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86-510: The Border Region (coded IE041) is a NUTS Level III statistical region of Ireland . The name of the region refers to its location along the Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border . It is not a cross-border region . It comprises the Irish counties of Cavan , Donegal , Leitrim , Monaghan and Sligo . The Border Region spans 11,516 km, 16.4% of the total area of the state, and has

172-630: A market capitalisation of €2.86 billion, but loans to the six by the ECB and the Irish Central Bank were about €150 billion. Consumer research by British discount retailer Poundland found that the term "eurozone" had negative associations. When expanding to the Republic in 2011 the company branded its stores as " Dealz ", despite the CEO stating that "Euroland" would be "the obvious choice". As

258-576: A continued effort to have the Labour Party clarify its position on tuition fees. Police broke down the door of the room in which they were stationed and led them away. The students came armed with a chemical toilet and supplies of food that could have lasted them weeks. Ten student union presidents also attempted to occupy a room at the Department of Enterprise on Kildare Street for the same reasons. Nine students, also seeking clarification on

344-559: A general election in January 2011, with the implicit threat being that they would pull out of Government; with the addition of a number of Independent government TDs declaring that they would not continue to support the Government and speculation mounting, Brian Cowen called a press conference in which he announced that the Government intended to introduce and pass that year's Budget, and its constituent parliamentary bills, before having

430-518: A hierarchy of three NUTS levels is established by Eurostat in agreement with each member state; the subdivisions in some levels do not necessarily correspond to administrative divisions within the country. A NUTS code begins with a two-letter code referencing the country, as abbreviated in the European Union 's Interinstitutional Style Guide. The subdivision of the country is then referred to with one number. A second or third subdivision level

516-425: A large banking system – to guarantee everything. It was surprising… It was surprising that someone would embark on blanket guarantee by itself. It was a dangerous gamble.” The CIFS "blanket guarantee" of Irish domestic banks covered debts estimated at €440 billion at the start. It covered all debts of the 6 banks protected, was non-renewable, and was never called on. As such, the guarantee itself did not directly cost

602-583: A ministerial meeting with three Church of Ireland bishops who were assured by O'Keeffe that religious instruction would be unaffected by the budget changes. Rebellion within the ranks of the ruling coalition government led to a number of defections of disenchanted coalition members . County Wicklow TD, Joe Behan resigned from the Fianna Fáil party in protests at the proposed medical card changes after suggesting that past taoisigh Éamon de Valera and Seán Lemass "would be turning in their graves at

688-731: A number of nationally significant Gaeltacht areas, such as Gweedore , Na Rosa and Tory Island . The dialect generally spoken in the border region is Ulster Irish , while Donegal has its own distinct sub-dialect known as West Ulster Irish, colloquially referred to as " Donegal Irish ". 25% of Ireland's Gaeltacht population lives within Donegal. Despite this, the Border Region has the lowest percentage of Irish speakers of any region. The percentage of Irish speakers by county is: Leitrim (40%), Sligo (39.9%), Monghan (37.6%) Donegal (37.1%) and Cavan (34.6%). The region only contains 17 towns with

774-566: A population of 419,473 persons as of the 2022 census, 8.14% of the state total. Prior to 2014, the region was administered by the Border Regional Authority. As of 2015, it is a strategic planning area within the Northern and Western Region . The region's largest towns are Letterkenny and Sligo , both of which have populations of over 20,000. The local government areas in the border region are: In 2018, County Louth

860-555: A population of over 2,000 people. 7 of these are located in Donegal, 5 in Cavan, 3 in Monaghan and 1 in both Sligo and Leitrim respectively. A list of the ten largest settlements in the Border Region. County capitals are included and are shown in bold . According to Eurostat figures for 2016, the region had GDP of €11.399 bn and a GDP per capita of €21,885, the lowest per capita GDP in the country. This 2016 data included County Louth,

946-435: A proposed income levy which was eventually restructured, and the withdrawal of previously promised HPV vaccines for schoolgirls. Other results of the budget included a new income levy being imposed on all workers above a specified threshold and the closure of a number of military barracks near the border with Northern Ireland . An unexpected public outcry was invoked over the proposed withdrawal of medical cards and

