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75-612: The Beverly Center is a shopping mall in Los Angeles , California , United States. It is an eight-story structure located near the West Hollywood border but within Los Angeles city limits, bounded by Beverly Boulevard , La Cienega Boulevard , 3rd Street , and San Vicente Boulevard . The mall's anchor stores are Bloomingdale's and Macy's . The mall's dramatic six-story series of escalators offer visitors views of
150-408: A bald weightlifter holding a barbell, was designed in 1973 by professional wrestler Ric Drasin , who was Arnold Schwarzenegger's training partner for four years. During a training break, he sketched the weightlifter on a napkin. The logo became an iconic symbol within the bodybuilding scene. Due to Sprague's contacts in the film industry and his persuasion skills, an opportunity arose in 1975, when
225-492: A few jurisdictions, notably California , have expanded the right of freedom of speech to ensure that speakers will be able to reach consumers who prefer to shop, eat, and socialize within the boundaries of privately owned malls. The Supreme Court decision Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins was issued on 9 June 1980 which affirmed the decision of the California Supreme Court in a case that arose out of
300-713: A free speech dispute between the Pruneyard Shopping Center in Campbell, California, and several local high school students. This is a list of the world's largest shopping malls based on their gross leasable area (GLA), with a GLA of at least 250,000 m (2,700,000 sq ft). Some wholesale market complexes also function as shopping malls in that they contain retail space which operate as stores in normal malls do but also act as producer vendor outlets that can take large orders for export. Gold%27s Gym Gold's Gym International, Inc.
375-560: A high-end British furniture company, opened an anchor store on the mall's ground level. It closed in 1993 and was converted later that year to Bullock's Men's Store. In 1996, Bullock's became Macy's and the Bullock's and Bullock's Men's Store anchors became Macy's and the Macy's Men's Store. The Broadway closed in 1996, when it too was absorbed into Macy's, and reopened in 1997, after renovations, as Bloomingdale's . In 2004, Taubman Centers ,
450-570: A hotel, luxury condominiums, and office space and sits atop a block-long base containing an eight-level atrium-style retail mall that fronts on the Magnificent Mile . Vertical malls are common in densely populated conurbations in East and Southeast Asia. Hong Kong in particular has numerous examples such as Times Square , Dragon Centre , Apm , Langham Place , ISQUARE , Hysan Place and The One . A vertical mall may also be built where
525-493: A large number of new malls had been built near major cities, notably the MEGA malls such as Mega Belaya Dacha mall near Moscow . In large part they were financed by international investors and were popular with shoppers from the emerging middle class. A shopping property management firm is a company that specializes in owning and managing shopping malls. Most shopping property management firms own at least 20 malls. Some firms use
600-434: A lightening grid. Even though the filmmakers ran out of funds to finish the production, Arnold Schwarzenegger and other bodybuilders helped to raise additional funds for its completion. The docudrama Pumping Iron became a best seller, which brought attention not only to the gym itself but also to bodybuilding and physique in general. Due to that impact, Gold's Gym became the most famous gym worldwide, which more than tripled
675-534: A major competitor to shopping malls. In the United States , online shopping has accounted for an increasing share of total retail sales. In 2013, roughly 200 out of 1,300 malls across the United States were going out of business. To combat this trend, developers have converted malls into other uses including attractions such as parks, movie theaters, gyms, and even fishing lakes. In the United States,
750-955: A mall the center reverts to its own name and branding, such as the Ashley Centre in Epsom . Similarly, following its rebranding from Capital Shopping Centres, intu Properties renamed many of its centres to "intu (name/location)" (such as intu Lakeside ); again, malls removed from the network revert to their own brand (see for instance The Glades in Bromley ). One controversial aspect of malls has been their effective displacement of traditional main streets or high streets . Some consumers prefer malls, with their parking garages, controlled environments, and private security guards , over central business districts (CBD) or downtowns , which frequently have limited parking, poor maintenance, outdoor weather, and limited police coverage. In response,
825-405: A national corporate wellness program that has over 3000 company partners including Home Depot , Bank of America , Whataburger , and Union Pacific . The corporate sales and wellness program offers custom health and fitness plans for employees nationwide including memberships, nutrition, and wellness programs. Gold's is one of two official health clubs of the AARP . Through
