164-679: International figure skating competition Bavarian Open [REDACTED] Location: [REDACTED] Germany The Bavarian Open is an international figure skating competition held in February at the Eissportzentrum Oberstdorf in Oberstdorf, Germany . It is organized by the Skating Union of Bavaria . Since 2011, it has been sanctioned by
328-748: A general armistice ended the fighting. In the German Revolution (November 1918), Wilhelm II and the ruling princes abdicated their positions, and Germany was declared a federal republic . Germany's new leadership signed the Treaty of Versailles in 1919, accepting defeat by the Allies . Germans perceived the treaty as humiliating, which was seen by historians as influential in the rise of Adolf Hitler . Germany lost around 13% of its European territory and ceded all of its colonial possessions in Africa and
492-513: A sustainable energy supply, the debt brake for balanced budgets, measures to increase the fertility rate ( pronatalism ), and high-tech strategies for the transition of the German economy, summarised as Industry 4.0 . During the 2015 European migrant crisis , the country took in over a million refugees and migrants. Germany is the seventh-largest country in Europe . It borders Denmark to
656-567: A temperate climate, ranging from oceanic in the north and west to continental in the east and southeast. Winters range from the cold in the Southern Alps to cool and are generally overcast with limited precipitation, while summers can vary from hot and dry to cool and rainy. The northern regions have prevailing westerly winds that bring in moist air from the North Sea, moderating the temperature and increasing precipitation. Conversely,
820-580: A " Special Relationship " with the United Kingdom and strong ties with Canada , Australia , New Zealand , the Philippines , Japan , South Korea , Israel , and several European Union countries ( France , Italy , Germany , Spain , and Poland ). The U.S. works closely with its NATO allies on military and national security issues, and with countries in the Americas through
984-460: A NATO effort to provide security in that country after the ousting of the Taliban . In the 2005 elections , Angela Merkel became the first female chancellor. In 2009, the German government approved a €50 billion stimulus plan. Among the major German political projects of the early 21st century are the advancement of European integration , the energy transition ( Energiewende ) for
1148-658: A centralised totalitarian state , withdrew from the League of Nations , and dramatically increased the country's rearmament . A government-sponsored programme for economic renewal focused on public works, the most famous of which was the Autobahn . In 1935, the regime withdrew from the Treaty of Versailles and introduced the Nuremberg Laws which targeted Jews and other minorities. Germany also reacquired control of
1312-542: A coordinated, continent-wide military effort. Finally, deteriorating relations between the British military establishment and the colonists, relations that were already less than positive, set the stage for further distrust and dislike of British troops. Following their victory in the French and Indian War, Britain began to assert greater control over local colonial affairs, resulting in colonial political resistance ; one of
1476-482: A decentralized government that operated until 1789. After the British surrender at the siege of Yorktown in 1781 American sovereignty was internationally recognized by the Treaty of Paris (1783), through which the U.S. gained territory stretching west to the Mississippi River, north to present-day Canada, and south to Spanish Florida . The Northwest Ordinance (1787) established the precedent by which
1640-407: A few prominent industrialists , largely by their formation of trusts and monopolies to prevent competition. Tycoons led the nation's expansion in the railroad , petroleum , and steel industries. The United States emerged as a pioneer of the automotive industry . These changes were accompanied by significant increases in economic inequality , slum conditions , and social unrest , creating
1804-615: A framework laid out in the 1949 constitution known as the Grundgesetz (Basic Law). Amendments generally require a two-thirds majority of both the Bundestag and the Bundesrat ; the fundamental principles of the constitution, as expressed in the articles guaranteeing human dignity, the separation of powers, the federal structure, and the rule of law , are valid in perpetuity. The president , currently Frank-Walter Steinmeier ,
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#17328023443971968-666: A global reach. The U.S. is a founding member of the World Bank , Organization of American States , NATO , and the United Nations , as well as a permanent member of the UN Security Council . The first documented use of the phrase "United States of America" is a letter from January 2, 1776. Stephen Moylan , a Continental Army aide to General George Washington , wrote to Joseph Reed , Washington's aide-de-camp , seeking to go "with full and ample powers from
2132-680: A joint responsibility of the international community. It was the world's second-biggest aid donor in 2019 after the United States. Germany's military, the Bundeswehr (Federal Defence), is organised into the Heer (Army and special forces KSK ), Marine (Navy), Luftwaffe (Air Force) and Cyber- und Informationsraum (Cyber and Information Domain Service) branches. In absolute terms, German military spending in 2023
2296-598: A period of heightened, overt racism following Reconstruction, a time often called the nadir of American race relations . A series of Supreme Court decisions, including Plessy v. Ferguson , emptied the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments of their force, allowing Jim Crow laws in the South to remain unchecked, sundown towns in the Midwest, and segregation in communities across the country , which would be reinforced by
2460-488: A prominent leader in the early 1960s. The Great Society plan of President Lyndon Johnson 's administration resulted in groundbreaking and broad-reaching laws, policies and a constitutional amendment to counteract some of the worst effects of lingering institutional racism . The counterculture movement in the U.S. brought significant social changes, including the liberalization of attitudes toward recreational drug use and sexuality . It also encouraged open defiance of
2624-547: A provisional capital, to emphasise its stance that the two-state solution was temporary. West Germany was established as a federal parliamentary republic with a " social market economy ". Starting in 1948 West Germany became a major recipient of reconstruction aid under the American Marshall Plan . Konrad Adenauer was elected the first federal chancellor of Germany in 1949. The country enjoyed prolonged economic growth ( Wirtschaftswunder ) beginning in
2788-526: A sense of manifest destiny . The Missouri Compromise attempted to balance the desire of northern states to prevent the expansion of slavery into new territories with that of southern states to extend it, admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state. It further prohibited slavery in all other lands of the Louisiana Purchase north of the 36°30′ parallel . As Americans expanded further into land inhabited by Native Americans,
2952-614: A sense of American identity as well. Men who otherwise never left their own colony now traveled across the continent to fight alongside men from decidedly different backgrounds but who were no less "American". British officers trained American officers for battle, most notably George Washington ; these officers would lend their skills and expertise to the colonists' cause during the American Revolutionary War to come. In addition, colonial legislatures and officials found it necessary to cooperate intensively in pursuit of
3116-577: A series of Imperial Reforms (approximately 1495–1555) provided for considerable local autonomy and a stronger Imperial Diet . The House of Habsburg held the imperial crown from 1438 until the death of Charles VI in 1740. Following the War of the Austrian Succession and the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle , Charles VI's daughter Maria Theresa ruled as empress consort when her husband, Francis I , became emperor. From 1740, dualism between
3280-638: A state, the East German authorities eased border restrictions, but this actually led to an acceleration of the Wende reform process culminating in the Two Plus Four Treaty under which Germany regained full sovereignty. This permitted German reunification on 3 October 1990, with the accession of the five re-established states of the former GDR. The fall of the Wall in 1989 became a symbol of
3444-712: A symbol of the Cold War . Tensions between East and West Germany were reduced in the late 1960s by Chancellor Willy Brandt 's Ostpolitik . In 1989, Hungary decided to dismantle the Iron Curtain and open its border with Austria , causing the emigration of thousands of East Germans to West Germany via Hungary and Austria. This had devastating effects on the GDR, where regular mass demonstrations received increasing support. In an effort to help retain East Germany as
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#17328023443973608-571: A universal health care system , and tuition-free university education . Germany is a member of the United Nations , Council of Europe , NATO and OECD , and a founding member of the European Union, G7 and G20 . It has the third-highest number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites , 54 , of which 51 are cultural. The English word Germany derives from the Latin Germania , which came into use after Julius Caesar adopted it for
3772-401: A year). Juvenile correctional facilities are operated by local or state governments and serve as longer-term placements for any minor adjudicated as delinquent and ordered by a judge to be confined. As of January 2023, the United States has the sixth-highest per capita incarceration rate in the world—531 people per 100,000 inhabitants—and the largest prison and jail population in
3936-591: Is believed to be the first widespread culture in the Americas. Over time, indigenous North American cultures grew increasingly sophisticated, and some, such as the Mississippian culture , developed agriculture , architecture , and complex societies . In the post-archaic period , the Mississippian cultures were located in the midwestern , eastern , and southern regions, and the Algonquian in
