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62-653: Batavia Castle was also the residence of the Governor General , the highest VOC official in the Dutch East Indies who chaired the Council of the Indies , the executive committee that made decisions in the Dutch East Indies. Batavia Castle was demolished in 1809 by Governor General Herman Willem Daendels . Originally, Batavia Castle was a small fortress which was developed into a castle since 1620, when

124-593: A governor-general . From 1910 to 1945, Japanese-administered Korea had a governor-general . From 1905 to 1910, Japan had a resident-general in Korea . From 1610 to 1942 the Dutch appointed a gouverneur-generaal ("governor-general") to govern the Netherlands East Indies , now Indonesia . Between the capitulation of the Dutch East Indies in 1942 and the formal end of colonial rule over Indonesia by

186-585: A VOC loji (trading post). The request was granted by Prince Jayawikarta, ruler of Jayakarta, with a large amount of money (1200 riyals). This land is located on the east bank of the Ciliwung River, near the Chinatown area. In 1612, the Dutch built a lodge (building), huis (house), and factorij (factory) on this land; collectively known as the Nassau Huis . This agreement was maintained during

248-497: A constitutional crisis), the governor-general usually acts in accordance with constitutional convention and upon the advice of the national prime minister (who is head of the nation's government). The governors-general are still the local representatives of the sovereign and perform the same duties as they carried out historically, though their role is for the most part ceremonial (or partly ceremonial). Rare and controversial exceptions occurred in 1926, when Canadian governor general

310-406: A few). It should be remembered that while governors-general do not normally take drastic action, he or she still has a responsibility to ensure that the constitution is respected and followed at all times. In many ways, the governor-general acts as an umpire/mediator (who must remain independent/non-partisan and objective) in the political scene. In some realms, the monarch could in principle overrule

372-415: A governor-general, as governors-general are representatives of the monarch rather than holding power in their own right, but this has not happened in recent times. In Australia, the present king is generally assumed to be the head of state, since the governor-general and the state governors are defined as his "representatives". However, since the governor-general performs almost all national regal functions,

434-604: A governor-general. In Brazil , after a few governors, from 1578 until its promotion in 1763 to a viceroyalty (though various members of the nobility since 1640 had assumed, without sovereign authority, the title of Viceroy). The equivalent term in French is gouverneur général , used in the following colonies: Furthermore, in Napoleonic Europe successive French governors-general were appointed by Napoleon I in: From 1895 to 1945, Japanese-administered Taiwan had

496-583: A monarchy or republic, such as Japan in Korea and Taiwan and France in Indochina . In modern usage, in the context of governors-general and former British colonies, the term governor-general originated in those British colonies that became self-governing within the British Empire . Before World War I, the title was used only in federated colonies in which its constituents had had governors prior to federating, namely Canada , Australia , and

558-435: Is a combination of two or more monarchical states that have the same monarch while their boundaries, laws, and interests remain distinct. A real union , by contrast, involves the constituent states being to some extent interlinked, such as by sharing some limited governmental institutions. Unlike a personal union, in a federation or a unitary state , a central (federal) government spanning all member states exists, with

620-915: Is an essential consequence of the equality of status existing among the members of the British Commonwealth of Nations that the Governor General of a Dominion is the representative of the Crown, holding in all essential respects the same position in relation to the administration of public affairs in the Dominion as is held by His Majesty the King in Great Britain, and that he is not the representative or agent of His Majesty's Government in Great Britain or of any Department of that Government." These concepts were entrenched in legislation with

682-432: Is the title of an office-holder. In the context of governors-general and former British colonies, governors-general are appointed as viceroy to represent the monarch of a personal union in any sovereign state over which the monarch does not normally reign in person (non-UK Commonwealth realm ). Governors-general have also previously been appointed in respect of major colonial states or other territories held by either

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744-540: Is usually called Government House. The governor-general of the Irish Free State resided in the then Viceregal Lodge in Phoenix Park , Dublin , but the government of Éamon de Valera sought to downgrade the office and the last governor-general, Domhnall Ua Buachalla , did not reside there. The office was abolished there in 1936. In most Commonwealth realms, the flag of the governor-general has been

806-645: The Imperial Conference , and subsequent issuing of the Balfour Declaration in 1926, the role and responsibilities of the governor-general began to shift, reflecting the increased independence of the Dominions (which were in 1952 renamed realms ; a term which includes the UK itself). As the sovereign came to be regarded as monarch of each territory independently, and, as such, advised only by