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#1732773132615900-806: A popular way to build retail across the world. Gruen himself came to abhor this effect of his new design; he decried the creation of enormous "land wasting seas of parking" and the spread of suburban sprawl. Even though malls mostly appeared in suburban areas in the U.S., some U.S. cities facilitated the construction of enclosed malls downtown as an effort to revive city centers and allow them to compete effectively with suburban malls. Examples included Main Place Mall in Buffalo (1969) and The Gallery (1977, now Fashion District Philadelphia ) in Philadelphia. Other cities created open-air pedestrian malls . In
975-476: A posing room for preparing for bodybuilding competitions. A major marketing campaign for members is the annual Gold's Gym Challenge, which takes place in the USA. It is a 12-week competition that focuses on the visibility of body changes. In January of each year, participants begin by taking stock of their bodies by measuring and photographing them. After 12 weeks, measurements and photographs are taken again to document
1050-533: A reemergence goal for August 2020. The company owns about 10 percent of the nearly 700 worldwide locations. Finally, on July 13, 2020, Gold's Gym was auctioned due to a judicial auction procedure. Rainer Schaller , the owner of the German fitness company RSG Group , won the auction of Gold's Gym for $ 100 million. Rainer Schaller fulfilled his dream to finally own the legendary fitness brand, which had inspired him to start his own fitness company in 1997. Previously,
1125-463: A renovation from 2006 to 2008. These renovations included reconstructing the escalators visible from the outside. A food court operated at the mall until 2014, when it was eliminated. Uniqlo opened one of its first Southern California locations in the space. As part of renovations starting in 2016, the mall aims to bring restaurants back to the empty spaces on the street level. Starting in March 2016,
1200-549: A similar naming scheme for most of their malls; for example, Mills Corporation puts "Mills" in most of its mall names and SM Prime Holdings of the Philippines puts "SM" in all of its malls, as well as anchor stores such as The SM Store, SM Appliance Center, SM Hypermarket, SM Cinema, and SM Supermarket. In the UK, The Mall Fund changes the name of any center it buys to "The Mall (location)" , using its pink-M logo; when it sells
1275-492: A six-year period. The three owners extended Gold's Gym to the franchise system and made licensing out deals all over the USA. Gold's Gym was one of the first companies in the health and fitness industry to franchise, starting in 1980. Using the momentum of its fame it sold licenses for products such as fitness equipment and clothing. Soon the brand expanded internationally, after the first outside USA opening in Canada 1985. In 1993
1350-624: A year before the Great Recession , no new malls were built in America, for the first time in 50 years. City Creek Center Mall in Salt Lake City , which opened in March 2012, was the first to be built since the recession. Malls began to lose consumers to open-air power centers and lifestyle centers during the 1990s, as consumers preferred to park right in front of and walk directly into big-box stores with lower prices and without
1425-688: Is an American chain of international co-ed fitness centers (commonly referred to as gyms ) originally started by Joe Gold in Venice Beach, California . Each gym offers a variety of cardio and strength training equipment as well as group exercise programs. Gold's Gym's has its headquarters in Dallas and is now owned by the German RSG Group . Joe Gold opened the first Gold's Gym in August 1965, in Venice Beach, California , long before
1500-1048: Is owned by "Fitness Unicorn Cult.fit". In Japan, the largest franchise owner is Eiji Tezuka, who has grown Gold’s Gym in Japan to more than 95 facilities across the country. The franchise group Gold’s Gym Arabia has over 70 gyms in Saudi Arabia . The owner of the group is Batterjee Holding Co. in Jeddah . The gyms use state-of-the-art Matrix Fitness equipment. Gold’s Gym has become a pioneer in female fitness in Saudi Arabia. Numerous customers have reported that Gold's Gym franchises have acted in dishonest and unscrupulous ways. They cite advertised deals not being honored, billing irregularities, contract terms being fraudulently altered by sales staff after signing, and problems canceling accounts or relocating. A Gold's Gym in Provo, Utah ,
1575-463: Is privately owned by the international fitness company RSG Group and has about 68 company-owned gyms and via its franchising program about 520 international gyms in countries, e.g.: Australia , Austria , Costa Rica , Egypt , Germany , India , Italy , Japan , Mexico , Mongolia , Netherlands , Peru , Philippines , Poland , Saudi Arabia , Russia , Spain , United Arab Emirates , United Kingdom , and Venezuela . Corporate headquarters are in