4100-648: Is devoted to agriculture, while 30% is forested and 14% is covered by settlements or infrastructure. Plants and animals include those generally common to Central Europe. According to the National Forest Inventory, beeches , oaks , and other deciduous trees constitute just over 40% of the forests; roughly 60% are conifers , particularly spruce and pine . There are many species of ferns , flowers , fungi , and mosses . Wild animals include roe deer , wild boar , mouflon (a subspecies of wild sheep), fox , badger , hare , and small numbers of
4264-833: Is different from Wikidata Germany – in Europe (light green & dark grey) – in the European Union (light green) Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country in Central Europe . It lies between the Baltic and North Sea to the north and the Alps to the south. Its sixteen constituent states have a total population of over 82 million in an area of 357,596 km (138,069 sq mi), making it
4428-498: Is known as the presidential system , in contrast to the parliamentary system , where the executive is part of the legislative body. Many countries around the world imitated this aspect of the 1789 Constitution of the United States , especially in the Americas. The Constitution is silent on political parties. However, they developed independently in the 18th century with the Federalist and Anti-Federalist parties. Since then,
4592-608: Is largely autonomous in regard to its internal organisation. As of 2017 , Germany is divided into 401 districts ( Kreise ) at a municipal level; these consist of 294 rural districts and 107 urban districts . Germany has a civil law system based on Roman law with some references to Germanic law . The Bundesverfassungsgericht (Federal Constitutional Court) is the German Supreme Court responsible for constitutional matters, with power of judicial review . Germany's specialized supreme court system includes
4756-438: Is now the United States experienced conflicts with Native Americans, they also engaged in trade, exchanging European tools for food and animal pelts. Relations ranged from close cooperation to warfare and massacres. The colonial authorities often pursued policies that forced Native Americans to adopt European lifestyles, including conversion to Christianity. Along the eastern seaboard, settlers trafficked African slaves through
4920-653: Is the head of state and invested primarily with representative responsibilities and powers. He is elected by the Bundesversammlung (federal convention), an institution consisting of the members of the Bundestag and an equal number of state delegates. The second-highest official in the German order of precedence is the Bundestagspräsident ( President of the Bundestag ), who is elected by
5084-552: Is the federal agency charged with addressing most environmental-related issues . The idea of wilderness has shaped the management of public lands since 1964, with the Wilderness Act . The Endangered Species Act of 1973 provides a way to protect threatened and endangered species and their habitats. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service implements and enforces the Act. In 2024, the U.S. ranked 34th among 180 countries in
Bavarian Open - Misplaced Pages Continue
5248-488: Is vested in the parliament consisting of the Bundestag (Federal Diet) and Bundesrat (Federal Council), which together form the legislative body. The Bundestag is elected through direct elections using the mixed-member proportional representation system. The members of the Bundesrat represent and are appointed by the governments of the sixteen federated states. The German political system operates under
5412-463: The Gründerzeit period following the unification of Germany, Bismarck's foreign policy as chancellor of Germany secured Germany's position as a great nation by forging alliances and avoiding war. However, under Wilhelm II , Germany took an imperialistic course, leading to friction with neighbouring countries. A dual alliance was created with the multinational realm of Austria-Hungary ;
5576-491: The Bundestag and responsible for overseeing the daily sessions of the body. The third-highest official and the head of government is the chancellor, who is appointed by the Bundespräsident after being elected by the party or coalition with the most seats in the Bundestag . The chancellor, currently Olaf Scholz , is the head of government and exercises executive power through his Cabinet . Since 1949,
5740-889: The Allies de jure abolished the German state and partitioned Berlin and Germany's remaining territory into four occupation zones. The western sectors, controlled by France, the United Kingdom , and the United States , were merged on 23 May 1949 to form the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland ); on 7 October 1949, the Soviet Zone became the German Democratic Republic (GDR) ( German : Deutsche Demokratische Republik ; DDR). They were informally known as West Germany and East Germany. East Germany selected East Berlin as its capital, while West Germany chose Bonn as
5904-551: The Allies of World War I , helping to turn the tide against the Central Powers . In 1920, a constitutional amendment granted nationwide women's suffrage . During the 1920s and '30s, radio for mass communication and the invention of early television transformed communications nationwide. The Wall Street Crash of 1929 triggered the Great Depression , which President Franklin D. Roosevelt responded to with
6068-553: The Atlantic slave trade . The original Thirteen Colonies that would later found the United States were administered as possessions of Great Britain , and had local governments with elections open to most white male property owners . The colonial population grew rapidly, eclipsing Native American populations; by the 1770s, the natural increase of the population was such that only a small minority of Americans had been born overseas. The colonies' distance from Britain allowed for
6232-625: The Battle of Britain in the same year. In 1941, German troops invaded Yugoslavia , Greece and the Soviet Union . By 1942, Germany and its allies controlled most of continental Europe and North Africa , but following the Soviet victory at the Battle of Stalingrad , the Allied reconquest of North Africa and invasion of Italy in 1943, German forces suffered repeated military defeats. In 1944,
6396-597: The Berchtesgaden National Park . In addition, there are 17 Biosphere Reserves , and 105 nature parks . More than 400 zoos and animal parks operate in Germany. The Berlin Zoo , which opened in 1844, is the oldest in Germany, and claims the most comprehensive collection of species in the world. Germany is a federal , parliamentary , representative democratic republic. Federal legislative power
6560-817: The Bering land bridge more than 12,000 years ago, and formed various civilizations and societies . British colonization led to the first settlement of the Thirteen Colonies in Virginia in 1607. Clashes with the British Crown over taxation and political representation sparked the American Revolution , with the Second Continental Congress formally declaring independence on July 4, 1776. Following its victory in
6724-973: The COVID-19 pandemic 2022 [REDACTED] Angelina Kudryavtseva Ilia Karankevich [REDACTED] Noemi Tali Stefano Frasca [REDACTED] Elizabeth Tkachenko Alexey Kiliakov 2023 [REDACTED] Darya Grimm Michail Savitskiy [REDACTED] Leah Neset Artem Markelov [REDACTED] Phebe Bekker James Hernandez 2024 [REDACTED] Darya Grimm Michail Savitskiy [REDACTED] Beatrice Ventura Stefano Frasca [REDACTED] Lilia Schubert Nikita Remeshevskiy References [ edit ] ^ "2008 Bavarian Open" . Archived from
Bavarian Open - Misplaced Pages Continue
6888-4529: The COVID-19 pandemic 2022 [REDACTED] Brooke McIntosh Benjamin Mimar [REDACTED] Summer Homick Marty Haubrich [REDACTED] Barbora Kucianová Lukáš Vochozka 2023 [REDACTED] Naomi Williams Lachlan Lewer [REDACTED] Barbora Kucianová Lukáš Vochozka [REDACTED] Lilianna Murray Jordan Gillette 2024 [REDACTED] Debora Anna Cohen Lukas Vochozka [REDACTED] Louise Ehrhard Matthis Pellegris [REDACTED] Romane Telemaque Lucas Coulon Ice dance [ edit ] Year Gold Silver Bronze Ref. 2008 [REDACTED] Lorenza Alessandrini Simone Vaturi [REDACTED] Lucie Myslivečková Matěj Novák [REDACTED] Karolina Procházková Michal Češka 2009 [REDACTED] Juliane Haslinger Tom Finke [REDACTED] Sonja Pauli Tobias Eisenbauer [REDACTED] Dominique Dieck Michael Zenkner 2010 [REDACTED] Sara Hurtado Adria Diaz [REDACTED] Sonja Pauli Tobias Eisenbauer [REDACTED] Karolina Procházková Michal Češka 2011 [REDACTED] Valeria Loseva Denis Lunin [REDACTED] Tatiana Baturintseva Sergey Mozgov [REDACTED] Karolina Procházková Michal Češka 2012 [REDACTED] Karolina Procházková Michal Češka [REDACTED] Elektra Hetman Benjamin Allain [REDACTED] Sofia Sforza Francesco Fioretti 2013 [REDACTED] Sofia Sforza Francesco Fioretti [REDACTED] Daria Morozova Mikhail Zhirnov [REDACTED] Alessia Busi Andrea Fabbri 2014 [REDACTED] Daria Morozova Mikhail Zhirnov [REDACTED] Eva Khachaturian Igor Eremenko [REDACTED] Olivia Smart Joseph Buckland 2015 [REDACTED] Sofia Sforza Leo Luca Sforza [REDACTED] Nicole Kuzmich Alexandr Sinicyn [REDACTED] Katharina Müller Tim Dieck 2016 [REDACTED] Sofia Shevchenko Igor Eremenko [REDACTED] Eliana Gropman Ian Somerville [REDACTED] Nicole Kuzmich Alexandr Sinicyn 2017 [REDACTED] Ekaterina Kuznetsova Dmitri Parkhomenko [REDACTED] Marjorie Lajoie Zachary Lagha [REDACTED] Ashlynne Stairs Lee Royer 2018 [REDACTED] Ria Schwendinger Valentin Wunderlich [REDACTED] Natacha Lagouge Corentin Rahier [REDACTED] Charise Matthaei Maximilian Pfisterer 2019 [REDACTED] Marjorie Lajoie Zachary Lagha [REDACTED] Alicia Fabbri Paul Ayer [REDACTED] Charise Matthaei Maximilian Pfisterer 2020 [REDACTED] Avonley Nguyen Vadym Kolesnik [REDACTED] Emmy Bronsard Aissa Bouaraguia [REDACTED] Natalie D'Alessandro Bruce Waddell 2021 Event cancelled due to