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1032-494: A severe slump with both sales and property values collapsing. Developers such as Liam Carroll began to fall behind on their loan repayments. Due to the financial crisis, banks such as ACC pushed for their revenue recovery and requested liquidation of the development firms. The Irish economy entered severe recession in 2008, and then entered into an economic depression in 2009. The Economic and Social Research Institute predicted an economic contraction of 14% by 2010. In

1118-511: A sit-down protest outside the Fine Gael office on Dublin's Upper Mount Street. At around 16:00 on 29 November 2011, three student union presidents (of Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, University College Cork and IT Carlow) under the leadership of Union of Students in Ireland (USI) President Gary Redmond occupied a room at Department of Social Protection on Dublin's Store Street as part of

1204-554: A telephone conference call. Details of the financial arrangement were not immediately agreed upon, and remained to be determined in the following weeks, though the loan was believed to be in the region of €100 billion, of which approximately €8 billion was expected to be provided by the United Kingdom. Following criticism of the action, the Green Party leader John Gormley signalled that his party would seek

1290-416: Is Ireland's most rapidly declining county, having shrank 1.5% during that same period. According to the 2016 census, the Border Region had a population of 392,837, which constitutes 8.28% of the national population. Its population density was 34.1 persons per km, the second lowest in the country. Donegal is by far the largest county in the Border Region by both area and population. The Border Region contains

1376-478: Is a small regional airport, but operates no regularly scheduled flights. The Irish Defence Forces utilise a military landing strip at Finner Camp in South Donegal. In terms of both road and rail, the Border Region is the most poorly serviced region in the country. Iarnród Éireann operate a Dublin–Sligo railway line which also serves Carrick-on-Shannon. The Sligo, Leitrim and Northern Counties Railway

1462-553: Is centered around the Border Region, and some 33% of Border Region exports go to the UK, well above the state total of 18%. In Q2 2017, regional unemployment was registered at 6.6%, slightly above the national rate of 6.4%. The labour force (over 15 years of age) was estimated to be in excess of 210,000 persons. The region encompasses the entire northwest coast of Ireland along the Atlantic Ocean . Two of Ireland 's longest rivers,

1548-694: Is composed mostly of Carboniferous limestones that were laid roughly 355 million years ago. However, a 1.5 billion year old narrow strip of metamorphosed gneisses extend across Sligo near the Ox Mountains . County Donegal in Ulster has one of the most complex geologies in Ireland. Much of the county is underlain by Precambrian gneiss, schist and quartzite, laid down during the Grenvillian Orogeny 700 million years ago. The Border Region's highest point, Errigal , at 751 m (2,464 ft),

1634-498: Is composed of Precambrian quartzite. Ireland's oldest rocks, laid down 1.78 billion years ago, are found on the island of Inishtrahull . Inishtrahull is Ireland's most northerly island, located approximately 10 km north of Malin Head , mainland Ireland's most northerly point. Lough Swilly in Donegal is one of Ireland's three fjords. Owing to its scenic and rugged landscape, Donegal was named National Geographic's " Coolest place on

1720-725: Is high year round and rainfall is evenly distributed throughout the year, with annual precipitation ranging from ~1,250 mm ( Markree Castle , Sligo) to ~1,000 mm ( Ballyhaise , Cavan). There are many large mountain ranges and high sea cliffs in the region, such as the Derryveagh Mountains , Slieve League , the Cuilcagh Mountains and Ben Bulben . The region is generally underlain by Ordovician and Silurian Shales and Greywackes, laid down 417-495 million years ago. These are found in eastern Cavan and Monaghan. The bedrock of western Cavan, Leitrim and Sligo

1806-526: Is referred to with another number each. Each numbering starts with 1, as 0 is used for the upper level. Where the subdivision has more than nine entities, capital letters are used to continue the numbering. Below the three NUTS levels are local administrative units (LAUs). A similar statistical system is defined for the candidate countries and members of the European Free Trade Association , but they are not part of NUTS governed by