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#17327731326151650-601: The Dallas metropolitan area. Gold's Gym has locations across six continents. In 2015 and 2016, Gold's Gym topped the J.D. Power Health and Fitness Center Satisfaction Report. In 2017, Gold's Gym launched GOLD'S AMP, a fitness app that is meant to serve as a digital personal trainer for people to use anytime and anywhere. It includes numerous customization workout options led by Gold's Gym coaches and thousands of music mixes. In July 2020, new parent company RSG Group reported that Gold's Gym had 61 company-owned gyms and over 600 franchise-owned gyms. Gold's Gym operates
1725-480: The Hollywood Hills , Downtown Los Angeles, and Los Angeles Westside . The site was formerly occupied by Beverly Park , a small amusement park featuring a Ferris wheel, merry-go-round, mini roller-coaster, and a pony ride called "Ponyland". The Beverly Center opened on February 4, 1982. It was built, at a cost of $ 100 million, by developers A. Alfred Taubman , Sheldon Gordon, and E. Phillip Lyon. The mall
1800-753: The Southern California area and is operated by the Banos brothers, who opened their first gym in North Hollywood in 1988. The group’s president is Angel Banos and Brian Morris is its senior vice president. Gold’s Gym India has more than 150 locations in about 90+ cities of India . Gold’s Gym has started its presents in Mumbai in 2002. It is the second-largest fitness group in India. Their founders are Rajesh Advani and Jagdish K. Valecha. Today it
1875-524: The overhead of traditional malls (i.e., long enclosed corridors). Another issue was that the growth-crazed American commercial real estate industry had simply built too many nice places to shop—far more than could be reasonably justified by the actual growth of the American population, retail sales, or any other economic indicator. The number of American shopping centers exploded from 4,500 in 1960 to 70,000 by 1986 to just under 108,000 by 2010. Thus,
1950-610: The 600,000 square foot Highland Mall will be a campus for Austin Community College . In France , the So Ouest mall outside of Paris was designed to resemble elegant, Louis XV -style apartments and includes 17,000 square metres (180,000 sq ft) of green space. The Australian mall company Westfield launched an online mall (and later a mobile app) with 150 stores, 3,000 brands and over 1 million products. The COVID-19 pandemic also significantly impacted
2025-591: The AARP it offers month-to-month memberships and is also the official health club of the Blue Cross Blue Shield Association . Gold's offers online enrollment. Gold's Gyms all have a large strength training and free weight area with heavy dumbbells up to 150 kg, Olympic barbells, as well as an area for endurance training. There is a wide range of different fitness courses in specially designated rooms. Personal trainers can be booked for an additional charge. All studios have at least one sauna, and some locations also have
2100-647: The American market in 2022, the United States had an average of 24.5 square feet of retail space per capita (in contrast to 4.5 square feet per capita in Europe). In 2019, The Shops & Restaurants at Hudson Yards opened as an upscale mall in New York City with "a ' Fifth Avenue ' mix of shops", such as H&M , Zara , and Sephora below them. This is one of the first two malls built recently, along with American Dream in which both opened in 2019 since City Creek Center . Online shopping has also emerged as
2175-457: The Center underwent a major renovation that aimed to add a food hall and several new street-level restaurants and a skylight. Renovation costs were given as US$ 500 million. The renovations added a perforated steel facade on the outside of the building and an upgraded parking structure which includes technology to help drivers remember where they've parked. Macy's Men's Store closed around 2021, and
2250-677: The Gruen-designed Southdale Center , which opened in the Twin Cities suburb of Edina, Minnesota , United States in October 1956. For pioneering the soon-to-be enormously popular mall concept in this form, Gruen has been called the "most influential architect of the twentieth century" by Malcolm Gladwell . The first retail complex to be promoted as a "mall" was Paramus, New Jersey 's Bergen Mall , which opened with an open-air format on November 14, 1957, and
2325-670: The International Council of Shopping Centers, is a shopping mall with over 800,000 sq ft (74,000 m ) of gross leasable area, three or more anchors, mass merchant, more variety, fashion apparel , and serves as the dominant shopping venue for the region (25 miles or 40 km) in which it is located. Not classified as malls are smaller formats such as strip malls and neighborhood shopping centers , and specialized formats such as power centers , festival marketplaces , and outlet centers . Shopping centers in general may have their origins in public markets and, in