7052-3739: The COVID-19 pandemic 2022 [REDACTED] Irma Caldara Riccardo Maglio [REDACTED] Anna Valesi Manuel Piazza [REDACTED] Nika Osipova Dmitry Epstein 2023 [REDACTED] Mária Pavlova Alexei Sviatchenko [REDACTED] Daria Danilova Michel Tsiba [REDACTED] Federica Simioli Alessandro Zarbo 2024 [REDACTED] Daria Danilova Michel Tsiba [REDACTED] Ioulia Chtchetinina Michał Woźniak [REDACTED] Barbora Kucianová Martin Bidař Ice dance [ edit ] Year Gold Silver Bronze Ref. 2011 [REDACTED] Nelli Zhiganshina Alexander Gazsi [REDACTED] Jana Khokhlova Fedor Andreev [REDACTED] Sara Hurtado Adria Diaz 2012 [REDACTED] Charlène Guignard Marco Fabbri [REDACTED] Ekaterina Pushkash Jonathan Guerreiro [REDACTED] Lucie Myslivečková Neil Brown 2013 [REDACTED] Penny Coomes Nicholas Buckland [REDACTED] Isabella Tobias Deividas Stagniūnas [REDACTED] Lorenza Alessandrini Simone Vaturi 2014 [REDACTED] Justyna Plutowska Peter Gerber [REDACTED] Shari Koch Christian Nüchtern [REDACTED] Henna Lindholm Ossi Kanervo 2015 [REDACTED] Misato Komatsubara Andrea Fabbri [REDACTED] Allison Reed Vasili Rogov [REDACTED] Cortney Mansour Michal Češka 2016 [REDACTED] Penny Coomes Nicholas Buckland [REDACTED] Tina Garabedian Simon Proulx-Sénécal [REDACTED] Carter Marie Jones Richard Sharpe 2017 [REDACTED] Anna Cappellini Luca Lanotte [REDACTED] Olivia Smart Adrià Díaz [REDACTED] Kavita Lorenz Panagiotis Polizoakis 2018 [REDACTED] Lilah Fear Lewis Gibson [REDACTED] Jasmine Tessari Francesco Fioretti [REDACTED] Shari Koch Christian Nüchtern 2019 [REDACTED] Anastasia Shpilevaya Grigory Smirnov [REDACTED] Jennifer Urban Benjamin Steffan [REDACTED] Juulia Turkkila Matthias Versluis 2020 [REDACTED] Allison Reed Saulius Ambrulevičius [REDACTED] Marie-Jade Lauriault Romain Le Gac [REDACTED] Haley Sales Nikolas Wamsteeker 2021 Event cancelled due to
7216-2667: The COVID-19 pandemic 2022 [REDACTED] Jennifer Janse van Rensburg Benjamin Steffan [REDACTED] Marie Dupayage Thomas Nabais [REDACTED] Lou Terreaux Noé Perron 2023 [REDACTED] Jennifer Janse van Rensburg Benjamin Steffan [REDACTED] Yuka Orihara Juho Pirinen [REDACTED] Natacha Lagouge Arnaud Caffa 2024 [REDACTED] Jennifer Janse van Rensburg Benjamin Steffan [REDACTED] Natacha Lagouge Arnaud Caffa [REDACTED] Lou Terreaux Noé Perron Junior results [ edit ] Men's singles [ edit ] Year Gold Silver Bronze Ref. 2008 [REDACTED] Petr Bidař [REDACTED] Ruben Errampalli [REDACTED] Saverio Giacomelli 2009 [REDACTED] Saverio Giacomelli [REDACTED] Luca Dematte [REDACTED] Filippo Ambrosini 2010 [REDACTED] Stéphane Walker [REDACTED] Laurent Alvarez [REDACTED] Alexander Lohmayer 2011 [REDACTED] Martin Rappe [REDACTED] Pavel Savinov [REDACTED] Manuel Leitner 2012 [REDACTED] Antoine Noel Pierre [REDACTED] Charles Tetar [REDACTED] Vincent Hey 2013 [REDACTED] Ivan Pavlov [REDACTED] Anton Kempf [REDACTED] Panagiotis Polizoakis 2014 [REDACTED] Deniss Vasiljevs [REDACTED] Daniel Samohin [REDACTED] Egor Murashov 2015 [REDACTED] Egor Murashov [REDACTED] Anton Kempf [REDACTED] Daniel Albert Naurits 2016 [REDACTED] Dave Kötting [REDACTED] Josh Brown [REDACTED] Egor Murashov 2017 [REDACTED] Nicolas Nadeau [REDACTED] Conrad Orzel [REDACTED] Joseph Phan 2018 [REDACTED] Kazuki Kushida [REDACTED] Shun Sato [REDACTED] Adam Siao Him Fa 2019 [REDACTED] Nurullah Sahaka [REDACTED] Joonsoo Kim [REDACTED] Jonathan Hess 2020 [REDACTED] Stephen Gogolev [REDACTED] Joseph Phan [REDACTED] Lucas Tsuyoshi Honda 2021 Event cancelled due to
7380-3111: The COVID-19 pandemic 2022 [REDACTED] Kristina Isaev [REDACTED] Nicole Schott [REDACTED] Linnea Ceder 2023 [REDACTED] Marina Piredda [REDACTED] Kristina Isaev [REDACTED] Marilena Kitromilis 2024 [REDACTED] Livia Kaiser [REDACTED] Elizabet Gervits [REDACTED] Olga Mikutina Pairs [ edit ] Year Gold Silver Bronze Ref. 2010 [REDACTED] Klára Kadlecová Petr Bidař [REDACTED] Nicole Gurny Martin Liebers No other competitors 2011 [REDACTED] Maylin Hausch Daniel Wende [REDACTED] Katharina Gierok Florian Just [REDACTED] Mari Vartmann Aaron Van Cleave 2012 [REDACTED] Maylin Hausch Daniel Wende [REDACTED] Katarina Gerboldt Alexander Enbert [REDACTED] Nicole Della Monica Matteo Guarise 2013 [REDACTED] Ksenia Stolbova Fedor Klimov [REDACTED] Julia Antipova Nodari Maisuradze [REDACTED] Mari Vartmann Aaron Van Cleave 2014 [REDACTED] Julia Antipova Nodari Maisuradze [REDACTED] Katarina Gerboldt Alexander Enbert [REDACTED] Giulia Foresti Luca Demattè 2015 [REDACTED] Amani Fancy Christopher Boyadji [REDACTED] Alessandra Cernuschi Filippo Ambrosini [REDACTED] Elizaveta Makarova Leri Kenchadze 2016 [REDACTED] Aliona Savchenko Bruno Massot [REDACTED] Minerva-Fabienne Hase Nolan Seegert [REDACTED] Lola Esbrat Andrei Novoselov 2017 [REDACTED] Ioulia Chtchetinina Noah Scherer [REDACTED] Alexandra Herbríková Nicolas Roulet [REDACTED] Daria Beklemisheva Mark Magyar 2019 [REDACTED] Laura Barquero Aritz Maestu [REDACTED] Annika Hock Ruben Blommaert [REDACTED] Zoe Jones Christopher Boyadji 2020 [REDACTED] Anastasia Mishina Aleksandr Galliamov [REDACTED] Annika Hocke Robert Kunkel [REDACTED] Karina Akopova Maksim Shagalov 2021 Event cancelled due to
7544-3550: The COVID-19 pandemic 2022 [REDACTED] Tatsuya Tsuboi [REDACTED] Matteo Nalbone [REDACTED] François Pitot 2023 [REDACTED] Luca Fünfer [REDACTED] Aurélian Chervet [REDACTED] Robert Wildt 2024 [REDACTED] Taira Shinohara [REDACTED] Tamir Kuperman [REDACTED] Nikita Sheiko Women's singles [ edit ] Year Group Gold Silver Bronze Ref. 2008 — [REDACTED] Sandy Hoffmann [REDACTED] Briana Munoz [REDACTED] Alice Garlisi 2009 [REDACTED] Jennifer Urban [REDACTED] Romy Bühler [REDACTED] Virginie Clerc 2010 Group I [REDACTED] Carlotta Ortenzi [REDACTED] Virginie Clerc [REDACTED] Jeanny-Ann Kaiser Group II [REDACTED] Tina Stürzinger [REDACTED] Monika Simančíková [REDACTED] Isabelle Glaser 2011 — [REDACTED] Romy Bühler [REDACTED] Brooklee Han [REDACTED] Anne Zetzsche 2012 Group I [REDACTED] Laurine Lecavelier [REDACTED] Jennifer Parker [REDACTED] Anita Madsen Group II [REDACTED] Maria-Katharina Herceg [REDACTED] Yasmine Kimiko Yamada [REDACTED] Tanja Odermatt 2013 Group I [REDACTED] Maria-Katharina Herceg [REDACTED] Allison Perticheto [REDACTED] Yasmine Kimiko Yamada Group II [REDACTED] Bahia Taleb [REDACTED] Anaïs Ventard [REDACTED] Jennifer Parker 2014 Group I [REDACTED] Jenni Saarinen [REDACTED] Liubov Efimenko [REDACTED] Michaela du Toit Group II [REDACTED] Maria-Katharina Herceg [REDACTED] Angelina Kučvaļska [REDACTED] Matilde Gianocca 2015 Group I [REDACTED] Danielle Harrison [REDACTED] Kristina Isaev [REDACTED] Marina Popov Group II [REDACTED] Maria-Katharina Herceg [REDACTED] Jennifer Schmidt [REDACTED] Matilde Gianocca 2016 Group I [REDACTED] Alisa Lozko [REDACTED] Yuna Aoki [REDACTED] Anastasia Hozhva Group II [REDACTED] Tyler Pierce [REDACTED] Danielle Harrison [REDACTED] Alissa Scheidt 2017 Group I [REDACTED] Saya Suzuki [REDACTED] Riko Takino [REDACTED] Ann-Christin Marold Group II [REDACTED] Sarah Tamura [REDACTED] Paula Mikolajczyk [REDACTED] Alissa Scheidt 2018 — [REDACTED] Tomoe Kawabata [REDACTED] Rinka Watanabe [REDACTED] Pooja Kalyan 2019 Group I [REDACTED] You Young [REDACTED] Wakana Naganawa [REDACTED] Lucrezia Beccari Group II [REDACTED] Yuna Shiraiwa [REDACTED] Emilia Murdock [REDACTED] Romy Schallert 2020 Group I [REDACTED] Kaiya Ruiter [REDACTED] Elsa Cheng [REDACTED] Ginevra Lavinia Negrello Group II [REDACTED] Madeline Schizas [REDACTED] Viktoria Iushchenkova [REDACTED] Ellen Slavicek 2021 Event cancelled due to
7708-2262: The COVID-19 pandemic 2022 [REDACTED] Vladimir Samoilov [REDACTED] Luc Maierhofer [REDACTED] Kai Jagoda 2023 [REDACTED] Valtter Virtanen [REDACTED] Kai Jagoda [REDACTED] Kyrylo Marsak 2024 [REDACTED] Deniss Vasiļjevs [REDACTED] Georgiy Reshtenko [REDACTED] Kai Jagoda Women's singles [ edit ] Year Gold Silver Bronze Ref. 2008 [REDACTED] Sarah Hecken [REDACTED] Kristin Wieczorek [REDACTED] Roberta Rodeghiero 2009 [REDACTED] Alice Garlisi [REDACTED] Roberta Rodeghiero [REDACTED] Alice Velati 2010 [REDACTED] Katharina Häcker [REDACTED] Roberta Rodeghiero [REDACTED] Andrea Kreuzer 2011 [REDACTED] Katharina Häcker [REDACTED] Belinda Schönberger [REDACTED] Miriam Ziegler 2012 [REDACTED] Nathalie Weinzierl [REDACTED] Roberta Rodeghiero [REDACTED] Isabelle Olsson 2013 [REDACTED] Nathalie Weinzierl [REDACTED] Sarah Hecken [REDACTED] Nicole Rajičová 2014 [REDACTED] Joshi Helgesson [REDACTED] Anna Ovcharova [REDACTED] Anais Ventard 2015 [REDACTED] Mariko Kihara [REDACTED] Lutricia Bock [REDACTED] Niki Wories 2016 [REDACTED] Yuka Nagai [REDACTED] Lutricia Bock [REDACTED] Lea Johanna Dastich 2017 [REDACTED] Angela Wang [REDACTED] Nathalie Weinzierl [REDACTED] Lea Johanna Dastich 2018 [REDACTED] Rin Nitaya [REDACTED] Yura Matsuda [REDACTED] Nathalie Weinzierl 2019 [REDACTED] Satoko Miyahara [REDACTED] Yuna Aoki [REDACTED] Aurora Cotop 2020 [REDACTED] Satoko Miyahara [REDACTED] Marin Honda [REDACTED] Niki Wories 2021 Event cancelled due to
7872-3849: The COVID-19 pandemic 2022 Group I [REDACTED] Iida Karhunen [REDACTED] Anna Pezzetta [REDACTED] Lola Grhozali Group II [REDACTED] Hana Yoshida [REDACTED] Rinka Watanabe [REDACTED] Lorine Schild 2023 Group I [REDACTED] Anthea Gradinaru [REDACTED] Stefania Yakovleva [REDACTED] Gabriela Grinberg Group II [REDACTED] Pihla Bergman [REDACTED] Jolanda Vos [REDACTED] Anna Grekul 2024 Group I [REDACTED] Leandra Tzimpoukakis [REDACTED] Angel Delevaque [REDACTED] Olesya Ray Group II [REDACTED] Noelle Streuli [REDACTED] Julia Grabowski [REDACTED] Heidi Moisio Pairs [ edit ] Year Gold Silver Bronze Ref. 2009 [REDACTED] Juliana Gurdzhi Alexander Völler [REDACTED] Carolina Gillespie Daniel Aggiano [REDACTED] Vanessa Schöche Andreas Müller 2010 [REDACTED] Juliana Gurdzhi Alexander Völler No other competitors 2011 [REDACTED] Rachel Epstein Dmitry Epstein [REDACTED] Anais Morand Timothy Leemann No other competitors 2012 [REDACTED] Camille Mendoza Christopher Boyadji [REDACTED] Linda Wenzig Matti Landgraf [REDACTED] Bianca Manacorda Niccolò Macii 2013 [REDACTED] Annabelle Prölß Ruben Blommaert [REDACTED] Arina Cherniavskaia Antonio Souza-Kordeyru [REDACTED] Vanessa Bauer Nolan Seegert 2014 [REDACTED] Bianca Manacorda Niccolo Macii [REDACTED] Ami Koga Francis Boudreau-Audet [REDACTED] Molly Lanaghan Jake Astill 2015 [REDACTED] Anastasia Mishina Vladislav Mirzoev [REDACTED] Irma Caldara Edoardo Caputo [REDACTED] Minori Yuge Jannis Bronisefski 2016 [REDACTED] Anastasia Mishina Vladislav Mirzoev [REDACTED] Renata Ohanesian Mark Bardei [REDACTED] Bianca Manacorda Niccolò Macii 2017 [REDACTED] Evelyn Walsh Trennt Michaud [REDACTED] Lori-Ann Matte Thierry Ferland [REDACTED] Alexandria Yao Austin Hale 2018 [REDACTED] Laiken Lockley Keenan Prochnow [REDACTED] Sara Carli Marco Pauletti [REDACTED] Greta Crafoord John Crafoord 2019 [REDACTED] Chelsea Liu Ian Meyh [REDACTED] Elvira Kildeeva Vladimir Sled [REDACTED] Karina Safina Mikhail Domnin 2020 [REDACTED] Kelly Ann Laurin Loucas Éthier [REDACTED] Gabrielle Levesque Pier-Alexandre Hudon [REDACTED] Alyssa Montan Manuel Piazza 2021 Event cancelled due to