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1892-487: Is the region's largest lake, at 35 km2. The west of the region, from Tullyhaw , County Cavan, to the Atlantic coast is largely rocky and mountainous, with dramatic coastal cliff landscapes as well as pure sand beaches seen in counties Sligo, Donegal and Leitrim. Leitrim has the smallest coastline of any county, at just 5 km in length, while Donegal has the longest, at 1,134 km (just over 706 miles). According to

1978-464: Is too small or too large, a second and/or third level is created. This may be on the first level (ex. France, Italy, Greece, and Spain), on the second (ex. Germany) and/or third level (ex. Belgium). In countries with small populations, where the entire country would be placed on the NUTS 2 or even NUTS 3 level (ex. Luxembourg, Cyprus), the regions at levels 1, 2 and 3 are identical to each other (and also to

2064-528: The 2007 election but the party began to fall in the polls from September 2008. Their support fell to third place for the first time ever behind both leading opposition parties in a national opinion poll published in The Irish Times on 13 February 2009, polling only 22%. A 27 February poll, indicated that only 10% of voters were satisfied with the Government's performance, that over 50% would like an immediate general election. They gained about 24% of

2150-585: The 2011 election . However, on 23 November, rebel members of Brian Cowen's ruling Fianna Fáil party and opposition leaders sought no-confidence vote for the Government and dissolution of the Oireachtas before a crucial budget vote on 7 December 2010, that should open the way for adopting the rescue package. On 28 November, the European Union , International Monetary Fund and the Irish state agreed to an €85 billion rescue deal made up of €22.5 billion from

2236-566: The Croke Park Agreement which provided for increased productivity, flexibility and savings from the public sector in exchange for no further pay cuts, and no lay offs. In April 2010, following a marked increase in Irish 2-year bond yields, Ireland's NTMA state debt agency said that it had "no major refinancing obligations" in 2010. Its requirement for €20 billion in 2010 was matched by a €23 billion cash balance, and it remarked: "We're very comfortably circumstanced". On 18 May

2322-534: The EU / ECB / IMF troika would be involving itself in Ireland's financial affairs. Support for the Fianna Fáil party, dominant for much of the previous century, then crumbled; in an unprecedented event in the nation's history, it fell to third place in an opinion poll conducted by The Irish Times —placing behind Fine Gael and the Labour Party , the latter rising above Fianna Fáil for the first time. On 22 November,

2408-531: The Irish government —a Fianna Fáil – Green coalition—officially acknowledged the country's descent into recession; a massive jump in unemployment occurred in the following months. Ireland was the first state in the eurozone to enter recession, as declared by the Central Statistics Office (CSO). By January 2009, the number of people living on unemployment benefits had risen to 326,000—the highest monthly level since records began in 1967—and

2494-584: The National University of Ireland, Maynooth (NUIM), including the university's student union president Rob Munnelly, began occupying the Naas constituency office of Fine Gael TD Anthony Lawlor . They did so with sleeping bags, clothes, a chemical toilet and a week's supply of food and were supported by other students on Facebook and Twitter . During the occupation Munnelly debated with Lawlor live on Kildare TV , USI President Gary Redmond visited

2580-593: The Republic of Ireland with no existing commercial or freight railway lines. The nearest fully operational railway station to County Donegal is Waterside Station in Derry , operated by Northern Ireland Railways (N.I.R.). The Border Region is the only region in the Republic of Ireland with no access to the national motorway network . Former Border Region county Louth had the M1 , which runs from Dublin to Dundalk. Transport links with Cavan have been improved substantially with

2666-459: The Republic of Ireland , coincided with a series of banking scandals , followed the 1990s and 2000s Celtic Tiger period of rapid real economic growth fuelled by foreign direct investment, a subsequent property bubble which rendered the real economy uncompetitive, and an expansion in bank lending in the early 2000s. An initial slowdown in economic growth amid the international financial crisis of 2007–2008 greatly intensified in late 2008 and