868-654: The Spanish East Indies had a governor-general , which was under the Viceroy of New Spain based in Mexico . After the successful Mexican War of Independence in 1821, the governor-general reported directly to Spain . From 1899 to 1935 under initial military rule then Insular Government , the Philippines was administered by a series of governors-general , first military and then civilian, appointed by

930-454: The Union of South Africa . In these cases, the Crown's representative in the federated Dominion was given the superior title of governor-general . The first exception to this rule was New Zealand, which was granted Dominion status in 1907, but it was not until 28 June 1917 that Arthur Foljambe, 2nd Earl of Liverpool , was appointed the first governor-general of New Zealand . Since the 1950s,

992-761: The War of the Spanish Succession was the fear that the succession to the Spanish throne dictated by Spanish law, which would devolve on Louis, le Grand Dauphin — already heir to the throne of France — would create a personal union that would upset the European balance of power ; France had the most powerful military in Europe at the time, and Spain the largest empire. Before 1707, see England and Scotland . After 1801, see United Kingdom below. In 1826,

1054-605: The co-princes of Andorra being the President of France . King Chungseon reigned as King of Goryeo in 1298 and 1308–1313 and as King of Shenyang or King of Shen from 1307 (according to the History of Yuan ) or 1308 (according to Goryeosa ) to 1316. At that time, Goryeo had already become a vassal of Mongol Empire and Mongol imperial family and the Goryeo royal family had close relationship by marriages of convenience. Because he

1116-427: The colonial secretary on the exercise of some of his functions and duties, such as the use or withholding of royal assent from legislation; history shows many examples of governors-general using their prerogative and executive powers. The monarch or imperial government could overrule any governor-general, though this could often be cumbersome, due to the remoteness of the territories from London. The governor-general

1178-536: The federal government of the United States . The equivalent word in Portuguese is governador-geral . This title was only used for the governors of the major colonies, indicating that they had, under their authority, several subordinate governors. In most of the colonies, lower titles, mainly governador (governor) or formerly captain-major ( capitão-mor ), prevailed The Balkan Wars of 1912–13 led to

1240-500: The minister of the interior . Until the 1920s, governors-general were British subjects, appointed on the advice of the British government, who acted as agents of the British government in each Dominion, as well as being representatives of the monarch. As such they notionally held the prerogative powers of the monarch, and also held the executive power of the country to which they were assigned. The governor-general could be instructed by

1302-637: The Association of Indonesian Archaeologists of Greater Jakarta (IAAI). The excavation succeeded in discovering the floor of the Batavia Castle shaft which was made of bricks. The floor of the castle shaft was found at 2 meters depth from the current ground level. 6°7′39″S 106°48′41″E  /  6.12750°S 106.81139°E  / -6.12750; 106.81139 Governor-general Governor-general (plural governors-general ), or governor general (plural governors general ),

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1364-530: The Commonwealth in the late 1920s, in 1929, the Australian prime minister James Scullin established the right of a Dominion prime minister to advise the monarch directly on the appointment of a governor-general, by insisting that his choice ( Isaac Isaacs , an Australian) prevail over the recommendation of the British government. The convention was gradually established throughout the Commonwealth that

1426-464: The Dutch in 1949, no governor-general was appointed. While in the Caribbean, various other titles were used, Curaçao had three governors-general between 1816 and 1820: The Philippines from the 16th through the 20th century had a series of governors-general during the Spanish and American colonial periods, as well as the brief Japanese occupation during World War II . Beginning 21 November 1564,

1488-700: The Greek acquisition of the so-called "New Lands" ( Epirus , Macedonia , Crete and the islands of the eastern Aegean), almost doubling the country's territory. Instead of fully incorporating these new lands into Greece by dividing them into prefectures , the Ottoman administrative system continued in existence for a while, and Law ΔΡΛΔ΄ of 1913 established five governorates-general (Γενικαὶ Διοικήσεις, sing. Γενική Διοίκησις): Epirus, Macedonia, Crete, Aegean and Samos – Ikaria . The governors-general had wide-ranging authority in their territories, and were almost autonomous of

1550-800: The House of Oldenburg (the ruling House in Denmark and Schleswig-Holstein). Besides the "main" Duchy of Schleswig-Holstein-Glückstadt, ruled by the Kings of Denmark, there were states encompassing territory in both Duchies. Notably the Dukes of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp and the subordinate Dukes of Schleswig-Holstein-Beck, Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg and Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg. The duchies of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt and Schwarzburg-Sondershausen were in personal union from 1909, when Prince Günther of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt succeeded also to