8036-2039: The Deutsche Eislauf Union and the International Skating Union . Medals may be awarded in men's singles, women's singles , pair skating , and ice dance at the senior and junior levels. Senior results [ edit ] Men's singles [ edit ] Year Gold Silver Bronze Ref. 2008 [REDACTED] Fabio Mascarello [REDACTED] Ferenc Kassai No other competitors 2009 [REDACTED] Anton Kovalevski [REDACTED] Philipp Tischendorf [REDACTED] Matthew Parr 2010 [REDACTED] Philipp Tischendorf [REDACTED] Michael Biondi [REDACTED] Mikael Redin 2011 [REDACTED] Michal Březina [REDACTED] Denis Wieczorek [REDACTED] Christopher Berneck 2012 [REDACTED] Franz Streubel [REDACTED] Martin Rappe [REDACTED] Christopher Caluza 2013 [REDACTED] Nobunari Oda [REDACTED] Kento Nakamura [REDACTED] Paul Fentz 2014 [REDACTED] Ivan Righini [REDACTED] Franz Streubel [REDACTED] Petr Coufal 2015 [REDACTED] Andrei Lazukin [REDACTED] Franz Streubel [REDACTED] Valtter Virtanen 2016 [REDACTED] Ivan Righini [REDACTED] Franz Streubel [REDACTED] Ryuju Hino 2017 [REDACTED] Vincent Zhou [REDACTED] Hiroaki Sato [REDACTED] Shu Nakamura 2018 [REDACTED] Maurizio Zandron [REDACTED] Lukas Britschgi [REDACTED] Petr Kotlařík 2019 [REDACTED] Koshiro Shimada [REDACTED] Conrad Orzel [REDACTED] Peter James Hallam 2020 [REDACTED] Shun Sato [REDACTED] Nikolaj Majorov [REDACTED] Yuto Kishina 2021 Event cancelled due to
8200-399: The Environmental Performance Index . The country joined the Paris Agreement on climate change in 2016 and has many other environmental commitments. The United States is a federal republic of 50 states and a separate federal capital district, Washington, D.C. It also asserts sovereignty over five unincorporated territories and several uninhabited island possessions . The U.S. is
8364-430: The Eurasian beaver . The blue cornflower was once a German national symbol . The 16 national parks in Germany include the Jasmund National Park , the Vorpommern Lagoon Area National Park , the Müritz National Park , the Wadden Sea National Parks , the Harz National Park , the Hainich National Park , the Black Forest National Park , the Saxon Switzerland National Park , the Bavarian Forest National Park and
SECTION 50
#17328023443978528-485: The Fall of Communism , the dissolution of the Soviet Union , German reunification and Die Wende ("the turning point"). United Germany was considered the enlarged continuation of West Germany so it retained its memberships in international organisations. Based on the Berlin/Bonn Act (1994), Berlin again became the capital of Germany, while Bonn obtained the unique status of a Bundesstadt (federal city) retaining some federal ministries. The relocation of
8692-437: The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the U.S. Marshals Service have national jurisdiction and specialized duties, such as protecting civil rights , national security and enforcing U.S. federal courts ' rulings and federal laws. State courts conduct most civil and criminal trials, and federal courts handle designated crimes and appeals of state court decisions . There is no unified "criminal justice system" in
8856-411: The German Revolution of 1918–1919 , the Empire was replaced by the Weimar Republic . The Nazi rise to power in 1933 led to the establishment of a totalitarian dictatorship , World War II , and the Holocaust . In 1949, after the war and a period of Allied occupation , Germany was organized into two separate polities with limited sovereignty: the Federal Republic of Germany, or West Germany , and
9020-415: The Great Lakes , Mississippi River and Gulf of Mexico . British colonization of the East Coast began with the Virginia Colony (1607) and Plymouth Colony (1620). The Mayflower Compact and the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut established precedents for representative self-governance and constitutionalism that would develop throughout the American colonies. While European settlers in what
9184-543: The Great Lakes region and along the Eastern Seaboard , while the Hohokam culture and Ancestral Puebloans inhabited the southwest . Native population estimates of what is now the United States before the arrival of European immigrants range from around 500,000 to nearly 10 million. Christopher Columbus began exploring the Caribbean for Spain in 1492, leading to Spanish-speaking settlements and missions from Puerto Rico and Florida to New Mexico and California . France established its own settlements along
9348-421: The House of Representatives , a lower house based on population; and the Senate , an upper house based on equal representation for each state. Federalism provides substantial autonomy to the 50 states, while the country's political culture promotes liberty , equality , individualism , personal autonomy , and limited government . One of the world's most developed countries , the United States has had
9512-422: The Investiture controversy . Under the Hohenstaufen emperors (1138–1254), German princes encouraged German settlement to the south and east ( Ostsiedlung ). Members of the Hanseatic League , mostly north German towns, prospered in the expansion of trade. The population declined starting with the Great Famine in 1315, followed by the Black Death of 1348–1350. The Golden Bull issued in 1356 provided
9676-428: The Jastorf culture during the Nordic Bronze Age or early Iron Age . From southern Scandinavia and northern Germany , they expanded south, east, and west, coming into contact with the Celtic , Iranian , Baltic , and Slavic tribes. Southern Germany was inhabited by Celtic-speaking peoples, who belonged to the wider La Tène culture . They were later assimilated by the Germanic conquerors. Under Augustus ,
9840-426: The Midwest . At the same time, about one million French Canadians migrated from Quebec to New England . During the Great Migration , millions of African Americans left the rural South for urban areas in the North. Alaska was purchased from Russia in 1867. The Compromise of 1877 effectively ended Reconstruction and white supremacists took local control of Southern politics . African Americans endured
10004-467: The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact that divided Eastern Europe into German and Soviet spheres of influence. On 1 September 1939, Germany invaded Poland , beginning World War II in Europe ; Britain and France declared war on Germany on 3 September. In the spring of 1940, Germany conquered Denmark and Norway , the Netherlands , Belgium , Luxembourg , and France , forcing the French government to sign an armistice . The British repelled German air attacks in
SECTION 60
#173280234439710168-553: The National Park Service and other agencies. About 28% of the country's land is publicly owned and federally managed, primarily in the Western States . Most of this land is protected , though some is leased for commercial use, and less than one percent is used for military purposes. Environmental issues in the United States include debates on non-renewable resources and nuclear energy , air and water pollution , biodiversity , logging and deforestation , and climate change . The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
10332-437: The New Deal , a series of sweeping programs and public works projects combined with financial reforms and regulations . All were intended to protect against future economic depressions. Initially neutral during World War II , the U.S. began supplying war materiel to the Allies of World War II in March 1941 and entered the war in December after the Empire of Japan 's attack on Pearl Harbor . The U.S. developed
10496-508: The Organization of American States and the United States–Mexico–Canada Free Trade Agreement . In South America, Colombia is traditionally considered to be the closest ally of the United States. The U.S. exercises full international defense authority and responsibility for Micronesia , the Marshall Islands , and Palau through the Compact of Free Association . It has increasingly conducted strategic cooperation with India , but its ties with China have steadily deteriorated. Since 2014,
10660-539: The Pentium microprocessor in accordance with Moore's law , rechargeable lithium-ion batteries , the first gene therapy trial, and cloning either emerged in the U.S. or were improved upon there. The Human Genome Project was formally launched in 1990, while Nasdaq became the first stock market in the United States to trade online in 1998. In the Gulf War of 1991, an American-led international coalition of states expelled an Iraqi invasion force that had occupied neighboring Kuwait . The September 11 attacks on
10824-529: The Roman Empire began to invade lands inhabited by the Germanic tribes, creating a short-lived Roman province of Germania between the Rhine and Elbe rivers. In 9 AD, three Roman legions were defeated by Arminius in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest . The outcome of this battle dissuaded the Romans from their ambition of conquering Germania and is thus considered one of the most important events in European history . By 100 AD, when Tacitus wrote Germania , Germanic tribes had settled along
10988-430: The Saarland in 1935, remilitarised the Rhineland in 1936, annexed Austria in 1938, annexed the Sudetenland in 1938 with the Munich Agreement , and in violation of the agreement occupied Czechoslovakia in March 1939. Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass) saw the burning of synagogues, the destruction of Jewish businesses, and mass arrests of Jewish people. In August 1939, Hitler's government negotiated
11152-418: The Soviet Union's collapse and the end of the Cold War in 1991, the U.S. emerged as the world's sole superpower , wielding significant geopolitical influence globally . The U.S. national government is a presidential constitutional federal republic and liberal democracy with three separate branches : legislative , executive , and judicial . It has a bicameral national legislature composed of
11316-399: The Spanish–American War . (The Philippines was granted full independence from the U.S. on July 4, 1946, following World War II. Puerto Rico and Guam have remained U.S. territories.) American Samoa was acquired by the United States in 1900 after the Second Samoan Civil War . The U.S. Virgin Islands were purchased from Denmark in 1917. The United States entered World War I alongside
11480-450: The Triple Alliance of 1882 included Italy. Britain, France and Russia also concluded alliances to protect against Habsburg interference with Russian interests in the Balkans or German interference against France. At the Berlin Conference in 1884, Germany claimed several colonies including German East Africa , German South West Africa , Togoland , and Kamerun . Later, Germany further expanded its colonial empire to include holdings in