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2400-779: The Middle East, covered bazaars . In 1798, the first covered shopping passage was built in Paris, the Passage du Caire . The Burlington Arcade in London was opened in 1819. The Arcade in Providence, Rhode Island , built in 1828, claims to be the first shopping arcade in the United States. Western European cities in particular built many arcade-style shopping centers. The Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II in Milan, which opened in 1877,
2475-510: The Northern District of Texas . The debtors have requested joint administration of the cases under Case No. 20-31318. Like nearly all businesses, Gold's Gym was required to temporarily close its US locations in March 2020 amid the COVID-19 pandemic. In April of the same year, Gold's said that it would permanently close 30 of its locations. They said their filing for bankruptcy would only affect company-owned locations and set
2550-740: The RSG Group has been primarily active in Europe and expanded to a global company with the integration of Gold's Gym into its portfolio. Since, Gold's Gym has been revitalized and it has also established a new presence in Europe by opening new gyms in Austria , Italy , and Germany . Also new gyms have been opened in e.g. Dallas , Highland Meadows , Georgetown . The expansion process continues worldwide, e.g. in Europe , India , Australia , etc., and includes modernization of many of its gyms. Gold's Gym
2625-416: The RSG Group is Gold's Gym Nutrition—a self-developed and distributed nutritional supplement line. The range offers various nutritional supplements for athletes in the form of drinks, shakes, bars, powders, and capsules. Since the 1980s, Gold’s Gym has sold specially designed clothes with its logo of a bald weightlifter holding a barbell, which has become an iconic symbol within the bodybuilding scene. Today,
2700-851: The United Kingdom and other countries, shopping malls may be called shopping centres . In recent decades, malls have declined considerably in North America , particularly in subprime locations, and some have closed and become so-called " dead malls ". Successful exceptions have added entertainment and experiential features, added big-box stores as anchors, or converted to other specialized shopping center formats such as power centers , lifestyle centers , factory outlet centers, and festival marketplaces . In Canada, shopping centres have frequently been replaced with mixed-use high-rise communities. In many European countries and Asian countries , shopping malls continue to grow and thrive. In
2775-405: The United States after World War II , with larger open-air shopping centers anchored by major department stores, such as the 550,000-square-foot (51,000 m ) Broadway-Crenshaw Center in Los Angeles , built in 1947 and anchored by a five-story Broadway and a May Company California . In the late 1950s and into the 1960s, the term "shopping mall" was first used, but in the original sense of
2850-406: The United States were considered to be "dying" (40% or higher vacancy rates) and nearly one-fifth of all malls had vacancy rates considered "troubling" (10% or higher). Some real estate experts say the "fundamental problem" is a glut of malls in many parts of the country creating a market that is "extremely over-retailed". By the time shopping mall operator Unibail-Rodamco-Westfield decided to exit
2925-432: The United States, Persian Gulf countries , and India, the term shopping mall is usually applied to enclosed retail structures (and is generally abbreviated to simply mall ), while shopping center usually refers to open-air retail complexes; both types of facilities usually have large parking lots , face major traffic arterials , and have few pedestrian connections to surrounding neighborhoods. Outside of North America,
3000-508: The United States, developers such as A. Alfred Taubman of Taubman Centers extended the concept further in 1980, with terrazzo tiles at the Mall at Short Hills in New Jersey , indoor fountains, and two levels allowing a shopper to make a circuit of all the stores. Taubman believed carpeting increased friction, slowing down customers, so it was removed. Fading daylight through glass panels
3075-424: The basement dining rooms. A common feature of shopping malls is a food court: this typically consists of a number of fast food vendors of various types, surrounding a shared seating area. When the shopping mall format was developed by Victor Gruen in the mid-1950s, signing larger department stores was necessary for the financial stability of the projects, and to draw retail traffic that would result in visits to
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3150-541: The business branch "Gold's Gym Apparel" designs its own functional sportswear and accessories for both genders by recognizing the legendary symbolism. Also, some elaborate items are produced sustainably in Portugal . In April 2024, Gold’s Gym Apparel was present for the first time at the world’s largest fitness and health trade fair FIBO in Cologne , Germany. Gold’s Gym SoCal is a franchise group that owns 23 locations in
