , and flophouses , like the one at No. 15 where the composer Stephen Foster lived in 1864. Theodore Dreiser closed his tragedy Sister Carrie , set in the 1890s, with the suicide of one of the main characters in
4234-537: The south is Chinatown , to the east are the Lower East Side and the East Village , and to the west are Little Italy and NoHo . It has historically been considered a part of the Lower East Side of Manhattan . In the 17th century, the road branched off Broadway north of Fort Amsterdam at the tip of Manhattan to the homestead of Peter Stuyvesant , director-general of New Netherland . The street
4307-566: The stage by yanking them off with a wooden hook. Starting in the 1890s, a stage-prop shepherd's hook was used to pull bad performers bodily from the stage, after audience members shouted, "Give 'im the hook." The phrase, "Give him the hook" originated at Miners Bowery Theatre. In December 2007, the New Museum opened the doors of its new location at 235 Bowery, at Prince Street, continuing its focus of exhibiting international and women artists and artists of color . This new facility, designed by
4380-496: The thousands come sailors on shore leave, – notice the 'studios' of the tattoo artists, – and here most in evidence are the 'down and outs'". Prohibition eliminated the Bowery's numerous saloons: One Mile House, the "stately old tavern... replaced by a cheap saloon" at the southeast corner of Rivington Street , named for the battered milestone across the way, where the politicians of the East Side had made informal arrangements for
4453-508: The upscale Park Theatre . By the 1850s, the theatre came to cater to immigrant groups such as the Irish , Germans , and Chinese . It burned down four times in 17 years, and a fire in 1929 destroyed it for good. CBGB, a club that was opened to play country , bluegrass & blues (as the name CBGB stands for), began to book Television , Patti Smith , and the Ramones as house bands in
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#17327867103574526-729: The venue's entrance is the Bowery station ( J and Z trains) of the New York City Subway . The club serves as the namesake of at least one recording: Joan Baez 's Bowery Songs album, recorded live at a concert at the Bowery Ballroom in November 2004. The Bowery Mural is an outdoor exhibition space located on the corner of Houston Street and the Bowery, on a wall owned by Goldman Properties since 1984. Real estate developer Tony Goldman began
4599-642: The writings of his first-cousin Susanna Haswell Rowson . One of the main characters in her popular novel Charlotte Temple , John Montraville, was based, at least in part, on Montresor. In the sequel, Lucy Temple , Charlotte's Daughter , Montraville is even said to have lived at Portland Place, once Montresor's residence. In the original novel, Montraville seduces the title character, an innocent English schoolgirl, and induces her to run away to America. He then abandons her, destitute and pregnant, to die in childbirth. Some authors have taken this to be
4672-622: Was a British Army officer and cartographer who served in North America during the American War of Independence . Born in Gibraltar on 22 April 1736 to the British military engineer James Gabriel Montresor and his first wife, Mary Haswell, John Montresor spent his early life there (and presumably on Menorca , where his father was briefly stationed). He was in England between 1746 and 1750 and attended Westminster School . He learned
4745-467: Was followed by a mural by Barry McGee which celebrated the role of graffiti tagging in the history of New York City street art; it was on display from August to November 2010. This was followed by a tribute to Dash Snow by Irak , which ran from November 24–26, 2010. Other artists to have murals presented include the twins How & Nosm (2012), Crash (2013), Martha Cooper (2013), Revok and Pose (2013), Swoon (2014), and Maya Hayuk . Bowery Poetry
4818-459: Was initiated from March to December 2008 with a tribute to Keith Haring ’s noted 1982 Bowery mural. This was followed by a mural by the Brazilian twin-brother duo Os Gêmeos , which they dedicated to artist Dash Snow , who had recently died from a drug overdose; this was presented from July 2009 to March 2010. The next mural, by Shepard Fairey , was on exhibit from April through August 2010, and
4891-560: Was known as Bowery Lane prior to 1807. "Bowery" is an anglicization of the Dutch bouwerie , derived from an antiquated Dutch word for " farm ": In the 17th century the area contained many large farms. The New York City Subway 's Bowery station , serving the BMT Nassau Street Line ( J and Z trains), is located close to the Bowery's intersection with Delancey and Kenmare Streets. There
4964-440: Was planted as an avenue of trees. James Delancey 's grand house, flanked by matching outbuildings, stood behind a forecourt facing Bowery Lane; behind it was his parterre garden, ending in an exedra , clearly delineated on the map. The Bull's Head Tavern was noted for George Washington 's having stopped there for refreshment before riding down to the waterfront to witness the departure of British troops in 1783. Leading to
5037-500: Was recorded as Montresor. Her tombstone names her Montezuma, while an 1858 history written using family information calls her Frances Montuzan, relating that her father was a British colonel killed in the French and Indian War. Popular opinion makes John Montresor the father of Frances due in no small part to his role in a popular best-selling novel of the time. John Montresor has gained a certain notoriety beyond his historical role due to
5110-495: Was required to support his expenditures during his various campaigns (for which he is said to have been imprisoned at one point). He purchased an estate at Belmont, Kent , had a residence at Portland Place, London , and he served as director of the French Hospital. He toured Europe in 1785 and 1786, visiting France , Germany and Switzerland . In his later years, his accounts came under scrutiny, and much of his property
5183-894: Was seized by the state to recover disallowed expenses. He died in Maidstone Prison , where he was incarcerated, apparently in connection with his outstanding debts, in June 1799. Montresor's romantic life has been the subject of much writing. He married at New York 1 March 1764, Frances Tucker, who was born in New York, 23 April 1744, daughter of Thomas Tucker of Bermuda , stepdaughter of Reverend Samuel Auchmuty and half-sister of General Sir Samuel Auchmuty . She returned to England with her husband, and survived him, dying 28 June 1828, at Rose Hill, Kent . By her, he had, with others, General Sir Henry Tucker Montresor , General Sir Thomas Gage Montresor, and Mary Lucy Montresor, who became
5256-479: Was sent to the rebel lines under flag of truce to report the event and conveyed Hale's last words to William Hull . Having been superseded as chief engineer, he was placed as aide-de-camp on the staff of General William Howe but was later reinstated as chief engineer. On 13 January 1777, his home on Montresor's Island was burned. In 1777, he was involved in the military campaigns in New Jersey , and present at
5329-482: Was the role of rural to urban migration. This was a continual process in preindustrial cities, and migrants tended to move in with relatives and acquaintances from their rural past. Neighbourhood sociology is a subfield of urban sociology which studies local communities Neighbourhoods are also used in research studies from postal codes and health disparities , to correlations with school drop out rates or use of drugs. Some attention has also been devoted to viewing
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