61-690: The Bahmani Sultanate (c. 1347–1527) was a Muslim empire that ruled the Deccan Plateau in Southern India . The kingdom came to power in 1347, when it was established by Zafar Khan . The Bahmani Sultanate shared border with neighboring rival Vijayanagara Empire . The Sultanate would begin its decline under the reign of Mahmood Shah . In 1518, the Bahmani Sultanate split up into the Deccan sultanates , ending its 180-year rule over
122-453: A Khorasani adventurer, who claimed descent from Bahrām Gōr . According to the medieval historian Ferishta , his obscurity makes it difficult to track his origin, but he is nonetheless stated as of Afghan birth. Ferishta further writes, Zafar Khan had earlier been a servant of a Brahmin astrologer at Delhi named Gangu , giving him the name Hasan Gangu, and says that he was from North India. Historians have not found any corroboration for
183-736: A necropolis known as the Bahmani Tombs . The exterior of one of the tombs is decorated with coloured tiles. Arabic, Persian and Urdu inscriptions are inscribed inside the tombs. The Bahmani Sultans built many mosques, tombs, and madrasas in Bidar and Gulbarga, the two capitals. They also built many forts in Daulatabad , Golconda and Raichur . The architecture was highly influenced by Persian architecture , as they invited architects from Persia, Turkey and Arabia. The Persianate Indo-Islamic style of architecture developed during this period
244-429: A center of religious as well as secular education, as well as achieving the sultanate's greatest extent during his rule. He also increased the administrative divisions of the sultanate from four to eight to ease the administrative burden from previous expansion of the state. Gawan was considered a great statesman, and a poet of repute. Mahmud Gawan was caught in a struggle between a rivalry between two groups of nobles,
305-523: A conflict between the foreign (Afaqis) and local (Deccanis) nobility. Bidar Fort was built by Ahmad Shah I ( r. 1422–36 ), who relocated the capital to the city of Bidar . Ahmad Shah led campaigns against Vijayanagar and the sultanates of Malwa and Gujarat . His campaign against Vijayanagar in 1423 included a siege of the capital, ending in the expansion of the Sultanate. Mahmud Gawan would later lead campaigns against Malwa, Vijayanagar, and
366-520: A grudge on the Sultan for the latter's refusal to appoint him as a governor. He had lured the Sultan into putting himself in the former's power, using the beauty of his daughter, who was accomplished in music and arts, and had introduced her to the Sultan at a feast. He was succeeded by Shamsuddin, who was a puppet king under Taghalchin. Firuz and Ahmed , the sons of the fourth sultan Daud , marched to Gulbarga to avenge Ghiyasuddin. Firuz declared himself
427-578: A large personal library of manuscripts in Persian, Arabic and other languages. He brought 2 Ashokan Pillars from Meerut , and Topra near Radaur in Yamunanagar district of Haryana , carefully cut and wrapped in silk, to Delhi in bullock cart trains. He re-erected one of them on the roof of his palace at Firuz Shah Kotla. Transfer of capital was the highlight of his reign. When the Qutb Minar
488-542: A regular feature and lasted as long as these kingdoms continued. Military slavery involved captured slaves from Vijayanagara whom were then converted to Islam and integrated into the host society, so they could begin military careers within the Bahmanid empire. Ghiyasuddin succeeded his father Muhammad II at the age of seventeen in April 1397, but was blinded and imprisoned by a Turkic slave called Taghalchin, who had held
549-458: A small boy on the throne claiming him to be the son of Muhammad bin Tughlaq, who meekly surrendered afterwards. Due to widespread unrest, his realm was much smaller than Muhammad's. Tughlaq was forced by rebellions to concede virtual independence to Bengal and other provinces. He established Sharia across his realm. His father's name was Rajab (the younger brother of Ghazi Malik ) who had
610-527: Is a metal handicraft from the city of Bidar in Karnataka . It was developed in the 14th century during the rule of the Bahmani Sultans. The term "bidriware" originates from the township of Bidar, which is still the chief center of production. The craftspersons of Bidar were so famed for their inlay work on copper and silver that it came to be known as Bidri. The metal used is white brass that
