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129-577: The ride was originally known as Shockwave at Six Flags Magic Mountain . It was a prototype stand-up coaster that was purchased from the Intamin testing facility in Switzerland . Over fifty trucks delivered the 771,618 lb (350,000 kg) ride to Los Angeles in 40-foot (12 m) long containers. Shockwave officially opened to the public on May 16, 1986. The coaster was a very popular attraction at Magic Mountain regardless of its roughness due to

258-549: A Bolliger & Mabillard inverted looping roller coaster called Batman: The Ride (more Six Flags parks also added the ride in the coming years). Batman: The Ride (BTR) is an inverted coaster, meaning the usual coaster protocol is reversed: the track is overhead and the cars are below it. The trains travel on the outside of the loops, and rider's legs hang freely, as on a ski lift. A separately gated waterpark called Six Flags Hurricane Harbor opened on June 16, 1995. The 22-acre (8.9 ha) park included body slides, tube slides,

387-605: A gross metropolitan product of over $ 1.0 trillion, making it the city with the third-largest GDP in the world, after New York and Tokyo . Los Angeles hosted the Summer Olympics in 1932 and 1984 , and will also host in 2028 . Despite a business exodus from Downtown Los Angeles since the COVID-19 pandemic , the city's urban core is evolving as a cultural center with the world's largest showcase of architecture designed by Frank Gehry . On September 4, 1781,

516-414: A Bolliger & Mabillard flying roller coaster , was added, causing a temporary closure of Revolution and Roaring Rapids to allow construction to take place. It was much larger than the other three Bolliger & Mabillard Flying Coasters at other Six Flags parks, all named Superman: Ultimate Flight . Tatsu has a suspended-track orientation featuring vehicles that recline passengers with their backs against

645-403: A building, had already operated at Six Flags Great America and Six Flags Over Georgia prior to its arrival. Very steep, short drops were designed to make riders feel like they were "diving" down in a plane, and it ended in a 540-degree upward spiral. But, because of the shoulder harnesses, riders were subjected to a lot of head banging. This coaster rarely ran by 1996 and couldn't operate during

774-419: A complete circuit could be made around the park. It was originally designed as a dual-sided station, but only one was fully developed, and all that exists of the possible second side is a few supports. It uses large pumps to circulate water, and each of the two pumps can circulate 88,500 U.S. gallons per minute (5.58 m /s). The reservoir can hold 1.5 million U.S. gallons (5.7 Ml) of water, and one of

903-538: A diverse economy with a broad range of industries. Despite a steep exodus of film and television production since the COVID-19 pandemic , Los Angeles is still one of the largest hubs of American film production , the world's largest by revenue; the city is an important site in the history of film . It also has one of the busiest container ports in the Americas. In 2018, the Los Angeles metropolitan area had

1032-614: A group of 44 settlers known as " Los Pobladores " founded the pueblo (town) they called El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora la Reina de los Ángeles , 'The Town of Our Lady the Queen of the Angels';. The original name of the settlement is disputed; the Guinness Book of World Records rendered it as "El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora la Reina de los Ángeles del Río Porciúncula "; other sources have shortened or alternate versions of

1161-412: A height of 172 feet (52 m) and speeds up to 75 miles per hour (121 km/h). On August 29, 2018, the park announced the brand new racing launch coaster West Coast Racers from Premier Rides and a revamp of the old Cyclone Bay area into a high-energy, urban Los Angeles . The ride itself is dubbed the first launched racing coaster in the world and the first quadruple-launched coaster, even though

1290-422: A kiddie water play area, a lazy river, and a wave pool. The following year, a SkyCoaster called Dive Devil opened at Magic Mountain. A dual launch coaster called Superman: The Escape debuted at the park on March 15, 1997. Designed by Intamin , the 30-second ride launches riders from 0 to 100 mph (160 km/h) in seven seconds on a track that scales up a 41-story tower. It was the first roller coaster in

1419-433: A new attraction for the 2012 season named Lex Luthor: Drop of Doom . The free-fall drop attraction was integrated into both sides of the park's 415 feet (126 m) tall Superman: Escape from Krypton tower structure and ranks as the world's tallest drop tower, featuring a plummet from 400 feet (120 m) above ground level. The following day, Six Flags Magic Mountain confirmed on Facebook that Déjà Vu would be removed from

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1548-470: A new paint job, and special effects that included pyrotechnics and audio. It reopened on May 24, 2008. In the same year, the park began work on the "Magic of the Mountain" museum at the top of its Sky Tower attraction that contained memorabilia from throughout the park's history including old television commercials, park maps, models, and equipment saved from defunct rides. Terminator Salvation: The Ride ,

1677-454: A new roller coaster for its 2010 season, and would add a new themed area for children in 2011 called Wiggles World . Shapiro also stated that the adjacent Hurricane Harbor would receive an expansion. On May 29, 2010, Mr. Six's Dance Coaster was scheduled to open but was delayed until 2011 when it would open under a new theme. On the same day, Mr. Six's Splash Island opened at the adjacent Hurricane Harbor water park. On August 3, 2010, it

1806-423: A new roller coaster, Full Throttle , would open the following season. Full Throttle opened as the park's 18th roller coaster, allowing Six Flags Magic Mountain to market having the most roller coasters in the world once again. The ride was built to feature the world's tallest vertical loop on a roller coaster at 160 feet (49 m). In addition, Full Throttle set a record for being the first roller coaster to feature

1935-466: A partnership to build a 200-acre theme park. Construction began in November 1969 and continued until May 1971. When the park opened, there were 500 employees and 33 attractions, many of which were designed and built by Arrow Development , which had previously worked on attractions at Disneyland . The admission price in 1971 was $ 5 for adults, and $ 3.50 for children between the ages of 3 and 12. Because

2064-425: A profit; the other, according to an analysis of contemporary newspaper reports, was the 1932 Summer Olympics , also held in Los Angeles. Racial tensions erupted on April 29, 1992, with the acquittal by a Simi Valley jury of four Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) officers captured on videotape beating Rodney King , culminating in large-scale riots . In 1994, the magnitude 6.7 Northridge earthquake shook