1612-744: The Mongol Empire made Chungseon abdicate the crown of Shen in favour of Wang Ko , one of his nephews, resulting in him becoming the new King of Shen. Due to Andorra's special government form resulting from the Paréage of 1278 , it is a diarchy with co-princes . One of them is the Bishop of Urgell , the other was originally the Count of Foix . It is through this feudal co-prince that the Principality has entered partial personal union with: In 1607

1674-643: The VOC succeeded in occupying Jayakarta. In 1629, the small fort was enlarged and strengthened to serve as a defense for the city of Batavia from the siege of the troops of the Mataram Sultanate . Pieter Both , the first elected Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies appointed Captain Jacques l'Hermite to purchase 2,500 square vadem (10,000 square yards) of land in Jayakarta in order to setting up

1736-541: The Viscount Byng of Vimy refused Prime Minister Mackenzie King's request for a dissolution of parliament; in 1953 and 1954 when the governor-general of Pakistan, Ghulam Mohammad , staged a constitutional coup against the prime minister and then the Constituent Assembly; and in 1975, when the governor-general of Australia, Sir John Kerr , dismissed the prime minister , Gough Whitlam (to name

1798-747: The castle were used for the construction of the Daendels' Palace in Weltevreden. After the Batavia Castle was dismantled in 1809, a passage connecting the central area of Batavia (now the Kota Tua area) with Sunda Kelapa Harbor was built. The street was named "Kasteelweg" which means "Castle Street". The name Kasteelweg was changed into "Jalan Tongkol" (Cob Street) in 1950. Before 1874, all 4 bastions of Batavia Castle were remained intact until they completely vanished from 1874 onwards. The remains of Batavia Castle were excavated in 1940. At that time,

1860-717: The clergy, philanthropists, or figures from the news media to the office. Traditionally, the governor-general's official attire was a unique uniform, but this practice has been abandoned except on occasions when it is appropriate to be worn (and in some countries abandoned altogether). In South Africa, the governor-general of the Union of South Africa nominated by the Afrikaner Nationalist government chose not to wear uniform on any occasion. Most governors-general continue to wear appropriate medals on their clothing when required. The governor-general's official residence

1922-548: The construction, archaeological excavation was also conducted in order to searching evidence of the existence of Batavia Castle. The archaeological excavation must be conducted as input for the layout of the second phase of the construction of the flat. The archaeological excavation was carried out owing to the cooperation of the DKI Jakarta Provincial Government Cultural Heritage Conservation Center and

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1984-403: The degree of self-governance distinguishing the two. The ruler in a personal union does not need to be a hereditary monarch. The term was coined by German jurist Johann Stephan Pütter , introducing it into Elementa iuris publici germanici (Elements of German Public Law) of 1760. Personal unions can arise for several reasons, such as: They can also be codified (i.e., the constitutions of

2046-610: The enactment of the Statute of Westminster in 1931, and governmental relations with the United Kingdom were placed in the hands of a British High Commissioner in each country. In other words, the political reality of a self-governing Dominion within the British Empire with a governor-general answerable to the sovereign became clear. British interference in the Dominion was not acceptable and independent country status

2108-588: The feudal co-prince was Henry IV of France , who issued an edict that his position should be held by the French Head of State. While during the French Revolution , the new government did not take up the title, all versions of France since 1806 regardless of their government form have accepted that their head of state is an ex officio co-prince. This led to personal unions with: : After 1707, see Great Britain below. Note: The point at issue in

2170-541: The first realms established with a patriated constitution, India and Pakistan , were established, was always law, and no government of any realm can advise the Monarch on any matter pertaining to another realm, including the appointment of a governor-general. The monarch appoints a governor-general (in Canada: governor general ) as a personal representative only on the advice of the prime minister of each realm; for example,

2232-486: The first three of which were then grouped anew into a new Governorate-General of Macedonia, albeit still subject to the Governorate-General of Northern Greece. This awkward arrangement lasted until 1950, when the administration of Macedonia was streamlined, the junior governorates abolished and only the Governorate-General of Northern Greece retained. Finally, in 1955, the Governorate-General of Northern Greece

2294-480: The flag was replaced in 2008 with the shield of the coat of arms of New Zealand surmounted by a crown on a blue field. Governors-general are accorded the style of His/Her Excellency . This style is also extended to their spouses, whether male or female. Until the 1920s, governors general were British, and appointed on the advice of the British Government. Following the changes to the structure of