11644-399: The cotton gin made the institution increasingly profitable for Southern elites . This sectional conflict regarding slavery culminated in the American Civil War (1861–1865). Eleven slave states seceded and formed the Confederate States of America , while the other states remained in the Union . War broke out in April 1861 after the Confederates bombarded Fort Sumter . After
11808-649: The fall of communism and the collapse of the Soviet Union , which marked the end of the Cold War and left the United States as the world's sole superpower . The 1990s saw the longest recorded economic expansion in American history , a dramatic decline in U.S. crime rates , and advances in technology . Throughout this decade, technological innovations such as the World Wide Web , the evolution of
11972-476: The former East German states join the Federal Republic of Germany on 3 October 1990 . Germany has been described as a great power with a strong economy ; it has the largest economy in Europe by nominal GDP . As a global power in industrial, scientific and technological sectors, it is both the world's third-largest exporter and importer . As a developed country , it offers social security ,
12136-621: The inquisitorial Federal Court of Justice for civil and criminal cases, along with the Federal Labour Court , Federal Social Court , Federal Fiscal Court , and Federal Administrative Court for other matters. Criminal and private laws are codified on the national level in the Strafgesetzbuch and the Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch respectively. The German penal system seeks the rehabilitation of
12300-445: The largest nominal GDP since about 1890 and accounted for over 15% of the global economy in 2023. It possesses by far the largest amount of wealth of any country and has the highest disposable household income per capita among OECD countries. The U.S. ranks among the world's highest in economic competitiveness , productivity , innovation , human rights , and higher education . Its hard power and cultural influence have
12464-496: The revolutions of 1848 in the German states , raising the German question. King Frederick William IV of Prussia was offered the title of emperor, but with a loss of power; he rejected the crown and the proposed constitution, a temporary setback for the movement. King William I appointed Otto von Bismarck as the Minister President of Prussia in 1862. Bismarck successfully concluded the war with Denmark in 1864 ;
12628-613: The "Evangelical" faith ( Lutheranism ), but also decreed that the faith of the prince was to be the faith of his subjects ( cuius regio, eius religio ). From the Cologne War through the Thirty Years' Wars (1618–1648), religious conflict devastated German lands and significantly reduced the population. The Peace of Westphalia ended religious warfare among the Imperial Estates . The legal system initiated by
12792-733: The 1775 Battles of Lexington and Concord , igniting the American Revolutionary War . At the Second Continental Congress , the colonies appointed George Washington commander-in-chief of the Continental Army , and created a committee that named Thomas Jefferson to draft the Declaration of Independence . Two days after passing the Lee Resolution to create an independent nation the Declaration
12956-528: The 1775–1783 Revolutionary War , the country continued to expand westward across North America , resulting in the dispossession of native inhabitants . As more states were admitted , a North–South division over slavery led to the secession of the Confederate States of America , which fought states remaining in the Union in the 1861–1865 American Civil War . With the victory and preservation of
13120-520: The 2010s, political polarization in the country increased between liberal and conservative factions. This polarization was capitalized upon in the January 2021 Capitol attack , when a mob of insurrectionists entered the U.S. Capitol and sought to prevent the peaceful transfer of power in an attempted self-coup d'état . The United States is the world's third-largest country by total area behind Russia and Canada. The 48 contiguous states and
13284-640: The Alps. Subsequently, the Holy Roman Empire emerged from it. The Ottonian rulers (919–1024) consolidated several major duchies . In 996, Gregory V became the first German Pope, appointed by his cousin Otto III , whom he shortly after crowned Holy Roman Emperor. The Holy Roman Empire absorbed northern Italy and Burgundy under the Salian emperors (1024–1125), although the emperors lost power through
13448-652: The American West have an alpine climate . The climate is arid in the Southwest, Mediterranean in coastal California , and oceanic in coastal Oregon , Washington , and southern Alaska . Most of Alaska is subarctic or polar . Hawaii , the southern tip of Florida and U.S. territories in the Caribbean and Pacific are tropical . States bordering the Gulf of Mexico are prone to hurricanes, and most of
13612-924: The Austrian Habsburg monarchy and the Kingdom of Prussia dominated German history. In 1772, 1793, and 1795, Prussia and Austria, along with the Russian Empire , agreed to the Partitions of Poland . During the period of the French Revolutionary Wars , the Napoleonic era and the subsequent final meeting of the Imperial Diet , most of the Free Imperial Cities were annexed by dynastic territories;
13776-475: The Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. The term "United States" and the initialism "U.S.", used as nouns or as adjectives in English, are common short names for the country. The initialism "USA", a noun, is also common. "United States" and "U.S." are the established terms throughout the U.S. federal government , with prescribed rules. In English, the term "America" rarely refers to topics unrelated to
13940-690: The District of Columbia occupy a combined area of 3,119,885 square miles (8,080,470 km ). The coastal plain of the Atlantic seaboard gives way to inland forests and rolling hills in the Piedmont plateau region. The Appalachian Mountains and the Adirondack massif separate the East Coast from the Great Lakes and the grasslands of the Midwest . The Mississippi River System ,
14104-573: The Elder concluded that major military resources needed to be devoted to North America to win the war against France. For the first time, the continent became one of the main theaters of what could be termed a " world war ". The British colonies' position as an integral part of the British Empire became more apparent during the war, with British military and civilian officials becoming a more significant presence in American life. The war increased
14268-695: The Franks established the Frankish Kingdom and pushed east to subjugate Saxony and Bavaria . Areas of what is today eastern Germany were inhabited by Western Slavic tribes. Charlemagne founded the Carolingian Empire in 800; it was divided in 843 . The eastern successor kingdom of East Francia stretched from the Rhine in the west to the Elbe river in the east and from the North Sea to
14432-504: The German Bundestag , though they have never been part of the federal government. In the 2017 German federal election , the right-wing populist Alternative for Germany gained enough votes to attain representation in the parliament for the first time. Germany is a federation and comprises sixteen constituent states which are collectively referred to as Länder . Each state ( Land ) has its own constitution, and
14596-642: The German Democratic Republic, or East Germany . Berlin continued its de jure Four Power status . The Federal Republic of Germany was a founding member of the European Economic Community and the European Union , while the German Democratic Republic was a communist Eastern Bloc state and member of the Warsaw Pact . After the fall of the communist led-government in East Germany, German reunification saw
14760-550: The Holocaust , the German government persecuted minorities , including interning them in concentration and death camps across Europe. The regime systematically murdered 6 million Jews, at least 130,000 Romani , 275,000 disabled , thousands of Jehovah's Witnesses , thousands of homosexuals , and hundreds of thousands of political and religious opponents . Nazi policies in German-occupied countries resulted in
14924-631: The January 1863 Emancipation Proclamation , many freed slaves joined the Union army . The war began to turn in the Union's favor following the 1863 Siege of Vicksburg and Battle of Gettysburg , and the Confederacy surrendered in 1865 after the Union's victory in the Battle of Appomattox Court House . The Reconstruction era followed the war. After the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln , Reconstruction Amendments were passed to protect
15088-630: The Pacific and China. The colonial government in South West Africa (present-day Namibia ), from 1904 to 1907, carried out the annihilation of the local Herero and Namaqua peoples as punishment for an uprising; this was the 20th century's first genocide . The assassination of Austria's crown prince on 28 June 1914 provided the pretext for Austria-Hungary to attack Serbia and trigger World War I . After four years of warfare, in which approximately two million German soldiers were killed,
15252-684: The Pacific. On 11 August 1919, President Friedrich Ebert signed the democratic Weimar Constitution . In the subsequent struggle for power, communists seized power in Bavaria , but conservative elements elsewhere attempted to overthrow the Republic in the Kapp Putsch . Street fighting in the major industrial centres, the occupation of the Ruhr by Belgian and French troops, and a period of hyperinflation followed. A debt restructuring plan and
15416-599: The Reichstag after a special election in 1932 and Hindenburg appointed Hitler as chancellor of Germany on 30 January 1933. After the Reichstag fire , a decree abrogated basic civil rights and the first Nazi concentration camp opened. On 23 March 1933, the Enabling Act gave Hitler unrestricted legislative power, overriding the constitution, and marked the beginning of Nazi Germany. His government established
15580-587: The Rhine and the Danube (the Limes Germanicus ), occupying most of modern Germany. However, Baden-Württemberg , southern Bavaria , southern Hesse and the western Rhineland had been incorporated into Roman provinces . Around 260, Germanic peoples broke into Roman-controlled lands. After the invasion of the Huns in 375, and with the decline of Rome from 395, Germanic tribes moved farther southwest:
15744-611: The Rocky Mountains, the Yellowstone Caldera , is the continent's largest volcanic feature. In 2021, the United States had 8% of global permanent meadows and pastures and 10% of cropland. With its large size and geographic variety, the United States includes most climate types. East of the 100th meridian , the climate ranges from humid continental in the north to humid subtropical in the south. The western Great Plains are semi-arid . Many mountainous areas of
15908-672: The Soviets pushed into Eastern Europe ; the Western allies landed in France and entered Germany despite a final German counteroffensive . Following Hitler's suicide during the Battle of Berlin , Germany signed the surrender document on 8 May 1945, ending World War II in Europe and Nazi Germany. Following the end of the war, surviving Nazi officials were tried for war crimes at the Nuremberg trials . In what later became known as
16072-647: The U.S. has become a key ally of Ukraine ; it has also provided the country with significant military equipment and other support in response to Russia's 2022 invasion . The president is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces and appoints its leaders, the secretary of defense and the Joint Chiefs of Staff . The Department of Defense , which is headquartered at the Pentagon near Washington, D.C., administers five of
16236-724: The U.S. territories." Despite disparate systems of confinement, four main institutions dominate: federal prisons , state prisons , local jails, and juvenile correctional facilities . Federal prisons are run by the Federal Bureau of Prisons and hold people who have been convicted of federal crimes, including pretrial detainees. State prisons, run by the official department of correction of each state, hold sentenced people serving prison time (usually longer than one year) for felony offenses. Local jails are county or municipal facilities that incarcerate defendants prior to trial; they also hold those serving short sentences (typically under
16400-416: The United States and the peaceful transfer of power , respectively. The Louisiana Purchase of 1803 from France nearly doubled the territory of the United States. Lingering issues with Britain remained , leading to the War of 1812 , which was fought to a draw. Spain ceded Florida and its Gulf Coast territory in 1819. In the late 18th century, American settlers began to expand westward , many with
16564-714: The United States entered the Cold War, where geopolitical tensions between the U.S. and the Soviet Union led the two countries to dominate world affairs . The U.S. utilized the policy of containment to limit the USSR's sphere of influence, and prevailed in the Space Race , which culminated with the first crewed Moon landing in 1969. Domestically, the U.S. experienced economic growth , urbanization , and population growth following World War II . The civil rights movement emerged, with Martin Luther King Jr. becoming
16728-666: The United States has operated as a de facto two-party system , though the parties in that system have been different at different times. The two main national parties are presently the Democratic and the Republican . The former is perceived as relatively liberal in its political platform while the latter is perceived as relatively conservative . In the American federal system , sovereign powers are shared between two levels of elected government: national and state. People in
16892-593: The United States in 2001 by the pan-Islamist militant organization al-Qaeda led to the war on terror , and subsequent military interventions in Afghanistan and Iraq . The cultural impact of the attacks was profound and long-lasting. The U.S. housing bubble culminated in 2007 with the Great Recession , the largest economic contraction since the Great Depression. Coming to a head in
17056-597: The United States of America to Spain" to seek assistance in the Revolutionary War effort. The first known public usage is an anonymous essay published in the Williamsburg newspaper, The Virginia Gazette , on April 6, 1776. By June 1776, the "United States of America" appeared in the Articles of Confederation and the Declaration of Independence . The Second Continental Congress adopted
17220-602: The United States, slavery was abolished nationally . By 1900, the country had established itself as a great power , a status solidified after its involvement in World War I . After Japan 's attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941, the U.S. entered World War II . Its aftermath left the U.S. and the Soviet Union as the world's two superpowers and led to the Cold War , during which both countries struggled for ideological dominance and international influence . Following
17384-541: The United States, despite the usage of "the Americas " as the totality of North and South America. "The States" is an established colloquial shortening of the name, used particularly from abroad; "stateside" is the corresponding adjective or adverb. The first inhabitants of North America migrated from Siberia across the Bering land bridge about 12,000 years ago; the Clovis culture , which appeared around 11,000 BC,
17548-624: The United States, except Iran , North Korea , and Bhutan . Though Taiwan does not have formal diplomatic relations with the U.S., it maintains close unofficial relations. The United States regularly supplies Taiwan with military equipment to deter potential Chinese aggression. Its geopolitical attention also turned to the Indo-Pacific when the United States joined the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue with Australia, India, and Japan. The United States has
17712-509: The United States. The American prison system is largely heterogenous, with thousands of relatively independent systems operating across federal, state, local, and tribal levels. In 2023, "these systems [held] almost 2 million people in 1,566 state prisons, 98 federal prisons, 3,116 local jails, 1,323 juvenile correctional facilities, 181 immigration detention facilities, and 80 Indian country jails, as well as in military prisons , civil commitment centers, state psychiatric hospitals, and prisons in
17876-854: The centre of the Protestant Reformation . Following the Napoleonic Wars and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the German Confederation was formed in 1815. Formal unification of Germany into the modern nation-state commenced on 18 August 1866 with the North German Confederation Treaty establishing the Prussia -led North German Confederation , which became the German Empire in 1871. After World War I and
18040-429: The communist-controlled Socialist Unity Party of Germany , supported by the Stasi , an immense secret service. While East German propaganda was based on the benefits of the GDR's social programmes and the alleged threat of a West German invasion, many of its citizens looked to the West for freedom and prosperity. The Berlin Wall , built in 1961, prevented East German citizens from escaping to West Germany, becoming
18204-415: The constitutional structure of the Empire and codified the election of the emperor by seven prince-electors . Johannes Gutenberg introduced moveable-type printing to Europe, laying the basis for the democratization of knowledge . In 1517, Martin Luther incited the Protestant Reformation and his translation of the Bible began the standardization of the language; the 1555 Peace of Augsburg tolerated
18368-405: The contiguous United States are in the State of California, about 84 miles (135 km) apart. At an elevation of 20,310 feet (6,190.5 m), Alaska's Denali is the highest peak in the country and continent. Active volcanoes are common throughout Alaska's Alexander and Aleutian Islands , and Hawaii consists of volcanic islands. The supervolcano underlying Yellowstone National Park in
18532-464: The country's GDP, well below the NATO target of 2%. In 2024, Germany reported $ 97.7 billion to NATO, exceeding the NATO target of 2% at 2.12% of GDP. United States The United States of America ( USA ), commonly known as the United States ( U.S. ) or America , is a country primarily located in North America . It is a federal union of 50 states and a federal capital district, Washington, D.C. The 48 contiguous states border Canada to
18696-493: The country's GDP. The U.S. has 42% of the world's nuclear weapons —the second-largest share after Russia. The United States has the third-largest combined armed forces in the world, behind the Chinese People's Liberation Army and Indian Armed Forces . The military operates about 800 bases and facilities abroad, and maintains deployments greater than 100 active duty personnel in 25 foreign countries. State defense forces (SDFs) are military units that operate under
18860-413: The country's territory would expand with the admission of new states , rather than the expansion of existing states. The U.S. Constitution was drafted at the 1787 Constitutional Convention to overcome the limitations of the Articles. It went into effect in 1789, creating a federal republic governed by three separate branches that together ensured a system of checks and balances . George Washington
19024-405: The creation of a new currency in 1924 ushered in the Golden Twenties , an era of artistic innovation and liberal cultural life. The worldwide Great Depression hit Germany in 1929. Chancellor Heinrich Brüning 's government pursued a policy of fiscal austerity and deflation which caused unemployment of nearly 30% by 1932. The Nazi Party led by Adolf Hitler became the largest party in
19188-413: The creation of a more unified European political, economic and security apparatus. The governments of Germany and the United States are close political allies . Cultural ties and economic interests have crafted a bond between the two countries resulting in Atlanticism . After 1990, Germany and Russia worked together to establish a "strategic partnership" in which energy development became one of
19352-536: The criminal and the protection of the public. With the exceptions of petty crimes, tried by a single professional judge, and of serious political crimes, all charges are adjudicated by mixed tribunals where lay judges ( Schöffen ) and professional judges preside together. As of 2016, Germany's murder rate stood at a low of 1.18 murders per 100,000. In 2018, the overall crime rate fell to its lowest since 1992. Same-sex marriage has been legal in Germany since 2017, and LGBT rights are generally protected in
19516-461: The deaths of an estimated 2.7 million Poles , 1.3 million Ukrainians , 1 million Belarusians and 3.5 million Soviet prisoners of war . German military casualties have been estimated at 5.3 million, and around 900,000 German civilians died. Around 12 million ethnic Germans were expelled from across Eastern Europe, and Germany lost roughly one-quarter of its pre-war territory. After Nazi Germany surrendered,