2193-622: A series of battles, culminating with the signing of the Treaty of Cahuenga on January 13, 1847. The Mexican Cession was formalized in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848, which ceded Los Angeles and the rest of Alta California to the United States. Railroads arrived with the completion of the transcontinental Southern Pacific line from New Orleans to Los Angeles in 1876 and the Santa Fe Railroad in 1885. Petroleum

2322-507: A single type, where industrial uses were prohibited. The proscriptions included barns, lumber yards, and any industrial land use employing machine-powered equipment. These laws were enforced against industrial properties after the fact. These prohibitions were in addition to existing activities that were already regulated as nuisances. These included explosives warehousing, gas works, oil drilling, slaughterhouses, and tanneries . Los Angeles City Council also designated seven industrial zones within

2451-424: A track section with rails on both sides of the spine. This occurs at the top of the ride's massive inversion. On August 29, 2013, Six Flags Magic Mountain officially announced that they would run both Batman: The Ride and Colossus backwards for a limited time of the 2014 season. They will also expand Bugs Bunny World with the addition of a new roller coaster. On April 8, 2014, Six Flags Magic Mountain announced that

2580-607: A trend in California to give places Spanish, or Spanish-sounding, names and pronunciations. In 1908, librarian Charles Fletcher Lummis , who argued for the name's pronunciation with a hard g ( / ɡ / ), reported that there were at least 12 pronunciation variants. In the early 1900s, the Los Angeles Times advocated for pronouncing it Loce AHNG-hayl-ais ( / l oʊ s ˈ ɑː ŋ h eɪ l eɪ s / ), approximating Spanish [los ˈaŋxeles] , by printing

2709-669: A wooden coaster modeled after the Coney Island Cyclone . The Spillikin Corners area of the park was rethemed as Cyclone Bay to suit the new coaster, drawing guests into this area. The change was largely cosmetic, as the earlier theme relied on retail establishments that had been removed previously. The Shooting Gallery had replaced the Glass Blower, and the Candy Kitchen viewing area was redesigned. With Psyclone,

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2838-433: A wooden roller coaster, opened on May 23, 2009. It was built in the former location of Psyclone and featured tunnels, spraying mist, and special effects. On January 9, 2011, the ride was renamed Apocalypse and given an appropriate theme that reflects an "end of the world" scenario. Later that year, Six Flags President and CEO Mark Shapiro said in a Los Angeles Times published interview that Magic Mountain had plans to install

2967-438: Is Mount San Antonio , locally known as Mount Baldy, which reaches 10,064 feet (3,068 m). Further afield, the highest point in southern California is San Gorgonio Mountain , 81 miles (130 km) east of downtown Los Angeles, with a height of 11,503 feet (3,506 m). The Los Angeles River , which is largely seasonal, is the primary drainage channel . It was straightened and lined in 51 miles (82 km) of concrete by

3096-722: Is a common problem in this population. Although Serieys et al. 2014 find selection of immune genetics at several loci they do not demonstrate that this produces a real difference which helps the bobcats to survive future mange outbreaks . Los Angeles is subject to earthquakes because of its location on the Pacific Ring of Fire . The geologic instability has produced numerous faults , which cause approximately 10,000 earthquakes annually in Southern California, though most of them are too small to be felt. The strike-slip San Andreas Fault system, which sits at

3225-597: Is an I-Box Raptor coaster built by Rocky Mountain Construction. Los Angeles Los Angeles , often referred to by its initials L.A. , is the most populous city in the U.S. state of California . With an estimated 3,820,914 residents within the city limits as of 2023 , it is the second-most populous city in the United States, behind only New York City ; it is also the commercial, financial and cultural center of Southern California . Los Angeles has an ethnically and culturally diverse population, and

3354-452: Is complicated by rugged terrain, which has necessitated having different grids for each of the valleys that Los Angeles covers. Major streets are designed to move large volumes of traffic through many parts of the city, many of which are extremely long; Sepulveda Boulevard is 43 miles (69 km) long, while Foothill Boulevard is over 60 miles (97 km) long, reaching as far east as San Bernardino. Drivers in Los Angeles suffer from one of

3483-437: Is divided into many different districts and neighborhoods, some of which had been separately incorporated cities that eventually merged with Los Angeles. These neighborhoods were developed piecemeal, and are well-defined enough that the city has signage which marks nearly all of them. The city's street patterns generally follow a grid plan , with uniform block lengths and occasional roads that cut across blocks. However, this

3612-502: Is expected to continue to drop in the coming years because of aggressive steps to reduce it, which include electric and hybrid cars, improvements in mass transit , and other measures. The number of Stage 1 smog alerts in Los Angeles has declined from over 100 per year in the 1970s to almost zero in the new millennium. Despite improvement, the 2006 and 2007 annual reports of the American Lung Association ranked

3741-510: Is nearly identical to the six other installations located at Six Flags parks around North America. The ride opened on July 12, 2017, and is located in the Metropolis section near The Riddler's Revenge. On August 29, 2017, Six Flags announced the addition of a Zamperla Giga Discovery flat ride to be built in a newly renovated Boardwalk Beach area near DC Universe . Marketed as "the world's tallest pendulum ride", CraZanity takes riders to

3870-488: Is rich in native plant species partly because of its diversity of habitats, including beaches, wetlands , and mountains. The most prevalent plant communities are coastal sage scrub , chaparral shrubland, and riparian woodland . Native plants include: the California poppy , matilija poppy , toyon , Ceanothus , Chamise , Coast Live Oak , sycamore , willow and Giant Wildrye . Many of these native species, such as

3999-567: Is the principal city of a metropolitan area of 12.8 million people (2023). Greater Los Angeles , which includes the Los Angeles and Riverside–San Bernardino metropolitan areas, is a sprawling metropolis of over 18.3 million residents. The majority of the city proper lies in a basin in Southern California adjacent to the Pacific Ocean in the west and extending partly through the Santa Monica Mountains and north into

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4128-413: The 1916 New York City Zoning Ordinance did. Second, the residential zones did not distinguish types of housing; they treated apartments, hotels, and detached-single-family housing equally. In 1910, Hollywood merged into Los Angeles, with 10 movie companies already operating in the city at the time. By 1921, more than 80 percent of the world's film industry was concentrated in L.A. The money generated by