2356-542: The government in Athens. Law 524 in 1914 abolished the governorates-general and divided the New Lands into regular prefectures, but in 1918 Law 1149 re-instated them as a superordinate administrative level above the prefectures, with Macedonia now divided in two governorates-general, those of Thessaloniki and Kozani – Florina . The governors-general of Thessaloniki, Crete and Epirus were also given ministerial rank. To these

2418-408: The governor-general acts as the monarch's representative, performing the ceremonial and constitutional functions of a head of state . The only other nation which currently uses the governor-general designation is Iran , which has no connection with any monarchy or the Commonwealth. In Iran, the provincial authority is headed by a governor general ( Persian : استاندار ostāndār ), who is appointed by

2480-554: The governor-general has occasionally been referred to as the head of state in political and media discussion. To a lesser extent, uncertainty has been expressed in Canada as to which officeholder—the monarch, the governor-general, or both—can be considered the head of state. A governor-general is usually a person with a distinguished record of public service, often a retired politician, judge or military commander; however, some countries have also appointed prominent academics, members of

2542-442: The governor-general is constitutionally the representative of the monarch in his or her state and may exercise the reserve powers of the monarch according to their own constitutional authority. The governor-general, however, is still appointed by the monarch and takes an oath of allegiance to the monarch in right of his or her own country. Executive authority is also vested in the monarch, though much of it can be exercisable only by

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2604-636: The governor-general of New Zealand is appointed by the king of New Zealand on the advice of the New Zealand prime minister, the governor-general of Tuvalu is appointed by the king of Tuvalu on the advice of the Tuvaluan prime minister, and the governor-general of Jamaica is appointed by the king of Jamaica on the advice of the Jamaican prime minister. In Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands,

2666-425: The governor-general on behalf of the sovereign of the independent realm. Letters of credence or letters of recall are in some realms received or issued in the name of the monarch, but in others (such as Canada and Australia) are issued in the name of the governor-general alone. At diplomatic functions where the governor-general is present, the visiting diplomat or head of state toasts "The King" or "The Queen" of

2728-702: The governor-general with the power to assent or to withhold assent to laws, while Papua New Guinea has no requirement for royal assent at all, with laws entering into force when certified as having been passed in Parliament by the Speaker. Different realms have different constitutional arrangements governing who acts in place of the governor-general in the event of his or her death, resignation, or incapacity. The title has been used in many former British colonies or other territories, which became independent realms and then later became republics. Each of these realms had

2790-403: The governor-general would be a citizen of the country concerned, and would be appointed on the advice of the government of that country, with no input from the British government; governor general of Canada since 1952 and governor-general of New Zealand since 1967. Since 1931 as each former Dominion has patriated its constitution from the UK, the convention has become law, or, since 1947, when

2852-469: The ministers of each country in regard to that country's national affairs (as opposed to a single British monarch ruling all the Dominions as a conglomerate and advised only by an imperial parliament), so too did the governor-general become a direct representative of the national monarch only, who no longer answered to the British government. The report resulting from the 1926 Imperial Conference stated: "It

2914-607: The monarch's commission, previously issued also under the Great Seal of Australia. The practice in Canada is to include in the governor general's proclamation of appointment, issued under the Great Seal of Canada , the monarch's commission naming the governor general as commander-in-chief of the Canadian Forces . Also dissimilar among the realms are the powers of governors-general. The Belizean constitution provides

2976-462: The newly created Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha was initially a double duchy, ruled by Duke Ernest I in a personal union. In 1852, the duchies were bound in a political and real union. They were then a quasi-federal unitary state, even though later attempts to merge the duchies failed. The duchies of Saxe-Weimar and Saxe-Eisenach were in personal union from 1741, when the ruling house of Saxe-Eisenach died out, until 1809, when they were merged into

3038-495: The next decade, however, in a see-saw of legislative measures that in turn gave and took away authority, they gradually lost most of their powers in favour of the prefectures and the central government in Athens. Following liberation from the Axis occupation , in 1945 the Governorate-General of Northern Greece was established, initially with subordinate governorates for West Macedonia , Central Macedonia , East Macedonia, and Thrace ,

3100-526: The part that was found was the landpoort (the door that facing the mainland (southern part of the castle)). The former area of Batavia Castle is now vacant, and owned by the Provincial Government of DKI Jakarta . The southern moat of Batavia Castle is now a residential area, shops, and various types of businesses such as tarpaulins. A flats construction is currently taking place on the area where Batavia Castle once stood. Simultaneously with