3225-421: The construction of any more. Out-of-town shopping developments in the UK are now focused on retail parks , which consist of groups of warehouse style shops with individual entrances from outdoors. Planning policy prioritizes the development of existing town centres, although with patchy success. Westfield London ( White City ) is the largest shopping centre in Europe. In Russia , on the other hand, as of 2013
3300-652: The equivalent of a U.S. mall, are located in city centres, usually found in old and historic shopping districts and surrounded by subsidiary open air shopping streets. Large examples include Westquay in Southampton ; Manchester Arndale ; Bullring Birmingham ; Liverpool One ; Trinity Leeds ; Buchanan Galleries in Glasgow ; St James Quarter in Edinburgh ; and Eldon Square in Newcastle upon Tyne . In addition to
3375-440: The filmmaker George Butler set out to film the groundbreaking docudrama Pumping Iron (1977), with Gold's Gym as the primary filming location. Sprague, having strong commitments to his gym and the sport as well as understanding the requirements for film, offered Butler full and unrestricted access to the gym. Preparing and improving the gym as a film set, he also had certain windows painted over to control backlight and installed
3450-815: The geography prevents building outward or there are other restrictions on construction, such as historic buildings or significant archeology . The Darwin Shopping Centre and associated malls in Shrewsbury , UK, are built on the side of a steep hill, around the former town walls; consequently the shopping center is split over seven floors vertically – two locations horizontally – connected by elevators, escalators and bridge walkways. Some establishments incorporate such designs into their layout, such as Shrewsbury's former McDonald's , split into four stories with multiple mezzanines which featured medieval castle vaults – complete with arrowslits – in
3525-401: The gym profitably and considered converting it into an antique shop. Instead, gym member Ken Sprague seized the opportunity and purchased the gym in late 1971. Having a background in the film industry, he injected new energy into the business by organizing bodybuilding competitions and shows to exhibit Gold's Gym athletes. Finally, Gold's Gym became profitable. The original Gold's Gym logo,
3600-851: The inner city shopping centres, large UK conurbations will also have large out-of-town "regional malls" such as the Metrocentre in Gateshead ; Meadowhall Centre , Sheffield serving South Yorkshire ; the Trafford Centre in Greater Manchester ; White Rose Centre in Leeds ; the Merry Hill Centre near Dudley ; and Bluewater in Kent . These centres were built in the 1980s and 1990s, but planning regulations prohibit
3675-594: The late 1960s. The enclosed shopping center, which would eventually be known as the shopping mall, did not appear in mainstream until the mid-1950s. One of the earliest examples was the Valley Fair Shopping Center in Appleton, Wisconsin , which opened on March 10, 1955. Valley Fair featured a number of modern features including central heating and cooling, a large outdoor parking area, semi-detached anchor stores, and restaurants. Later that year
3750-413: The limit of 1 million members was exceeded. During the nineties Gold's Gym expanded around the globe, even in Japan and Russia . Due to the international franchise, the original character changed subsequently to a modern commercial gym fulfilling the standards of the modern fitness industry. In 1999 the company was sold to the private firm Brockway Moran & Partners for an estimated $ 50 million. It
3825-571: The mall. The challenge of this type of mall is to overcome the natural tendency of shoppers to move horizontally and encourage shoppers to move upwards and downwards. The concept of a vertical mall was originally conceived in the late 1960s by the Mafco Company, former shopping center development division of Marshall Field & Co. The Water Tower Place skyscraper in Chicago , Illinois was built in 1975 by Urban Retail Properties. It contains
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#17327731326153900-417: The membership prices. Gold's Gym continued to be considered a landmark in bodybuilding culture and has achieved cult status. In 1979 Gold's Gym was sold by Sprague to the trio Ed Connors, Pete Grymkowski (former Mr. World), and Tim Kimber. It was the most famous gym in the world at that time. After two years of ownership, they moved from the 5500-square-foot facility into a 60,000-square-foot building over
3975-578: The modern-day health club existed. Featuring homemade equipment and dubbed "the Mecca of bodybuilding ", it was frequented by Arnold Schwarzenegger and Dave Draper . In the 1950s, bodybuilding was seen as an anti-social outsider sport dominated by outcasts. Gyms in California , the early home of bodybuilding, were usually set up outdoors. An indoor gym had operated in Santa Monica , but it