4257-805: The Army Corps of Engineers to act as a flood control channel. The river begins in the Canoga Park district of the city, flows east from the San Fernando Valley along the north edge of the Santa Monica Mountains, and turns south through the city center, flowing to its mouth in the Port of Long Beach at the Pacific Ocean. The smaller Ballona Creek flows into the Santa Monica Bay at Playa del Rey . Los Angeles

4386-461: The COVID-19 pandemic . The theme park reopened on April 1, 2021, with Members and Passholders being granted access on April 1 and 2, with the general public being admitted to the park on April 3. As of August 2021, Six Flags Magic Mountain visitors are no longer required to wear masks outdoors. On October 21, 2021, the park announced Wonder Woman Flight of Courage , the world's tallest and fastest single rail coaster, to open in summer 2022. The ride

4515-547: The Hillside Stranglers murder cases in 1977–1978. In early 1984, the city surpassed Chicago in population, thus becoming the second largest city in the United States. In 1984, the city hosted the Summer Olympic Games for the second time . Despite being boycotted by 14 Communist countries , the 1984 Olympics became more financially successful than any previous, and the second Olympics to turn

4644-546: The Los Angeles sunflower , have become so rare as to be considered endangered. Mexican Fan Palms , Canary Island Palms , Queen Palms , Date Palms , and California Fan Palms are common in the Los Angeles area, although only the last is native to California, though still not native to the City of Los Angeles. Los Angeles has a number of official flora: The city has an urban population of bobcats ( Lynx rufus ). Mange

4773-567: The San Fernando Valley , with the city bordering the San Gabriel Valley to its east. It covers about 469 square miles (1,210 km ), and is the county seat of Los Angeles County , which is the most populous county in the United States with an estimated 9.86 million residents as of 2022 . It is the third-most visited city in the U.S. with over 2.7 million visitors as of 2023. The area that became Los Angeles

4902-465: The Sky Tower , an observation tower ; Grand Prix, similar to Disneyland's Autopia ride; El Bumpo, bumper boats ; a carousel ; and other smaller rides. There were four transportation rides to the peak: Funicular, a cable railway or funicular , which was renamed Orient Express, then Helpful Honda Express, and is currently named Magic Mover; The Metro, which consisted of three monorail stations around

5031-505: The respelling under its masthead for several years. This did not find favor. Since the 1930s, / l ɔː s ˈ æ n dʒ əl ə s / has been most common. In 1934, the United States Board on Geographic Names decreed that this pronunciation be used by the federal government. This was also endorsed in 1952 by a "jury" appointed by Mayor Fletcher Bowron to devise an official pronunciation. Common pronunciations in

5160-507: The 20th century, Los Angeles substantially reduced the amount of housing that could be built by drastically downzoning the city. In 1960, the city had a total zoned capacity for approximately 10 million people. By 1990, that capacity had fallen to 4.5 million as a result of policy decisions to ban housing through zoning. Racial tensions led to the Watts riots in 1965, resulting in 34 deaths and over 1,000 injuries. In 1969, California became

5289-458: The Angels'. The present-day city has the largest Roman Catholic archdiocese in the United States. Two-thirds of the Mexican or ( New Spain ) settlers were mestizo or mulatto , a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry. The settlement remained a small ranch town for decades, but by 1820, the population had increased to about 650 residents. Today, the pueblo is commemorated in

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5418-629: The Los Angeles area include the 1933 Long Beach , 1971 San Fernando , 1987 Whittier Narrows , and the 1994 Northridge events. All but a few are of low intensity and are not felt. The USGS has released the UCERF California earthquake forecast , which models earthquake occurrence in California. Parts of the city are also vulnerable to tsunamis ; harbor areas were damaged by waves from Aleutian Islands earthquake in 1946, Valdivia earthquake in 1960, Alaska earthquake in 1964, Chile earthquake in 2010 and Japan earthquake in 2011. The city

5547-502: The Los Angeles area was the headquarters of six of the country's major aircraft manufacturers ( Douglas Aircraft Company , Hughes Aircraft , Lockheed , North American Aviation , Northrop Corporation , and Vultee ). During the war, more aircraft were produced in one year than in all the pre-war years since the Wright brothers flew the first airplane in 1903, combined. Manufacturing in Los Angeles skyrocketed, and as William S. Knudsen , of

5676-548: The Los Angeles region. In 1846, during the wider Mexican-American war , marines from the United States occupied the pueblo. This resulted in the siege of Los Angeles where 150 Mexican militias fought the occupiers which eventually surrendered. Mexican rule ended during following the American Conquest of California , part of the larger Mexican-American War . Americans took control from the Californios after

5805-685: The Los Angeles/Long Beach port complex, Los Angeles suffers from air pollution in the form of smog. The Los Angeles Basin and the San Fernando Valley are susceptible to atmospheric inversion , which holds in the exhausts from road vehicles, airplanes, locomotives, shipping, manufacturing, and other sources. The smog season lasts from approximately May to October. While other large cities rely on rain to clear smog, Los Angeles gets only 15 inches (380 mm) of rain each year: pollution accumulates over many consecutive days. Issues of air quality in Los Angeles and other major cities led to

5934-523: The National Defense Advisory Commission put it, "We won because we smothered the enemy in an avalanche of production, the like of which he had never seen, nor dreamed possible." After the end of World War II Los Angeles grew more rapidly than ever, sprawling into the San Fernando Valley . The expansion of the state owned Interstate Highway System during the 1950s and 1960s helped propel suburban growth and signaled

6063-696: The San Fernando Valley. Other hilly parts of Los Angeles include the Mt. Washington area north of Downtown, eastern parts such as Boyle Heights , the Crenshaw district around the Baldwin Hills , and the San Pedro district. Surrounding the city are much higher mountains. Immediately to the north lie the San Gabriel Mountains , which is a popular recreation area for Angelenos. Its high point