19680-584: The development of self-governance, and the First Great Awakening , a series of Christian revivals , fueled colonial interest in religious liberty . For a century, the American colonists had been providing their own troops and materiel in conflicts with indigenous peoples allied with Britain's colonial rivals , especially France, and the Americans had begun to develop a sense of self-defense and self-reliance separate from Britain. The French and Indian War (1754–1763) took on new significance for all North American colonists after Parliament under William Pitt
19844-447: The early 1950s. West Germany joined NATO in 1955 and was a founding member of the European Economic Community . On 1 January 1957, the Saarland joined West Germany. East Germany was an Eastern Bloc state under political and military control by the Soviet Union via occupation forces and the Warsaw Pact . Although East Germany claimed to be a democracy, political power was exercised solely by leading members ( Politbüro ) of
20008-411: The ecclesiastical territories were secularised and annexed. In 1806 the Imperium was dissolved; France, Russia, Prussia, and the Habsburgs (Austria) competed for hegemony in the German states during the Napoleonic Wars . Following the fall of Napoleon , the Congress of Vienna founded the German Confederation, a loose league of 39 sovereign states . The appointment of the emperor of Austria as
20172-407: The environment for labor unions to begin to flourish . This period eventually ended with the advent of the Progressive Era , which was characterized by significant reforms. Pro-American elements in Hawaii overthrew the Hawaiian monarchy ; the islands were annexed in 1898. That same year, Puerto Rico , the Philippines , and Guam were ceded to the U.S. by Spain after the latter's defeat in
20336-414: The federal government often applied policies of Indian removal or assimilation . The Trail of Tears (1830–1850) was a U.S. government policy that forcibly removed and displaced most Native Americans living east of the Mississippi River to lands far to the west. These and earlier organized displacements prompted a long series of American Indian Wars west of the Mississippi. The Republic of Texas
20500-434: The first nuclear weapons and used them against the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945, ending the war. The United States was one of the " Four Policemen " who met to plan the post-war world , alongside the United Kingdom , Soviet Union , and China . The U.S. emerged relatively unscathed from the war, with even greater economic power and international political influence . After World War II,
20664-434: The government was completed in 1999, and modernisation of the East German economy was scheduled to last until 2019. Since reunification, Germany has taken a more active role in the European Union , signing the Maastricht Treaty in 1992 and the Lisbon Treaty in 2007, and co-founding the eurozone . Germany sent a peacekeeping force to secure stability in the Balkans and sent German troops to Afghanistan as part of
20828-463: The integration of Army National Guard units and personnel into the U.S. Army and (since 1947) the U.S. Air Force. There are about 18,000 U.S. police agencies from local to national level in the United States. Law in the United States is mainly enforced by local police departments and sheriff departments in their municipal or county jurisdictions. The state police departments have authority in their respective state , and federal agencies such as
20992-427: The military draft (leading to the end of conscription in 1973) and wide opposition to U.S. intervention in Vietnam (with the U.S. totally withdrawing in 1975). A societal shift in the roles of women was significantly responsible for the large increase in female paid labor participation during the 1970s, and by 1985 the majority of American women aged 16 and older were employed. The late 1980s and early 1990s saw
21156-612: The most attractive to the population are the most vulnerable. The U.S. is one of 17 megadiverse countries containing large numbers of endemic species : about 17,000 species of vascular plants occur in the contiguous United States and Alaska, and over 1,800 species of flowering plants are found in Hawaii, few of which occur on the mainland. The United States is home to 428 mammal species, 784 birds, 311 reptiles, 295 amphibians , and around 91,000 insect species. There are 63 national parks , and hundreds of other federally managed parks, forests, and wilderness areas , managed by
21320-410: The most important factors. As a result of the cooperation, Germany imported most of its natural gas and crude oil from Russia. Germany's development policy functions as a distinct sector within its foreign policy framework. It is formulated by the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development and carried out by the implementing organisations. The German government sees development policy as
21484-413: The most populous member state of the European Union . It borders Denmark to the north, Poland and the Czech Republic to the east, Austria and Switzerland to the south, and France , Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west. The nation's capital and most populous city is Berlin and its main financial centre is Frankfurt ; the largest urban area is the Ruhr . Settlement in
21648-478: The most violent, the California genocide of thousands of Native inhabitants, lasted into the early 1870s, just as additional western territories and states were created. During the colonial period, slavery had been legal in the American colonies , though the practice began to be significantly questioned during the American Revolution. States in the North enacted abolition laws , though support for slavery strengthened in Southern states , as inventions such as
21812-409: The nation. Germany has a network of 227 diplomatic missions abroad and maintains relations with more than 190 countries. Germany is a member of NATO , the OECD , the G7 , the G20 , the World Bank and the IMF . It has played an influential role in the European Union since its inception and has maintained a strong alliance with France and all neighbouring countries since 1990. Germany promotes
21976-598: The north and Mexico to the south, with the states of Alaska to the northwest and the archipelagic Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean . The United States also asserts sovereignty over five major island territories and various uninhabited islands . The country has the world's third-largest land area , largest exclusive economic zone , and third-largest population , exceeding 334 million. Its three largest metropolitan areas are New York , Los Angeles , and Chicago , and its three most populous states are California , Texas , and Florida . Paleo-Indians migrated across
22140-435: The north, Poland and Czechia to the east, Austria and Switzerland to the south, and France , Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west. Germany is also bordered by the North Sea and, at the north-northeast, by the Baltic Sea. German territory covers 357,596 km (138,069 sq mi). Elevation ranges from the mountains of the Alps (highest point: the Zugspitze at 2,963 metres or 9,721 feet) in
22304-561: The original on 13 March 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2014 . ^ "2015 Bavarian Open" . Bayerischer Eissport-Verband. 15 February 2015. Archived from the original on 10 March 2015 . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . ^ "2016 Bavarian Open" . Bayerischer Eissport-Verband. 21 February 2016. Archived from the original on 4 September 2016 . Retrieved 17 February 2016 . ^ "2017 Bavarian Open" . Bayerischer Eissport-Verband. February 2017. Archived from
22468-1373: The original on 2017-02-19 . Retrieved 2017-02-14 . ^ "2018 Bavarian Open" . Bayerischer Eissport-Verband. January 2018. Archived from the original on 2019-01-02 . Retrieved 2018-01-28 . ^ "2019 Bavarian Open" . Bayerischer Eissport-Verband. February 2019. ^ "2020 Bavarian Open" . Bayerischer Eissport-Verband. February 2020. ^ "2022 Bavarian Open" . Bayerischer Eissport-Verband. January 2022. ^ "2023 Bavarian Open" . Bayerischer Eissport-Verband. January 2023. ^ "2024 Bavarian Open" . skatingscores.com . Retrieved 2024-02-04 . ^ "2024 Bavarian Open" . skatingscores.com . Retrieved 2024-02-03 . External links [ edit ] Bayerischer Eissport-Verband Bavarian Open at SkatingScores.com Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bavarian_Open&oldid=1232930767 " Categories : Figure skating competitions International figure skating competitions hosted by Germany 2008 establishments in Germany Recurring sporting events established in 2008 Hidden categories: CS1 maint: unfit URL Articles with short description Short description
22632-415: The original on 14 February 2017. ^ "2009 Bavarian Open" . Archived from the original on 9 March 2012. {{ cite web }} : CS1 maint: unfit URL ( link ) ^ "2010 Bavarian Open" . Archived from the original on 9 March 2012. {{ cite web }} : CS1 maint: unfit URL ( link ) ^ "2011 Bavarian Open" . Archived from
22796-469: The original on 23 March 2012. ^ "2012 Bavarian Open" . Bayerischer Eissport-Verband. Archived from the original on 9 May 2012 . Retrieved 2 February 2012 . ^ "2013 Bavarian Open" . Bayerischer Eissport-Verband. Archived from the original on 7 April 2016 . Retrieved 5 February 2013 . ^ "2014 Bavarian Open" . Bayerischer Eissport-Verband. Archived from
22960-404: The party system has been dominated by the Christian Democratic Union and the Social Democratic Party of Germany . So far every chancellor has been a member of one of these parties. However, the smaller liberal Free Democratic Party and the Alliance 90/The Greens have also been junior partners in coalition governments . Since 2007, the democratic socialist party The Left has been a staple in
23124-507: The people' (see also the Latinised form Theodiscus ), derived from * þeudō , descended from Proto-Indo-European * tewtéh₂- 'people', from which the word Teutons also originates. Pre-human ancestors, the Danuvius guggenmosi , who were present in Germany over 11 million years ago, are theorized to be among the earliest ones to walk on two legs. Ancient humans were present in Germany at least 600,000 years ago. The first non-modern human fossil (the Neanderthal )