4050-618: The name of the complex (such as Toronto Eaton Centre ). The term mall is less-commonly a part of the name of the complex. The International Council of Shopping Centers , based in New York City , classifies two types of shopping centers as malls: regional malls and superregional malls. A regional mall, per the International Council of Shopping Centers, is a shopping mall with 400,000 sq ft (37,000 m ) to 800,000 sq ft (74,000 m ) gross leasable area with at least two anchor stores . A super-regional mall, per
4125-499: The number of dead malls increased significantly in the early 21st century. The economic health of malls across the United States has been in decline, as revealed by high vacancy rates. From 2006 to 2010, the percentage of malls that are considered to be "dying" by real estate experts (have a vacancy rate of at least 40%), unhealthy (20–40%), or in trouble (10–20%) all increased greatly, and these high vacancy rates only partially decreased from 2010 to 2014. In 2014, nearly 3% of all malls in
4200-432: The prior year. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, both open-air and enclosed centers are commonly referred to as shopping centres . Mall primarily refers to either a shopping mall – a place where a collection of shops all adjoin a pedestrian area – or an exclusively pedestrianized street that allows shoppers to walk without interference from vehicle traffic. The majority of British enclosed shopping centres,
4275-725: The public Real Estate Investment Trust and successor to A. Alfred Taubman's shopping center interests, purchased its partners minority investments stake in the property. The cinema closed in January 2006, as a result of the Loews/AMC merger . The theater reopened in February 2006, operated by Mann Theatres . It closed again in August 2009, and reopened again in September 2009, operated by Rave Motion Pictures . The theater closed permanently on June 3, 2010. The Beverly Center underwent
4350-560: The result of both its position at the intersection of a number of angled streets and its location above the Salt Lake Oil Field . As of 2009, the western portion of the mall property contained a cluster of oil wells in an active drilling enclosure operated by Freeport-McMoRan (formally Plains Exploration & Production . On July 16, 1982, the Cineplex Beverly Center 14 opened. The 14-screen multiplex
4425-497: The results. Each participating Gold's Gym selects its own winners, who then have to compete nationally. Finally, an overall winner is chosen. The winners of the Gold's Gym Challenge have been featured in numerous publications, including PopSugar , The Atlanta Journal-Constitution , and Women's Health. In 2023 the Gold's Gym Challenge USA was replaced by annual the Gold's Gym Fitness Competition. A marketing division founded in 2021 by
4500-403: The retail industry. Government regulations temporarily closed malls, increased entrance controls, and imposed strict public sanitation requirements. High land prices in populous cities have led to the concept of the "vertical mall", in which space allocated to retail is configured over a number of stories accessible by elevators and/or escalators (usually both) linking the different levels of
4575-417: The smaller stores in the mall as well. These larger stores are termed anchor stores or draw tenants. In physical configuration, anchor stores are normally located as far from each other as possible to maximize the amount of traffic from one anchor to another. There are a reported 222 malls in Europe. In 2014, these malls had combined sales of US$ 12.47 billion. This represented a 10% bump in revenues from
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#17327731326154650-474: The space is currently being converted to a Gold's Gym and a Lucky Strike Lanes bowling alley. Shopping mall A shopping mall (or simply mall ) is a large indoor shopping center , usually anchored by department stores . The term mall originally meant a pedestrian promenade with shops along it, but in the late 1960s, it began to be used as a generic term for the large enclosed shopping centers that were becoming increasingly commonplace. In
4725-419: The spirited reception and Gold's money-saving measures, such as building his own exercise equipment, monthly membership fees proved insufficient to maintain the business. A veteran of the merchant marine , Gold wanted to go back to sea, and in 1970, he sold the business to antique dealer Dave Saxe and jeweler Bud Danits for $ 50,000 equivalent to $ 392,000 in 2023. Saxe and Danits were also unable to operate
4800-544: The terms shopping precinct and shopping arcade are also used. In the UK, such complexes are considered shopping centres though shopping centre covers many more sizes and types of centers than the North American mall . Other countries follow UK usage. In Canadian English , and often in Australia and New Zealand, the term mall may be used informally but shopping center or merely center will feature in
4875-507: The word "mall", meaning a pedestrian promenade in the U.S., or in U.K. usage, a "shopping precinct". Early downtown pedestrianized malls included the Kalamazoo Mall (the first, in 1959), "Shoppers' See-Way" in Toledo , Lincoln Road Mall in Miami Beach , Santa Monica Mall (1965). Although Bergen Mall opened in 1957 using the name "mall" and inspired other suburban shopping centers to rebrand themselves as malls, these types of properties were still referred to as "shopping centers" until