6192-500: The Six Flags chain, attendance in the second quarter of 2006 was 14 percent lower than it was in the second quarter of 2005. By the fall of 2006, Six Flags announced that Magic Mountain was still up for sale. They also stated, however, that it would be sold to a company that would continue to operate it as a park, and that closing Magic Mountain was not a possibility. Cedar Fair , Anheuser-Busch , and several others considered buying

6321-527: The Southern Californian coast, is subject to a late spring/early summer weather phenomenon called " June Gloom ". This involves overcast or foggy skies in the morning that yield to sun by early afternoon. More recently, statewide droughts in California have further strained the city's water security . Downtown Los Angeles averages 14.67 in (373 mm) of precipitation annually, mainly occurring between November and March, generally in

6450-765: The Spanish founded the Pueblo de Los Ángeles . Iyáangẚ has also been translated as "the valley of smoke". Maritime explorer Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo claimed the area of southern California for the Spanish Empire in 1542, while on an official military exploring expedition, as he was moving northward along the Pacific coast from earlier colonizing bases of New Spain in Central and South America. Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí reached

6579-757: The Tank Engine . Terminator Salvation: The Ride was renamed and rethemed into Apocalypse , which re-opened on January 8, 2011. Thomas Town was renamed and rethemed to Whistlestop Park in time for the 2011 season. On January 18, 2011, the Los Angeles Times reported after considering a new theme based on DC Comics superhero sidekicks, the park opted for simplicity and renamed the Little Flash coaster to Road Runner Express. Due to Green Lantern being placed in Gotham City Backlot,

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6708-483: The United Kingdom include / l ɒ s ˈ æ n dʒ ɪ l iː z , - l ɪ z , - l ɪ s / loss AN -jil-eez, -⁠iz, -⁠iss . Phonetician Jack Windsor Lewis described the most common one, / l ɒ s ˈ æ n dʒ ɪ l iː z / , as a spelling pronunciation based on analogy to Greek words ending in -‍es , "reflecting a time when the classics were familiar if Spanish

6837-416: The area was re-themed into DC Universe . In addition, Grinder Gearworks became "Wonder Woman: Lasso Of Truth" and Atom Smasher was renamed "The Flash: Speed Force". In August 2011, several media sources reported that Six Flags New England would install Six Flags Magic Mountain's Déjà Vu for the park's 2012 season . On September 1, 2011, Six Flags Magic Mountain announced that they would be opening

6966-769: The birthplace of the Internet, as the first ARPANET transmission was sent from the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) to the Stanford Research Institute in Menlo Park . In 1973, Tom Bradley was elected as the city's first African American mayor, serving for five terms until retiring in 1993. Other events in the city during the 1970s included the Symbionese Liberation Army 's South Central standoff in 1974 and

7095-632: The boundary between the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate , passes through the Los Angeles metropolitan area. The segment of the fault passing through Southern California experiences a major earthquake roughly every 110 to 140 years, and seismologists have warned about the next "big one", as the last major earthquake was the 1857 Fort Tejon earthquake . The Los Angeles basin and metropolitan area are also at risk from blind thrust earthquakes . Major earthquakes that have hit

7224-485: The boundary of a Mediterranean climate ( Köppen : Csb on the coast, Csa otherwise). Daytime temperatures are generally temperate all year round. In winter, they average around 68 °F (20 °C). Autumn months tend to be hot, with major heat waves a common occurrence in September and October, while the spring months tend to be cooler and experience more precipitation. Los Angeles has plenty of sunshine throughout

7353-404: The city as the most polluted in the country with short-term particle pollution and year-round particle pollution. In 2008, the city was ranked the second most polluted and again had the highest year-round particulate pollution. The city met its goal of providing 20 percent of the city's power from renewable sources in 2010. The American Lung Association's 2013 survey ranks the metro area as having

7482-537: The city is 342 miles (550 km). Los Angeles is both flat and hilly. The highest point in the city proper is Mount Lukens at 5,074 ft (1,547 m), located in the foothills of the San Gabriel Mountains at the north extent of the Crescenta Valley . The eastern end of the Santa Monica Mountains stretches from Downtown to the Pacific Ocean and separates the Los Angeles Basin from

7611-560: The city, causing $ 12.5 billion in damage and 72 deaths. The century ended with the Rampart scandal , one of the most extensive documented cases of police misconduct in American history. In 2002, Mayor James Hahn led the campaign against secession, resulting in voters defeating efforts by the San Fernando Valley and Hollywood to secede from the city. In 2022 , Karen Bass became the city's first female mayor , making Los Angeles

7740-497: The city. However, between 1908 and 1915, the Los Angeles City Council created various exceptions to the broad proscriptions that applied to these three residential zones, and as a consequence, some industrial uses emerged within them. There are two differences between the 1908 Residence District Ordinance and later zoning laws in the United States. First, the 1908 laws did not establish a comprehensive zoning map as

7869-572: The coaster – its theme would later be removed in 1998. On September 12, 2005, Six Flags CEO, Kieran Burke, announced that AstroWorld would be closed permanently at the end of the 2005 season on October 30 and be later demolished. The company cited issues such as the park's performance, and parking challenges involving the Houston Texans football team, Reliant Stadium , and the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo leveraged with

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7998-598: The continued growth of the city. Because of clauses in the city's charter that prevented the City of Los Angeles from selling or providing water from the aqueduct to any area outside its borders, many adjacent cities and communities felt compelled to join Los Angeles. Los Angeles created the first municipal zoning ordinance in the United States. On September 14, 1908, the Los Angeles City Council promulgated residential and industrial land use zones. The new ordinance established three residential zones of

8127-401: The crowds returned. Psyclone's structure was damaged in the 1994 Northridge earthquake , and the ride was eventually removed in 2007. After adding Ninja, Viper, and Psyclone within four years, the park was building a large repertoire of big roller coasters. The next year, 1992, a coaster built by Intamin called Flashback was added. This one-of-a-kind ride, originally planned to be enclosed in

8256-475: The decision by shareholders of the company to remove CEO, Kieran Burke, from his position on the board. He was replaced by Mark Shapiro formerly of Disney and ESPN . After being dismantled, Six Flags placed the track in storage at Six Flags Darien Lake . It remained in storage through the sale of the park to PARC Management and CNL Income Properties . No mechanical parts, including engine components, were salvaged, and as of 2018 there are no plans to install