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2752-787: The Shannon and the Erne , have their source in the region. The Shannon rises from the famed Shannon Pot in County Cavan and the Erne rises from Slieve Glah, also in County Cavan. The two rivers have been connected to form one of the world's longest waterways - the Shannon–Erne Waterway . Cavan and Monaghan in the east of the region are characterized by a drumlin landscape, with hundreds of loughs interspersed between. Lough Allen in Leitrim

2838-586: The administrative divisions of countries for statistical purposes. The standard, adopted in 2003, is developed and regulated by the European Union , and thus only covers the EU member states in detail. The Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics is instrumental in the European Union's Structural Funds and Cohesion Fund delivery mechanisms and for locating the area where goods and services subject to European public procurement legislation are to be delivered. For each EU member country,

2924-438: The 2017 National Forestry Inventory, there is a total of 130,345 hectares (322,090 acres) of forest and woodland cover in the Border Region, equating to 11.3% of the region's land area. This is in keeping with the national average forest cover of 11%. The region traditionally had a very low cover forest and planting schemes were undertaken by the Department of Agriculture or state-sponsored bodies such as Coillte . Forest cover in

3010-518: The 670 employees, 480 of them would be laid off . The workers responded angrily to this unexpected decision and at least 100 of them began an unofficial sit-in in the visitors' gallery at the factory that night. They insisted they would refuse to leave until they had met with Carson. Following the revelations, there was a minor scuffle during which the main door to the visitors' centre was damaged. Local Sinn Féin Councillor Joe Kelly

3096-563: The Border Region was administered by the Border Regional Authority, which consisted of 38 elected representatives including the region's representative on the EU Committee of the Regions. These representatives met once a month and were nominated from the six local authorities of the region: The Regional Authorities were dissolved in 2014 and were replaced by Regional Assemblies, which took their current form on 1 January 2015. Much like

3182-605: The Border region and was its 2nd most populous county after Donegal. In addition, the region's two largest towns, Dundalk and Drogheda , were lost, as was the region's connection to the Irish Sea . Louth was also the only Leinster county in the region. Drogheda, at just 48 km (30 mi) from Dublin , was the region's closest town to the capital. Following the change, Virginia , County Cavan , now holds that title, at 85 km (just over 52 miles) away. From 1994 to 2014,

3268-449: The CSO has yet to publish 2018 data for the new boundary. The Irish Financial Crisis of 2008 had a devastating impact on the Border Region. In 2007, regional GDP per capita was €30,697, by 2014 it had fallen to €19,957. While economic activity is growing steadily, it still remains well below peak levels. Services, agriculture, manufacturing, fishing and tourism are all important industries in

3354-547: The ECB and the European Commission at the time. There was an immediate response in the markets, with short term money market funds returning to Ireland, mainly from the UK. Lorenzo Bini Smaghi , member of the ECB Executive Board, later said, “The ECB learned about the issue and we found it was very surprising that a country comes out by itself – even in a situation in which the Irish were in, with

3440-462: The Green Party lost the 2011 general election and were replaced by a coalition made up of Fine Gael and the Labour Party . In April 2011, despite all the measures taken, Moody's downgraded the Irish banks' debt to junk status . Debate continues on whether the new government will need a "second bailout". By August 2011 the largest of the six state-guaranteed banks, Bank of Ireland, had

3526-483: The Greens called for an election the following year. The 2011 general election replaced the ruling coalition with another between Fine Gael and Labour . This coalition continued with the same austerity policies of the previous coalition, as the country's larger parties all favour a similar agenda, but subsequently lost power in the 2016 General Election . Official statistics showed a drop in most crimes coinciding with

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3612-614: The IMF, €22.5 billion from the European Financial Stability Facility (EFSF), €17.5 billion from the Irish sovereign National Pension Reserve Fund (NPRF) and bilateral loans from the United Kingdom , Denmark and Sweden . Eurogroup President Jean-Claude Juncker said that the deal includes €10 billion for bank recapitalisation, €25 billion for banking contingencies and €50 billion for financing