23288-456: The peoples east of the Rhine . The German term Deutschland , originally diutisciu land ('the German lands'), is derived from deutsch ( cf. Dutch ), descended from Old High German diutisc 'of the people' (from diot or diota 'people'), originally used to distinguish the language of the common people from Latin and its Romance descendants . This in turn descends from Proto-Germanic * þiudiskaz 'of
23452-421: The permanent president reflected the Congress's rejection of Prussia 's rising influence. Disagreement within restoration politics partly led to the rise of liberal movements, followed by new measures of repression by Austrian statesman Klemens von Metternich . The Zollverein , a tariff union, furthered economic unity. In light of revolutionary movements in Europe , intellectuals and commoners started
23616-408: The policy of redlining later adopted by the federal Home Owners' Loan Corporation . An explosion of technological advancement accompanied by the exploitation of cheap immigrant labor led to rapid economic expansion during the late 19th and early 20th centuries , allowing the United States to outpace the economies of England, France, and Germany combined. This fostered the amassing of power by
23780-420: The primary colonial grievances was a denial of their rights as Englishmen , particularly the right to representation in the British government that taxed them . To demonstrate their dissatisfaction and resolve, the First Continental Congress met in 1774 and passed the Continental Association , a colonial boycott of British goods that proved effective. The British attempt to then disarm the colonists resulted in
23944-515: The rights of African Americans . National infrastructure, including transcontinental telegraph and railroads , spurred growth in the American frontier . From 1865 through 1917 an unprecedented stream of immigrants arrived in the United States, including 24.4 million from Europe. Most came through the port of New York City , and New York City and other large cities on the East Coast became home to large Jewish , Irish , and Italian populations, while many Germans and Central Europeans moved to
24108-437: The rocky Great Basin and Chihuahua , Sonoran , and Mojave deserts. In the northwest corner of Arizona , carved by the Colorado River over millions of years, is the Grand Canyon , a steep-sided canyon and popular tourist destination known for its overwhelming visual size and intricate, colorful landscape. The Sierra Nevada and Cascade mountain ranges run close to the Pacific coast . The lowest and highest points in
24272-464: The six service branches, which are made up of the U.S. Army , Marine Corps , Navy , Air Force , and Space Force . The Coast Guard is administered by the Department of Homeland Security in peacetime and can be transferred to the Department of the Navy in wartime. The United States spent $ 916 billion on its military in 2023, which is by far the largest amount of any country , making up 37% of global military spending and accounting for 3.4% of
24436-407: The sole authority of a state government. SDFs are authorized by state and federal law but are under the command of the state's governor . They are distinct from the state's National Guard units in that they cannot become federalized entities. A state's National Guard personnel, however, may be federalized under the National Defense Act Amendments of 1933 , which created the Guard and provides for
24600-549: The south to the shores of the North Sea ( Nordsee ) in the northwest and the Baltic Sea ( Ostsee ) in the northeast. The forested uplands of central Germany and the lowlands of northern Germany (lowest point: in the municipality Neuendorf-Sachsenbande , Wilstermarsch at 3.54 metres or 11.6 feet below sea level ) are traversed by such major rivers as the Rhine, Danube and Elbe. Significant natural resources include iron ore, coal, potash , timber, lignite , uranium , copper, natural gas, salt, and nickel. Most of Germany has
24764-756: The southeast regions have more extreme temperatures. From February 2019 – 2020, average monthly temperatures in Germany ranged from a low of 3.3 °C (37.9 °F) in January 2020 to a high of 19.8 °C (67.6 °F) in June 2019. Average monthly precipitation ranged from 30 litres per square metre in February and April 2019 to 125 litres per square metre in February 2020. Average monthly hours of sunshine ranged from 45 in November 2019 to 300 in June 2019. The territory of Germany can be divided into five terrestrial ecoregions : Atlantic mixed forests , Baltic mixed forests , Central European mixed forests , Western European broadleaf forests , and Alps conifer and mixed forests . As of 2016 , 51% of Germany's land area
24928-543: The states are also represented by local elected governments , which are administrative divisions of the states. States are subdivided into counties or county equivalents , and further divided into municipalities . The District of Columbia is a federal district containing the U.S. capital, Washington, D.C. . The federal district is an administrative division of the federal government. Federally recognized tribes govern 326 Indian reservations . The United States has an established structure of foreign relations, and it has
25092-451: The structure and responsibilities of the national federal government and its relationship with the individual states. The U.S. Constitution is the world's oldest national constitution still in effect (from March 4, 1789). Composed of three branches, all headquartered in Washington, D.C., the federal government is the national government of the United States. It is regulated by a strong system of checks and balances . The three-branch system
25256-429: The subsequent decisive Prussian victory in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 enabled him to create the North German Confederation which excluded Austria . After the defeat of France in the Franco-Prussian War , the German princes proclaimed the founding of the German Empire in 1871. Prussia was the dominant constituent state of the new empire; the King of Prussia ruled as its Kaiser, and Berlin became its capital. In
25420-449: The territory of modern Germany began in the Lower Paleolithic , with various tribes inhabiting it from the Neolithic onward, chiefly the Celts . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100. In 962, the Kingdom of Germany formed the bulk of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century, northern German regions became
25584-406: The world's fourth-longest river system , runs predominantly north–south through the heart of the country. The flat and fertile prairie of the Great Plains stretches to the west, interrupted by a highland region in the southeast. The Rocky Mountains , west of the Great Plains, extend north to south across the country, peaking at over 14,000 feet (4,300 m) in Colorado . Farther west are
25748-449: The world's second-largest diplomatic corps as of 2024 . It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council , and home to the United Nations headquarters . The United States is a member of the G7 , G20 , and OECD intergovernmental organizations. Almost all countries have embassies and many have consulates (official representatives) in the country. Likewise, nearly all countries host formal diplomatic missions with
25912-444: The world's oldest surviving federation, and its presidential system of national government has been adopted, in whole or in part, by many newly independent states worldwide following their decolonization . It is a liberal representative democracy "in which majority rule is tempered by minority rights protected by law ". The Constitution of the United States serves as the country's supreme legal document , also establishing
26076-423: The world's tornadoes occur in the country , mainly in Tornado Alley . Overall, the United States receives more high-impact extreme weather incidents than any other country. Extreme weather became more frequent in the U.S. in the 21st century, with three times the number of reported heat waves as in the 1960s. In the American Southwest , droughts became more persistent and more severe. The regions considered as
26240-458: Was annexed in 1845, and the 1846 Oregon Treaty led to U.S. control of the present-day American Northwest . Victory in the Mexican–American War resulted in the 1848 Mexican Cession of California, Nevada, Utah, and much of present-day Colorado and the American Southwest . The California gold rush of 1848–1849 spurred a huge migration of white settlers to the Pacific coast, leading to even more confrontations with Native populations. One of
26404-703: Was adopted on July 4, 1776. The political values of the American Revolution included liberty , inalienable individual rights ; and the sovereignty of the people ; supporting republicanism and rejecting monarchy , aristocracy , and all hereditary political power; civic virtue ; and vilification of political corruption . The Founding Fathers of the United States , who included Washington, Jefferson, John Adams , Benjamin Franklin , Alexander Hamilton , John Jay , James Madison , Thomas Paine , and many others, were inspired by Greco-Roman , Renaissance , and Enlightenment philosophies and ideas. The Articles of Confederation were ratified in 1781 and established
26568-454: Was discovered in the Neander Valley . Similarly dated evidence of modern humans has been found in the Swabian Jura , including 42,000-year-old flutes which are the oldest musical instruments ever found, the 40,000-year-old Lion Man , and the 41,000-year-old Venus of Hohle Fels . The Nebra sky disk , created during the European Bronze Age , has been attributed to a German site. The Germanic peoples are thought to have emerged from
26732-404: Was elected the country's first president under the Constitution, and the Bill of Rights was adopted in 1791 to allay skeptics' concerns about the power of the more centralized government. His resignation as commander-in-chief after the Revolutionary War and his later refusal to run for a third term as the country's first president established a precedent for the supremacy of civil authority in
26896-444: Was the seventh-highest in the world . In response to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine , Chancellor Olaf Scholz announced that German military expenditure would be increased past the NATO target of 2%, along with a one-time 2022 infusion of 100 billion euros, representing almost double the 53 billion euro military budget for 2021. In 2023, military spending according to NATO criteria amounted to $ 73.1 billion, or 1.64% of
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