8385-477: The demise of the city's privately owned electrified rail system , once the world's largest. As a consequence of World War II, suburban growth, and population density, many amusement parks were built and operated in this area. An example is Beverly Park , which was located at the corner of Beverly Boulevard and La Cienega before being closed and substituted by the Beverly Center . In the second half of

8514-617: The difference between the average daily low and the average daily high is over 30 °F (17 °C). The average annual temperature of the sea is 63 °F (17 °C), from 58 °F (14 °C) in January to 68 °F (20 °C) in August. Hours of sunshine total more than 3,000 per year, from an average of 7 hours of sunshine per day in December to an average of 12 in July. Due to

8643-455: The estimated value of the property upon which the park was located. Company executives were expecting to receive upwards of $ 150 million for the real estate, but ended up receiving less than half of that amount. After spending $ 20 million to demolish the park and clear the land, Six Flags received $ 77 million when the bare property was sold to a development corporation in 2006 (reported in a corporate earnings report). This transaction contributed to

8772-412: The existing Fiorano GT Challenge holds these records. The Möbius loop coaster officially opened to the public on January 9, 2020, and became the 19th coaster at the park. On March 24, 2019, the park announced that Green Lantern: First Flight would permanently close and be removed from the park which no longer makes West Coast Racers the park's 20th coaster. On March 13, 2020, the park closed due to

8901-441: The following year. In 1984, Sarajevo Bobsleds was erected. Yet another ride built by Intamin , the coaster was basically a bobsled without ice and snow. The coaster was built in honor of the 1984 Winter Olympics , for which Sarajevo was the host city. Six Flags Great Adventure added a similar ride that same year. In 1986, Sarajevo Bobsleds was removed and now operates at Six Flags Over Texas as La Vibora . The other bobsled

9030-407: The form of moderate rain showers, but sometimes as heavy rainfall during winter storms. Rainfall is usually higher in the hills and coastal slopes of the mountains because of orographic uplift. Summer days are usually rainless. Rarely, an incursion of moist air from the south or east can bring brief thunderstorms in late summer, especially to the mountains. The coast gets slightly less rainfall, while

9159-482: The historic district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street , the oldest part of Los Angeles. New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, and the pueblo now existed within the new Mexican Republic . During Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles the regional capital of Alta California . By this time, the new republic introduced more secularization acts within

9288-501: The industry kept the city insulated from much of the economic loss suffered by the rest of the country during the Great Depression . By 1930, the population surpassed one million. In 1932, the city hosted the Summer Olympics . During World War II Los Angeles was a major center of wartime manufacturing, such as shipbuilding and aircraft. Calship built hundreds of Liberty Ships and Victory Ships on Terminal Island, and

9417-521: The inland and mountain areas get considerably more. Years of average rainfall are rare. The usual pattern is a year-to-year variability, with a short string of dry years of 5–10 in (130–250 mm) rainfall, followed by one or two wet years with more than 20 in (510 mm). Wet years are usually associated with warm water El Niño conditions in the Pacific, dry years with cooler water La Niña episodes. A series of rainy days can bring floods to

9546-545: The innovations used on it was the introduction of guide boards to help eliminate jam ups. In 1982, the attraction Freefall was added. Also built by Intamin , it was considered a cutting-edge drop tower ride if not strictly a "roller coaster." It simply ascends the tower and then drops down, with the track curving horizontally, leaving riders on their backs. Others were built for other parks (some of which are Six Flags). Today, most of these rides are obsolete and have been removed. Some flat rides were added, and others were removed

9675-575: The largest U.S. city to have ever had a woman as mayor. Los Angeles will host the 2028 Summer Olympics and Paralympic Games , making Los Angeles the third city to host the Olympics three times. The city of Los Angeles covers a total area of 502.7 square miles (1,302 km ), comprising 468.7 square miles (1,214 km ) of land and 34.0 square miles (88 km ) of water. The city extends for 44 miles (71 km) from north to south and for 29 miles (47 km) from east to west. The perimeter of

9804-514: The longer name. The local English pronunciation of the name of the city has varied over time. A 1953 article in the journal of the American Name Society asserts that the pronunciation / l ɔː s ˈ æ n dʒ əl ə s / lawss AN -jəl-əs was established following the 1850 incorporation of the city and that since the 1880s the pronunciation / l oʊ s ˈ æ ŋ ɡ əl ə s / lohss ANG -gəl-əs emerged from

9933-490: The lowest is 28 °F (−2 °C), on January 4, 1949. Within the City of Los Angeles, the highest temperature ever officially recorded is 121 °F (49 °C), on September 6, 2020, at the weather station at Pierce College in the San Fernando Valley neighborhood of Woodland Hills . During autumn and winter, Santa Ana winds sometimes bring much warmer and drier conditions to Los Angeles, and raise wildfire risk. Owing to geography, heavy reliance on automobiles, and

10062-505: The lowlands and mudslides to the hills, especially after wildfires have denuded the slopes. Both freezing temperatures and snowfall are extremely rare in the city basin and along the coast, with the last occurrence of a 32 °F (0 °C) reading at the downtown station being January 29, 1979; freezing temperatures occur nearly every year in valley locations while the mountains within city limits typically receive snowfall every winter. The greatest snowfall recorded in downtown Los Angeles

10191-546: The mountainous terrain of the surrounding region, the Los Angeles area contains a large number of distinct microclimates , causing extreme variations in temperature in close physical proximity to each other. For example, the average July maximum temperature at the Santa Monica Pier is 70 °F (21 °C) whereas it is 95 °F (35 °C) in Canoga Park, 15 miles (24 km) away. The city, like much of

10320-449: The newer ride system in place, as well as different trains. During Fright Fest , the park runs one side backwards using a set of trains acquired from the now-demolished Psyclone , which was located on the other side of the park. In 2015, the coaster was re-tracked with steel tracking and several inversions were added. It was subsequently rebranded " Twisted Colossus ". This renovation was completed by Rocky Mountain Construction . In 1979,