3698-541: The Irish financial crisis. Ireland, like Luxembourg, is home to a disproportionately large number of international financial services providers. Many statistical calculations include the debts of all banks located in Ireland without separating foreign owned banks from Irish banks. The liabilities of the Irish banks represent a figure equivalent to approximately 309% of GDP, the third highest in the EU. The Irish Government and Irish Public Sector unions, including IMPACT , negotiated

3784-606: The Irish government's majority of twelve by one quarter. A supplementary budget was delivered in April 2009 to address a fiscal shortfall of over €4.5 billion. On 29 September 2008 the government issued a 2-year unlimited guarantee of all debt (the Credit Institutions Financial Stabilisation Act, or CIFS guarantee) in favour of 6 banks. The comprehensive and unlimited scope of the Irish fait accompli surprised other governments,

3870-566: The NTMA tested the market and sold a €1.5 billion issue that was three times oversubscribed. By September 2010 the banks could not raise finance and the bank guarantee was renewed for a third year. This had a negative impact on Irish government bonds, government help for the banks rose to 32% of GDP, and so the government started negotiations with the ECB and the IMF . On the evening of 21 November 2010,

3956-507: The NUTS Regulation, the average population size of the regions in the respective level shall lie within the following thresholds: For non-administrative units, deviations from these population marks exist for particular geographical, socio-economic, historical, cultural or environmental circumstances, especially for islands and outermost regions. Post-2008 Irish economic downturn The post-2008 Irish economic downturn in

4042-810: The Planet " in 2017. The Border Region contains one commercially operating airport, Donegal Airport in Carrickfinn, which services 45,000 passengers annually. Just outside the region is City of Derry Airport , located in Eglinton in County Londonderry , which is used by many people living in East Donegal and Inishowen , and Ireland West Airport , located in County Mayo , very near to Counties Sligo and Leitrim. In addition, Sligo Airport

4128-526: The Republic of Ireland expanded rapidly during the Celtic Tiger years (1995–2007) due to a low corporate tax rate, low ECB interest rates, and other systemic factors (such as soft surveillance of banking supervision including against observance of Basel Core Principles, underdeveloped public financial management and anti-corruption systems and adoption of poor policies including a corporate tax system that fostered non-tradable goods and services through

4214-487: The State anything—and since the protected banks paid levies in exchange, it can technically be described as having made money. However, preventing the guarantee from being called on committed the Irish government to preventing the collapse of any of the participating banks, which would have resulted in the calling on of the guarantee at a time when the banks had large debts, bank assets were of little value for lack of buyers, and

4300-729: The banks were said to be illiquid (but not insolvent) by €4 billion; this turned out to be an enormous underestimate. The economy and government finances began to show signs of impending recession by the end of 2007 when tax revenues fell short of the 2007 annual budget forecast by €2.3 billion (5%), with stamp duties and income tax both falling short by €0.8 billion (19% and 5%) resulting in the 2007 general government budget surplus of €2.3 billion (1.2% of GDP ) being wiped out. An imminent recession became clear by mid-2008. Subsequently, government deficits increased, many businesses closed and unemployment increased. The Irish Stock Exchange (ISEQ) fell and many immigrant workers left. Anglo Irish Bank

4386-516: The banks, enabling them to return to normal liquidity to assist in the economic recovery. NAMA's first appraisal was in September 2009, fortuitously timed just before the issue of the second one-year bank guarantee. The costs of the bank rescues, NAMA and government deficits over the period look set to push Irish National Debt up to a ratio of 125% of GDP by 2015. However, there have been a number of misleading estimates of debt statistics relating to

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4472-458: The budget. 2010 saw several notable protests against austerity in Ireland. On 6 February 2011, it was revealed that Ireland had received a first €3.6 billion of the rescue package from the EFSF. This is a slightly higher amount than was previously expected mostly due to the better than expected auction of the EFSF bonds in January 2011. Later that month the coalition government of Fianna Fáil and

4558-410: The construction industry). At the end of the third quarter of 2010, German banks had between US$ 186.4 billion and $ 208.3 billion in total exposure to Ireland with $ 57.8 billion in exposure to Irish banks. This led to an expansion of credit and a property bubble which petered out in 2007. Irish banks, already over-exposed to the Irish property market, came under severe pressure in September 2008 due to