4950-400: The world and in 2017 its first locations in Amman in Jordan . The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic heavily affected the company, forcing it to file bankruptcy with its 61 company-owned gyms and over 700 franchises across six continents. On May 4, 2020, GGI Holdings, LLC (Gold's Gym) and 14 affiliated debtors filed Chapter 11 bankruptcy in the United States District Court for
5025-441: The world's first fully enclosed shopping mall was opened in Luleå , in northern Sweden (architect: Ralph Erskine ) and was named Shopping ; the region now claims the highest shopping center density in Europe. The idea of a regionally-sized, fully enclosed shopping complex was pioneered in 1956 by the Austrian-born architect and American immigrant Victor Gruen . This new generation of regional-size shopping centers began with
5100-416: Was anchored by Bullock's and The Broadway department stores. Because of the small size of the plot of land, the mall was built entirely atop its own multi-story parking garage. The northeast corner of the mall, at the intersection of Beverly and La Cienega Boulevards, is the geographic center of the city's studio zone . The mall's unusual shape and lack of street frontage along San Vicente Boulevard are
5175-518: Was larger than its predecessors, and inspired the use of the term "galleria" for many other shopping arcades and malls. In the mid-20th century, with the rise of the suburb and automobile culture in the United States, a new style of shopping center was created away from downtowns . Early shopping centers designed for the automobile include Market Square , Lake Forest, Illinois (1916), and Country Club Plaza , Kansas City, Missouri (1924). The suburban shopping center concept evolved further in
5250-533: Was later enclosed in 1973. Aside from Southdale Center , significant early enclosed shopping malls were Harundale Mall (1958) in Glen Burnie, Maryland, Big Town Mall (1959) in Mesquite, Texas, Chris-Town Mall (1961) in Phoenix, Arizona, and Randhurst Center (1962) in Mount Prospect, Illinois. Other early malls moved retailing away from the dense, commercial downtowns into the largely residential suburbs. This formula (enclosed space with stores attached, away from downtown, and accessible only by automobile) became
5325-530: Was shut down by the city in 1959 amid allegations of sexual misconduct. Bodybuilder Joe Gold was dissatisfied with ad hoc gyms, and in 1965, he converted a building he owned on Pacific Avenue in Venice Beach into the first Gold's Gym. Many bodybuilders soon became enthusiastic clients. Dick Tyler commented it as "big news for big men", a location that would become synonymous with the rise of legendary bodybuilders like Arnold Schwarzenegger , Dave Draper , Lou Ferrigno , or Franco Columbo . However, despite
5400-707: Was sold again in 2004 to TRT Holdings for $ 150 million. German fitness company RSG Group acquired Gold's in August 2020. The growth of Gold's Gym continued expanding the business with modern wellness programs that grew to more than 3000 company partners. The original Gold's Gym in Venice Beach is considered a national sports landmark by ESPN and is named on its list of the 100 most important sports venues. Notable users of Gold's Gym have included such celebrities as Jessica Alba , Jodie Foster , Morgan Freeman , Dwayne Johnson , Jim Morrison , Keanu Reeves , Hilary Swank , Big Show , and Tiger Woods , and many others. In 2016 Gold's Gym opened 58 new locations across
5475-512: Was successfully sued for fraud in 2006, for changing a contract after it was signed in 1999. An accusation of the same conduct of fraud arose again in 2017: on February 10, 2017, the billing processor for the gyms, Paramount Acceptance, and 26 companies under the VASA Fitness name (including new gyms since 2014) were served with a consumer class action lawsuit with numerous causes of action including fraudulent misrepresentation, violations of
5550-426: Was supplemented by gradually increased electric lighting, making it seem like the afternoon was lasting longer, which encouraged shoppers to linger. In the United States, in the mid-1990s, malls were still being constructed at a rate of 140 a year. But in 2001, a PricewaterhouseCoopers study found that underperforming and vacant malls, known as "greyfield" and "dead mall" estates, were an emerging problem. In 2007,
5625-546: Was the largest in the US at the time. The opening was national news and was covered in The New York Times . In the late 1980s, three smaller screens were removed on the main floor, so two larger auditoriums could be built on the roof. On October 24, 1982, America's first and the world's second Hard Rock Cafe opened on the ground level of the mall. It closed on December 31, 2006. In 1989, Terence Conran 's Habitat ,
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