10449-425: The opening of Great American Revolution in 1976, Magic Mountain became the first park in the world to have a modern, 360-degree looping steel coaster (though previous roller coasters with loops had been built and dismantled elsewhere due to safety issues). When it was built, there was very little in the way of surrounding vegetation. In the time since, the tracks have been surrounded by trees and bushes, which prevents

10578-430: The park added a steel stand-up looping roller coaster called Shockwave , also designed by Intamin. This coaster was located in the back of the park, replacing Sarajevo Bobsleds. At the end of 1988, the coaster was removed as part of a ride rotation program and went to Six Flags Great Adventure in 1990. It was removed from there in 1992 and was repainted white and rethemed upon its removal to Six Flags Astroworld . There, it

10707-703: The park added its second roller coaster, the Mountain Express, a compact Schwarzkopf Wildcat model steel coaster. In 1974, the park also installed a new complex of spinning rides in what would later be known as Back Street. The new additions consisted of the Himalaya, Electric Rainbow, and Tumble Drum. In 1975, the Grand Centennial Railway opened in the Back Street. It took riders on a train journey to Spillikin Corners and back. With

10836-410: The park and added "Six Flags" to the park's name. With 20 roller coasters , Six Flags Magic Mountain holds the world record for most roller coasters in an amusement park. It became the first amusement park to offer 20 roller coasters with the opening of Wonder Woman: Flight of Courage in 2022. It previously offered 20 roller coasters before the 2019 removal of Green Lantern: First Flight . In 2019,

10965-440: The park but none of the offers came close to the asking price. By the time Six Flags announced which parks it was selling in January 2007, Magic Mountain was no longer one of them. The company decided not to sell Magic Mountain and its adjacent water park. Spokeswoman Wendy Goldberg said that upon further evaluation, the company decided that the Los Angeles parks remained too valuable to relinquish, as sales were increasing, and that

11094-430: The park due to a riot that broke out as a result of a TLC concert that was oversold. Magic Mountain was quickly overwhelmed by large crowds that vandalized and destroyed property. Park shops had their windows broken and looting quickly followed. Police were called to the scene in full riot gear. The park was evacuated and closed down for the night. In 1994, Magic Mountain added what two other Six Flags parks already had,

11223-502: The park had an estimated 3.61 million visitors, ranking it fifteenth in attendance in North America. In 1968, Sea World Inc. founder George Millay and his executives began looking for a place in Los Angeles county to build a theme park. Knowing that Newhall Land and Farming Company had enough undeveloped land in the new town of Valencia , he asked CEO John F. Dickason if they could build on his land. They eventually formed

11352-453: The park mascots. The trolls King Blop, also known as King Troll, Bleep, Bloop, and the Wizard became recognizable symbols of Magic Mountain. All King Productions, a contractor, provided the entertainers wearing the costumes until December 31, 1972, when Magic Mountain took on that role. The characters were used until 1985. Also in 1972, a second flume ride named Jet Stream was added. In 1973,

11481-491: The park the world record for the highest number of roller coasters at a single theme park. It was later announced, on November 4, 2010, that the children's roller coaster would be called Road Runner Express and located in Bugs Bunny World . In late 2010, Six Flags began the process of removing non- Warner Bros. licensed theming from attractions. They terminated several licenses including Terminator and Thomas

11610-523: The park was in a relatively remote part of Los Angeles County at the time, the Greyhound bus line provided bus service to and from the park and Los Angeles, as well as from Northern California, and optionally allowed purchase of park admission at the time the bus ticket was purchased. At its 1971 opening, the rides and attractions included Gold Rusher , a steel coaster; the Log Jammer, a log flume;

11739-514: The park was sold to Six Flags and became known as Six Flags Magic Mountain. In 1981, Six Flags Magic Mountain introduced Roaring Rapids , a river rapids ride that was on the West Coast for the first time. It was developed by Intamin in conjunction with the now-defunct Six Flags Astroworld , which had opened a similar ride in 1979. Along with Rapids came the completion of the midway near Spillikin Corners to link with Revolution's area. Finally,

11868-404: The park was unlikely, rumors still began that the park could be sold to real estate developers, with an intent to close the park and build housing developments in the area. Park officials cited dwindling attendance due to rowdy behavior among some of the park-goers as reasons for wanting to sell the park while management was wanting to move Six Flags into more of a family park direction. Throughout

11997-756: The park will host its first ever Holiday in the Park Christmas event in late 2014 and for future years after. In the summer of 2014, the park placed banners across the property advertising the Bonzai Pipelines in the adjacent property, Hurricane Harbor , along with the closing of Colossus which took place on August 16, 2014. On August 28, 2014, Six Flags announced the Rocky Mountain Construction conversion of Colossus into Twisted Colossus . Twisted Colossus opened on May 23, 2015. On September 3, 2015, Six Flags announced

12126-470: The park would not be sold. Other parks were sold as a package and remained open. Roller coasters Flashback and Psyclone were both removed in 2007, with Psyclone being demolished in February while Flashback remained standing until December of that year, when it was finally scrapped. As a result, Six Flags Magic Mountain no longer tied the record for the most roller coasters in a single park, relinquishing

12255-575: The park, including the Whitewater Lake, Country Fair, and Mountain stations; and "Eagles Flight", a gondola lift ride that had two stations at the peak, the long one north to Galaxy Station and the short one west to El Dorado Station. The Showcase Theater (later renamed the Golden Bear Theater) was part of the original park and featured Barbra Streisand as the first of many headline performers who would appear at Magic Mountain over

12384-422: The park. Then on September 13, 2011, the park announced that Déjà Vu would be removed after October 16, 2011, "Déjà Vu fans, we have created some exclusive after-hours ride time for you to ride it again before October 16." On October 31, 2011, Log Jammer operated for the last time and was removed to make way for Full Throttle , which opened in 2013. In August 2012, Six Flags Magic Mountain confirmed rumors that

12513-514: The passage of early national environmental legislation, including the Clean Air Act . When the act was passed, California was unable to create a State Implementation Plan that would enable it to meet the new air quality standards, largely because of the level of pollution in Los Angeles generated by older vehicles. More recently, the state of California has led the nation in working to limit pollution by mandating low-emission vehicles . Smog