4644-589: The construction of the M3, however it only goes as far as Kells in County Meath , before reverting into the N3 dual carriageway. The region is served by the following national primary roads : Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics or NUTS ( French : Nomenclature des unités territoriales statistiques ) is a geocode standard for referencing

4730-434: The country fell into recession for the first time since the 1980s. Emigration, as well as unemployment (particularly in the construction sector), escalated to levels not seen since that decade. The Irish Stock Exchange (ISEQ) general index, which reached a peak of 10,000 points briefly in April 2007, fell to 1,987 points—a 14-year low—on 24 February 2009 (the last time it was under 2,000 being mid-1995). In September 2008,

4816-482: The country from April 2009 to 2010, the largest net emigration since 1989. However, only 27,700 of these are Irish nationals, an increase of 12,400 since 2006. It's also notable that more people went somewhere other than the UK, EU or US, traditional destinations for Irish emigrants. Following the May 2008 appointment of Brian Cowen as Taoiseach , the ruling Fianna Fáil party had been polling close to their 41% levels of

4902-594: The decisions made in the past week". Independent TD Finian McGrath then threatened to withdraw his support for the government unless the plan to remove the overs 70s automatic right to a medical card was withdrawn completely. Taoiseach Brian Cowen postponed a planned trip to China , sending Minister for Education and Science Batt O'Keeffe ahead to lead the delegation. Behan, alongside McGrath and former government minister Jim McDaid , later voted against his former colleagues in two crucial Dáil votes on medical cards and cancer vaccines. These defections reduced

4988-441: The economic downturn. Burglaries, however, rose by approximately 10% and recorded prostitution offences more than doubled from 2009 to 2010. In late 2014 the unemployment rate was 11.0% on the seasonally adjusted measure, still over double the lows of the mid-2000s but down from a peak of 15.1% in early 2012. By May 2016, this figure had fallen to 7.8%, and had returned to a pre-downturn level of 4.5% by June 2019 The economy of

5074-437: The entire country), but are coded with the appropriate length codes levels 1, 2 and 3. The NUTS system favors existing administrative units, with one or more assigned to each NUTS level. Specific guidelines are based in population, leaving little or no role for other types of variables such as area, distance, topography, levels of jurisdiction or history, which can only be considered in (unspecified) types of special cases. From

5160-577: The expiry of the CIFS guarantee. Despite the bank guarantee in September, by December 2008 the American ambassador was reporting to Washington that no clear plan was in place, after an interview with John McCarthy of the Irish Department of Finance and two other officials. McCarthy was quoted as saying that "forecasting anything in the current uncertain environment is almost impossible" and that

5246-726: The first quarter in 2009, GDP was down 8.5% from the same quarter the previous year, and GNP down 12%. Unemployment rose from 8.75% to 11.4%. The economy exited recession in the third quarter of 2009, with GDP growing by 0.3% in the quarter, but GNP continued to contract, by 1.4%. The economy grew by 1.9% in Q1 and by 1.6% in Q2 of 2011 but contracted by 1.9% in Q3. The unemployment rate rose from 4.2% in 2007 to reach 14.6% in February 2012. The Central Statistics Office estimated that 34,500 people left

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5332-405: The global financial crisis of 2007–08 . The foreign borrowings of Irish banks rose from €15 billion to €110 billion in 2004–08. Much of this was borrowed on a three-month rollover basis to fund building projects that would not be sold for several years. When the properties could not be sold due to oversupply, the result was a classic asset–liability mismatch . At the time of the bank guarantee

5418-606: The government could "only react given the fast pace of the downturn". The interview was published in 2011 as a part of the United States diplomatic cables leak . On 5 January 2009, Waterford Wedgwood entered receivership. On 30 January, workers at the Waterford Crystal plant in Kilbarry were told they would be losing their jobs. A statement issued by the receiver, Deloitte's David Carson, confirmed that, of