671-663: Is blackened and inlaid with silver. As a native art form, Bidriware obtained a geographical Indications (GI) registry on 3 January 2006. The Bahmani Sultans patronized many architectural works, although many have since been destroyed. The Gulbarga Fort , Haft Gumbaz , and Jama Masjid in Gulbarga, the Bidar Fort and Madrasa Mahmud Gawan in Bidar, and the Chand Minar in Daulatabad are some of their major architectural contributions. The later Sultans were buried in
SECTION 10
#1732773343803732-653: Is unclear. Nonetheless, there is enough evidence to demonstrate that a number of nobility at the Bahmani court identified as Shi'ites or had significant Shi'ite inclinations. Alauddin was succeeded by his son Mohammed Shah I . His conflicts with the Vijayanagar empire were singularly savage wars, as according to the historian Ferishta , "the population of the Carnatic was so reduced that it did not recover for several ages." The Bahmanids' aggressive confrontation with
793-715: The Deccan . Bahmani Sultanate The Bahmani Kingdom or the Bahmani Sultanate was a late medieval kingdom that ruled the Deccan plateau in India. The first independent Muslim sultanate of the Deccan, the Bahmani Kingdom came to power in 1347 during the rebellion of Ismail Mukh against Muhammad bin Tughlaq , the Sultan of Delhi . Ismail Mukh then abdicated in favour of Zafar Khan , who established
854-518: The Delhi Sultan , Muhammad bin Tughluq , who was pleased with his honesty. This sudden rise in the military and socio-economic ladder was common in this era of Muslim India. Zafar Khan or Hasan Gangu was among the inhabitants of Delhi who were forced to migrate to the Deccan, to build a large Muslim settlement in the region of Daulatabad . Zafar Khan was a man of ambition and looked forward to
915-500: The Gajapatis , and extended the sultanate to its maximum extent. The sultanate began to decline under Mahmood Shah . Through a combination of factional strife and the revolt of five provincial governors ( tarafdars ), the Bahmani Sultanate split up into five states, known as the Deccan sultanates . The initial revolts of Yusuf Adil Shah , Malik Ahmad Nizam Shah I , and Fathullah Imad-ul-Mulk in 1490 and Qasim Barid I in 1492 saw
976-587: The Persian language , culture and literature , and some members of the dynasty became well-versed in the language and composed its literature in the language. The first sultan, Alauddin Bahman Shah , is noted to have captured 1,000 singing and dancing girls from Hindu temples after he battled the northern Carnatic chieftains. The later Bahmanis also enslaved civilian women and children in wars; many of them were converted to Islam in captivity. Bidriware
1037-419: The de facto rulers. After 1518 the sultanate formally broke up into the five states of Ahmednagar, Berar, Bidar, Bijapur, and Golconda. They are collectively known as the Deccan sultanates . Modern scholars like Haroon Khan Sherwani and Richard M. Eaton have based their accounts of the Bahmani dynasty mainly upon the medieval chronicles of Firishta and Syed Ali Tabatabai. Other contemporary works were
1098-665: The Afaqis were looked upon as heretics by the Sunnis as the former were Shi'as. Eaton cites a linguistic divide where the Dakhanis spoke Dakhni while the Afaqis favored the Persian language. Mahmud Gawan had tried to reconcile with the two factions over his fifteen-year prime ministership, but had found it difficult to win their confidence; the party strife could not be stopped. His Afaqis opponents, led by Nizam-ul-Mulk Bahri and motivated by anger over Mahmud's reforms which had curtailed
1159-631: The Amirs of the Deccan , Ismail Mukh, the leader of the rebellion (whom the rebel amirs of the Deccan placed on the throne of Daulatabad in 1345), abdicated in favor of Zafar Khan, resulting in the establishment of the Bahmani Kingdom. The Sultan of Delhi had besieged the rebels at the citadel of Daulatabad. As another rebellion had begun in Gujarat , the Sultan left and installed Shaikh Burhan-ud-din Bilgrami and Malik Jauhar and other nobles in charge of