3162-400: The prime minister's advice is based on the result of a vote in the national parliament. The formalities for appointing governors-general are not the same in all realms. For example: When appointed, a governor-general of Australia issues a proclamation in his own name, countersigned by the head of government and under the Great Seal of Australia, formally announcing that he has been appointed by

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3224-461: The reigns of Governor General Gerard Reynst and then Laurens Reael . Batavia Castle was surrounded by a moat that surrounds all parts of the fort. Batavia Castle was demolished in 1809 by Herman Willem Daendels since building materials were needed for the construction of a new urban area in Weltevreden (now covering the area of Gambir District , Central Jakarta ). The remaining stones of

3286-469: The relevant realm, not the governor-general, with any reference to the governor-general being subsidiary in later toasts if featuring at all, and will involve a toast to the governor-general by name, not office. (e.g., "Mrs. Smith", not "Her Excellency, the Governor-General". Sometimes a toast might be made using name and office, e.g., "Governor-General Smith".) Except in rare cases (for example,

3348-628: The single duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach . Duchies with peculiar rules for succession . See the Schleswig-Holstein Question . The kings of Denmark at the same time being dukes of Schleswig and Holstein 1460–1864. (Holstein being part of the Holy Roman Empire , while Schleswig was a part of Denmark). The situation was complicated by the fact that for some time, the Duchies were divided among collateral branches of

3410-523: The standard pattern of a blue field with the royal crest (a lion standing on a crown) above a scroll with the name of the jurisdiction. In Canada , however, this was replaced with a crowned lion clasping a maple leaf. In the Solomon Islands , the scroll was replaced with a two-headed frigate bird motif, while in Fiji , the former governor general's flag featured a whale 's tooth. In New Zealand,

3472-476: The states clearly express that they shall share the same person as head of state) or non-codified, in which case they can easily be broken (e.g., by the death of the monarch when the two states have different succession laws ). The concept of a personal union has only very rarely crossed over from monarchies into republics . There are currently two personal unions in the world: the 15 Commonwealth realms , who share Charles III as their head of state, and one of

3534-447: The title governor-general has been given to all representatives of the sovereign in independent non-UK Commonwealth realms . In these cases, the former office of colonial governor was altered (sometimes for the same incumbent) to become governor-general upon independence, as the nature of the office became an entirely independent constitutional representative of the monarch rather than a symbol of previous colonial rule. In these countries

3596-424: Was a very powerful man during Külüg Khan 's reign, he could become the King of Shenyang where many Korean people lived in Liaodong . However, he lost his power in the Mongol imperial court after the death of the Külüg Khan. Because the Mongol Empire made Chungseon abdicate the crown of the Goryeo in 1313, the personal union was ended. King Chungsuk , Chungseon's eldest son, became the new King of Goryeo. In 1316,

3658-608: Was added the Governorate-General of Thrace in 1920–22, comprising Western Thrace and Eastern Thrace (returned to Turkey in the Armistice of Mudanya in 1922). The extensive but hitherto legally rather undefined powers of the governors-general created friction and confusion with other government branches, until their remit was exactly delineated in 1925. The governorates-general, except for that of Thessaloniki, were abolished in 1928, but re-established in December 1929—for Crete, Epirus, Thrace, and Macedonia—and delegated practically all ministerial authorities for their respective areas. Over

3720-419: Was also usually the commander-in-chief of the armed forces in his or her territory and, because of the governor-general's control of the military, the post was as much a military appointment as a civil one. The governors-general are entitled to wear a unique uniform, which is not generally worn today. If of the rank of major general, equivalent or above, they were entitled to wear that military uniform. Following

3782-450: Was clearly displayed. Canada, Australia, and New Zealand were clearly not controlled by the United Kingdom. The monarch of these countries ( Charles III ) is in law King of Canada , King of Australia , and King of New Zealand and only acts on the advice of the ministers in each country and is ostensibly in no way influenced by the British government. Today, therefore, in former British colonies that are now independent Commonwealth realms ,

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3844-533: Was transformed into the Ministry of Northern Greece , and all other governorates-general elsewhere in Greece were abolished. From 1636 to 1815, the king of Sweden typically appointed the governors-general of Sweden for the Swedish Dominions on the eastern side of the Baltic Sea and in northern Germany, but occasionally also for Scania . [REDACTED] Media related to Governors-General at Wikimedia Commons Personal union Philosophers Works List of forms of government A personal union

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