5504-485: The government's finances were already under heavy strain. The CIFS blanket guarantee was never renewed. An ancillary guarantee, the Eligible Liabilities Guarantee, was passed in 2009. This second guarantee scheme applied only to specified new debt (but applied to that debt until maturity), and was renewable on a six-monthly basis. It is this second guarantee that was renewed several times after

5590-483: The government's view on third-level fees, participated in a peaceful sit-down protest by occupying the constituency office of Fine Gael TD and former mayor Brian Walsh in Bohermore, Galway, around midday on 30 November 2011. They unfurled a banner on the roof with the message, "FREE EDUCATION NOTHING LESS". They were imprisoned by the police and released a short time later. On 2 December 2011, eight students from

5676-454: The intended date had to be brought forward to 25 February 2011 following a widely criticised cabinet reshuffle. Taoiseach Cowen was replaced as party leader by Micheál Martin . At the election, Fianna Fáil received 17% of the vote and their seats collapsed from 71 outgoing to a record low of 20. The Fine Gael and Labour opposition secured record seat gains but no overall majority and formed a coalition government. Ireland officially declared it

5762-512: The region experiences a maritime temperate oceanic climate with cold winters, mild humid summers, and a lack of temperature extremes. Met Éireann has several monitoring stations across the region which record climate data. Summer daytime temperatures range between 15 and 22 °C (59 and 72 °F), with temperatures rarely going beyond 25 °C (77 °F). While the region generally experiences mild winters, upland areas, particularly in Donegal, typically receive snowfall each year. Humidity

5848-543: The region has increased rapidly in recent years, primarily driven by the emergence of Privately owned forests . This is especially evident in County Leitrim, which is now Ireland's most forested county at 18.9% forest cover, having overtaken County Wicklow , and up from just 12.9% in 2006. Unlike neighboring Donegal, where two-thirds of the county's forests are state-owned, over 50% of Leitrim's forests are under private ownership. Under Köppen climate classification ,

5934-532: The region produces €396.2 million per year; however, government subsidies account for 68.1% of this income. Approximately 65% of all commercial fish landings in Ireland take place in Donegal. A study by the European Committee of the Regions found that Ireland's border counties were the most exposed in Europe to the economic effects of Brexit . Cross-border trade between Northern Ireland and the Republic

6020-442: The region. According to 2016 CSO data on Gross value added by region, Services account for 64.1% of the regional economy, followed by Manufacturing and Construction at 32.8% and Agriculture at 3%. Tourism to the Border Region, while continuing to grow in significance, is hindered by poor infrastructure. The region is largely rural, characterized by typically much smaller farms than seen in the Mid-East or Mid-West . Agriculture in

6106-440: The regulations. The current NUTS classification, dated 21 November 2016 and effective from 1 January 2018 (now updated to current members as of 2020 ), lists 92 regions at NUTS 1 , 244 regions at NUTS 2, 1215 regions at NUTS 3 level, and 99,387 local administrative units (LAUs). Not all countries have every level of division, depending on their size. For example, Luxembourg and Cyprus only have local administrative units (LAUs);

6192-417: The rest of Ireland, the Border Region has a steadily increasing population, although it remains on average the slowest growing region in the country. The region's population growth is split along east–west lines, owing to the more easterly border counties' proximity to Dublin. Cavan is one of Ireland's fastest growing counties, having registered a 4% population increase between 2011 and 2016. In contrast, Donegal

6278-676: The revolting students and a banner with the slogan "SAVE THE GRANT" was erected at Lawlor's entrance. The closure of the Accident & Emergency Department at Roscommon hospital led to continued protests by the Roscommon Hospital Action Committee . Occupy Dame Street began on 8 October 2011, a Saturday afternoon. On 26 November 2011, thousands of people marched against austerity in Dublin. On 1 December 2011, Roscrea District Court solicitors staged

6364-552: The then Taoiseach Brian Cowen confirmed that Ireland had formally requested financial support from the European Union 's European Financial Stability Facility (EFSF) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), a request which was welcomed by the European Central Bank and EU finance ministers. The request was approved in principle by the finance ministers of the eurozone countries in