12642-477: The positions of the restraints. At the time, Six Flags had a ride rotation program, in which some coasters would remain at a park for a couple years and then transferred to another park. Shockwave closed in 1988 and was relocated to Six Flags Great Adventure , where it reopened in 1990. Its former location at Magic Mountain would be repurposed for the wooden twister roller coaster, Psyclone , which opened in 1991. Shockwave operated at Great Adventure through 1992. It

12771-486: The present site of Los Angeles on August 2, 1769. In 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel , the first mission in the area. On September 4, 1781, a group of 44 settlers known as " Los Pobladores " founded the pueblo (town) they called El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora la Reina de los Ángeles , 'The Town of Our Lady the Queen of

12900-413: The record to Cedar Point – the park's total had never surpassed Cedar Point but had tied numerous times. The park began focusing more attention on marketing with family-oriented values, and a new children's themed area, Thomas Town , was added in 2008. The park renovated one of its thrill rides, however. X was closed on December 2 for its transformation into X , which featured new fourth-generation trains,

13029-427: The renovation of Revolution with a new paint scheme, upgraded lighting, and new train eliminating the controversial over-the-shoulder restraints that had been the source of the ride's spotty reputation for much of its life. Named "The New Revolution", the roller coaster reopened on April 21, 2016. On September 1, 2016, the park announced Justice League: Battle for Metropolis to open in 2017. The 4D shooting dark ride

13158-536: The rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo and became part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4, 1850, five months before California achieved statehood . The discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The city was further expanded with the completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, which delivers water from Eastern California . Los Angeles has

13287-563: The rest of the surrounding landscape. Most construction is done in separate units, rather than wall-to-wall . However, Downtown Los Angeles itself has many buildings over 30 stories, with fourteen over 50 stories, and two over 70 stories, the tallest of which is the Wilshire Grand Center . Los Angeles has a two-season semi-arid climate ( Köppen : BSh ) with dry summers and very mild winters, but it receives more annual precipitation than most semi-arid climates, narrowly missing

13416-627: The ride at Darien Lake. Six Flags Magic Mountain Six Flags Magic Mountain , formerly known and colloquially referred to as simply Magic Mountain , is a 209-acre (85 ha) amusement park located in Valencia, California , 35 miles (56 km) northwest of downtown Los Angeles . It opened on May 29, 1971, as a development of the Newhall Land and Farming Company and Sea World Inc . In 1979, Six Flags purchased

13545-425: The ride to get soaked from the splash. The attraction was closed to make room for Wonder Woman: Flight of Courage in 2020. In 1990, Viper , a multiple-looping coaster designed by Arrow Dynamics , opened. It features a 188-foot (57 m) drop, speeds up to 70 mph (110 km/h), three vertical loops , a batwing turn that inverts riders twice, and a double corkscrew. In 1991, Magic Mountain added Psyclone ,

13674-484: The riders from knowing the track layout beforehand. Universal filmed part of the suspense film Rollercoaster at Magic Mountain in late 1976, which featured the Revolution as its centerpiece during the film's climax. In 1978, Colossus opened, and at the time was the fastest and largest dual-tracked wooden coaster in the world. Following its first season, it was closed and extensively redone. When it reopened, it

13803-486: The summer months due to the noise generated being distracting for the lifeguards at the nearby water park. On January 23, 2007, the park announced that Flashback would be removed along with Psyclone. The park also stated that Flashback might be rebuilt elsewhere within the park for 2008, but the ride was finally scrapped at the end of 2007. In 1993, Six Flags Magic Mountain entered the Time Warner era. The new ride for

13932-502: The tallest and fastest stand-up roller coaster in the world. Also in 1998, Six Flags was sold to Premier Parks. The next year saw no dramatic changes. In 2000, a steel hypercoaster , Goliath , was added. It was built by Giovanola . 2001 was to be the year of three new roller coasters, but only one actually opened on time: Goliath Jr. , a steel kiddie coaster. The other two, Déjà Vu and X (now X²), had mechanical problems. Déjà Vu opened late in 2001 and X opened early in 2002. Déjà Vu

14061-540: The track and facing the ground. This brought the park up to 17 roller coasters, to tie with Cedar Point for the greatest number of roller coasters in a park (albeit Flashback had been standing but not operating for an extended period of time and thus it is debatable whether the park could claim 17 as its number of roller coasters). On June 22, 2006, Six Flags, Inc. announced that it was exploring options for six of its parks, including Magic Mountain and its neighboring water park, Hurricane Harbor . Though management said closing

14190-513: The world to reach speeds of 100 miles per hour (160 km/h). Originally slated to open in June 1996, the ride's opening was delayed and pushed back to 1997 as problems with the LSM launch motors were found. The tower structure was painted a grayish white when the ride first opened and lasted until 2011. In 1998, a new Bolliger & Mabillard stand-up roller coaster called Riddler's Revenge opened as

14319-494: The world's first "fourth-dimensional" roller coaster. It was the only one in North America where riders experience going 360 degrees in their seats. Each seat lies on a separate axis from the track. This coaster managed to open briefly on January 12, 2002, only to close due to more technical problems. It reopened late in August of that year. The ride closed for a major refurbishment and retheme in 2008 where X transformed into X². In 2003, Scream , designed by Bolliger & Mabillard,

14448-635: The worst rush hour periods in the world, according to an annual traffic index by navigation system maker, TomTom . LA drivers spend an additional 92 hours in traffic each year. During the peak rush hour, there is 80% congestion, according to the index. Los Angeles is often characterized by the presence of low-rise buildings, in contrast to New York City. Outside of a few centers such as Downtown , Warner Center , Century City , Koreatown , Miracle Mile , Hollywood, and Westwood , skyscrapers and high-rise buildings are not common in Los Angeles. The few skyscrapers built outside of those areas often stand out above

14577-698: The year was Yosemite Sam Sierra Falls, a water ride with two twisting tubes that riders could slide down using a raft. Also that year, there was retheming and the High Sierra Territory was opened. The Showcase Theatre became the Golden Bear Theater, the Animal Star Theatre was created in Bugs Bunny World, and a large, fake wooden tree was built. This year also saw the end of live non-Christian themed concerts in