6450-429: The threatened return of university fees. A series of demonstrations ensued amongst teachers and farmers, whilst on 22 October 2008, at least 25,000 pensioners and students descended in solidarity on the Irish parliament at Leinster House , Kildare Street , Dublin . Some of the pensioners were even seen to cheer on the students as the protests passed each other on the streets of Dublin. Changes to education led to

6536-477: The three NUTS divisions each correspond to the entire country itself. Metropolitan Cities i: ∪ of counties ; or ii: individual counties ; or iii: ∪ of districts in Greater London . [ ∪ ] NUTS regions are generally based on existing national administrative subdivisions. In countries where only one or two regional subdivisions exist, or where the population of existing subdivisions

6622-559: The unemployment rate rose from 6.5% in July 2008 to 14.8% in July 2012. The slumping economy drew 100,000 demonstrators onto the streets of Dublin on 21 February 2009, amid further talk of protests and industrial action . With the banks "guaranteed", and the National Asset Management Agency (NAMA) established on the evening of 21 November 2010, then Taoiseach Brian Cowen confirmed on live television that

6708-453: The vote in the June 2009 local elections and continued to languish as the crisis intensified during the remainder of the year, reaching a new low of 17% support in September 2009. During the 2009/2010 period opposition calls for an early election intensified and some of their own TDs resigned from the party supporting the calls and reducing the Government majority to single digits. The Government

6794-452: The year went on students became increasingly concerned about the honesty and integrity of the pledge signed by Ruairi Quinn before the election that the Labour Party would oppose increased tuition fees. On 16 November 2011, thousands of students, their parents and families, descended on Dublin from around the country and marched on Government Buildings amid concerns about the reintroduction of third-level fees. A small group also engaged in

6880-444: Was amongst those who occupied the visitors' gallery. A meeting held the following day did little to resolve the conflict, with the sit-in continuing for almost two months until 22 March. On 18 February 2009, 13,000 civil servants voted for industrial action over a proposed pension levy. They effected this action on 26 February. Days earlier, as many as 120,000 people, had protested on the streets of Dublin on 21 February. This

6966-568: Was exposed to the Irish property bubble. A hidden loans controversy in December 2008 led to a further drop in its share price. The ISEQ dropped to a 14-year low on 24 September 2009, probably triggered by the unexpected resignation of former Anglo Irish Bank director Anne Heraty from the board of the Irish Stock Exchange the night before. Due to the ending of the bubble, the residential and commercial property markets went into

7052-453: Was followed by a further march through the capital by gardaí on 25 February and a lunch-time protest by 10,000 civil servants on 19 March 2009. This was followed by two separate taxi drivers' protests in Dublin on 20 March 2009. Labour leader Eamon Gilmore said at the time that a national strike would serve the country no good. In April 2009, the government proposed a National Asset Management Agency (NAMA) to take over large loans from

7138-427: Was in a recession in September 2008. Before this declaration, the Irish government announced, on 3 September 2008, that it would bring forward the 2009 government budget from its usual December date to 14 October 2008. In a statement, the government claimed that this was largely due to a decrease in the global economy. The budget, labelled "the toughest in many years", included a number of controversial measures such as

7224-500: Was the main rail line operating in part of the region, before shutting down in 1957. The Donegal Railway Company , and after that the County Donegal Railways Joint Committee , managed the extensive rail networks that were built throughout Donegal in late 19th and early 20th centuries. Since its closure in 1960, Donegal has had no operational railways. Similarly, Monaghan is the only other county in

7310-590: Was transferred to the Mid-East Region , reducing the number of Border Region counties from 6 to 5. Due to its position along the Dublin–Belfast corridor and strong economic ties with the Greater Dublin Area , Louth was removed from the Border Region despite sharing a border with Northern Ireland . These changes had a number of implications. County Louth represented 24.6% of the population of

7396-466: Was urged by the courts to hold a long-delayed Donegal South by-election. By December 2010, following the IMF intervention, their support reached a further record low of 13% and their coalition partners, the Green Party, announced that they would withdraw support from Government in January 2011 once the 2011 budget had been passed. The Government announced that an election would take place in Spring 2011 but

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