14706-582: The year, with an average of only 35 days with measurable precipitation annually. Temperatures in the coastal basin exceed 90 °F (32 °C) on a dozen or so days in the year, from one day a month in April, May, June and November to three days a month in July, August, October and to five days in September. Temperatures in the San Fernando and San Gabriel Valleys are considerably warmer. Temperatures are subject to substantial daily swings; in inland areas

14835-452: The years. In the 1971 season, Magic Mountain obtained permission from Warner Bros. to use Looney Tunes / Merrie Melodies characters. However, they did not continue using the characters after their first year (another Six Flags park, Six Flags Great America , has continuously used such characters since its opening in 1976, eight years before Marriott Corporation sold the park to Six Flags.) In 1972, Magic Mountain began using trolls as

14964-446: Was 2.0 inches (5 cm) on January 15, 1932. While the most recent snowfall occurred in February 2019, the first snowfall since 1962, with snow falling in areas adjacent to Los Angeles as recently as January 2021. Brief, localized instances of hail can occur on rare occasions, but are more common than snowfall. At the official downtown station, the highest recorded temperature is 113 °F (45 °C) on September 27, 2010, while

15093-419: Was a much smoother ride. In 1991, the camel hump before the last, or third, turn was replaced by a block brake. Though it decreased the speed of the ride after this particular brake, it did allow three trains to run per side at a time, greatly increasing capacity. One of the trains sometimes ran backwards for a few years in the mid-1980s. However, until the late 1990s this kind of ride was no longer possible due to

15222-454: Was added. At this point, Six Flags Magic Mountain tied with Cedar Point for the park with the most roller coasters in the United States. Scream is similar in concept to Medusa at Six Flags Discovery Kingdom and is a mirror image of Medusa at Six Flags Great Adventure . It is a floorless roller coaster with trains riding above the rails traversing seven inversions on 3,985 feet (1,215 m) of track on floorless trains. In 2006, Tatsu ,

15351-406: Was announced that Superman: The Escape would undergo a major redevelopment before the 2011 season. On October 20, 2010, Six Flags Magic Mountain officially announced their full plans for 2011 after a video was leaked six days earlier. In addition to opening Mr. Six's Dance Coaster under a new name and theme, Six Flags announced two other attractions. In time for the 2011 season, Superman: The Escape

15480-423: Was designed by Vekoma and is a Giant Inverted Boomerang coaster (GIB), a variant of their popular Boomerang design. It is an inverted coaster with coaches suspended beneath an overhead track that traverses an open-circuit track forward and in reverse and features two completely vertical drops and three inversions. After its late opening, the ride still suffered a lot of downtime. X was designed by Arrow Dynamics as

15609-435: Was discovered in the city and surrounding area in 1892, and by 1923, the discoveries had helped California become the country's largest oil producer, accounting for about one-quarter of the world's petroleum output. By 1900, the population had grown to more than 102,000, putting pressure on the city's water supply . The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, under the supervision of William Mulholland , ensured

15738-454: Was dismantled in the offseason and relocated to Six Flags AstroWorld . In December 1992, AstroWorld announced that they would be receiving Batman The Escape for the park's 25th anniversary. The ride was given a new color scheme and featured over 100 special effects. It reopened on April 24, 1993. A Batcave adjacent to the coaster was created out of an artificial mountain for a previous attraction and heavily themed as guests would prepare to ride

15867-416: Was known as Batman The Escape. When Astroworld closed in 2005, the ride was put in storage at Six Flags Darien Lake , where it remained until 2018, when it was finally sold for scrap. In 1987, the park rethemed the Back Street. Spinning flat rides were renamed Turbo (Electric Rainbow), Subway (Himalaya), and Reactor (Enterprise). The dance club was rethemed as well and located near Reactor. After Hours, as it

15996-555: Was moved to Six Flags Great America and later to The Great Escape in Queensbury, New York , where it operated as Alpine Bobsled . In 1985, Children's World was rethemed as Bugs Bunny World, as Magic Mountain had abandoned the Trolls in favor of Looney Tunes / Merrie Melodies characters, licensed by Warner Bros. That year, Michael Jackson visited the park, riding rides such as Colossus, Revolution, and Roaring Rapids. In 1986,

16125-515: Was not". The settlement of Indigenous Californians in the modern Los Angeles Basin and the San Fernando Valley was dominated by the Tongva (now also known as the Gabrieleño since the era of Spanish colonization). The historic center of Tongva power in the region was the settlement of Yaanga ( Tongva : Iyáangẚ ), meaning "place of the poison oak ", which would one day be the site where

16254-446: Was now called (formerly Decibels), stayed open for one summer later than the rest of the park. It, along with Back Street, would remain open an additional two hours as a place for locals to hang out. This format lasted only one season. In 1988, Ninja , "The Black Belt of Roller Coasters," opened. Built by Arrow Dynamics , it was the first suspended swing roller coaster on the west coast. Ninja has gone through very few changes since it

16383-444: Was opened in 1988; evidently, only the wheels and paint have been changed. Tidal Wave opened in 1989. It is a short, wet ride featuring a large boat that travels up a low-angled incline to a level water trough. The trough, in the shape of a semicircle, ends in a steep drop into a large splashpool. The impact displaces large amounts of water on its riders. The ride's exit ramp crosses over the splash pool, allowing willing patrons leaving

16512-600: Was originally inhabited by the indigenous Tongva people and later claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542. The city was founded on September 4, 1781, under Spanish governor Felipe de Neve , on the village of Yaanga . It became a part of the First Mexican Empire in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence . In 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War , Los Angeles and

16641-479: Was refurbished to Superman: Escape from Krypton and opened on March 19, 2011. The coaster featured new backwards launching cars and a new color scheme. The third and final announcement regards an entirely new thrill roller coaster. Green Lantern: First Flight opened on July 1, 2011, as Magic Mountain's eighteenth roller coaster, which was an Intamin ZacSpin . With this roller coaster, Magic Mountain reclaimed for

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