1220-528: The Bahmani Sultanate led by Mohammed Shah I used a train of artillery against the Vijayanagara Empire who was led by Harihara II . Following the initial use of gunpowder weapons in 1368, they became the backbone of the Bahmani army. The scholar Iqtidar Alam Khan claims, however, that based on a differing translation of a passage of medieval historian Firishta 's text Tarikh-i Firishta , in which he describes early use of gunpowder weapons in
1281-399: The Bahmani Sultanate. The Bahmani Kingdom was perpetually at war with its neighbours, including its rival to the south, the Vijayanagara Empire , which outlasted the sultanate. The Bahmani Sultans also patronized architectural works. The Mahmud Gawan Madrasa was created by Mahmud Gawan , the vizier regent who was prime minister of the sultanate from 1466 until his execution in 1481 during
SECTION 20
#17327733438031342-456: The Dakhanis and the Afaqis. The Dakhanis made up the indigenous Muslim elite of the Bahmanid dynasty, being descendants of Sunni immigrants from Northern India, while the Afaqis were foreign newcomers from the west such as Gawan, who were mostly Shi'is. The Dakhanis believed that the privileges, patronage and positions of power in the sultanate should have been reserved solely for them. The divisions included sectarian religious divisions where
1403-733: The Indian Subcontinent, it can be inferred that both the Delhi Sultanate and non-Muslim Indian states had the gunpowder weapons that the Bahmani Sultanate began to use in 1368, and that the Bahmanis had acquired the weapons from the Delhi Sultanate. Contemporary evidence shows the presence of gunpowder for pyrotechnic uses in the Delhi Sultanate, and Alam Khan states that their usage in the Battle of Adoni in 1368
1464-569: The Middle East. However, the society of the Bahmnanis was dominated prominently by Iranians, Afghans, and Turks. They also had considerable and social influence such as with the celebration of Nowruz by Bahmani rulers. This also comes as Mohammed Shah I ascended the throne on Nowruz. According to Khafi Khan and Ferishta , musicians flocked to the court from Lahore , Delhi , Persia and Khorasan . The Bahmani Sultans were patrons of
1525-587: The Muslim theologians. Tughlaq took to heart the mistakes made during his cousin Muhammad's rule. He decided not to reconquer areas that had broken away, nor to keep further areas from taking their independence. He was indiscriminately benevolent and lenient as a sultan. He decided to keep nobles and the Ulema happy so that they would allow him to rule his kingdom peacefully. "The southern states had drifted away from
1586-636: The Sivatattva Chintamani, a Kannada language encyclopedia on the beliefs and rites of the Veerashaiva faith, and Guru Charitra . Afanasy Nikitin , a Russian merchant and traveler, traveled through the Bahmani Sultanate in his journeys. He contrasts the huge "wealth of the nobility with the wretchedness of the peasantry and the frugality of the Hindus". The Bahmani dynasty patronized Indo-Muslim and Persian culture from Northern India and
1647-720: The Sultanate and there were rebellions in Gujarat and Sindh", while "Bengal asserted its independence." He led expeditions to against Bengal in 1353 and 1358. He captured Cuttack , desecrated the Jagannath Temple, Puri , and forced Raja Gajpati of Jajnagar in Orissa to pay tribute. He converted Chauhan Rajputs from Hinduism to Islam in the 14th century . They are now known as Qaimkhanis in Rajasthan . He laid siege to Kangra Fort and forced Nagarkot to pay tribute, and did
1708-568: The Sunni Dakhani nobles and their Sunni Abyssinian slaves. A few survivors escaped the massacre dressed in women's clothing and convinced the Sultan of their innocence. Ashamed of his own folly, the Sultan punished the Dakhani leaders who were responsible for the massacre, putting them to death or throwing them in prison, and reduced their families to beggary. The accounts of the violent events likely included exaggerations as it came from
1769-470: The adventure. He had long hoped to employ his body of horsemen in the Deccan as the region was seen as the place of bounty in Muslim imagination at the time. He was rewarded with an Iqta for taking part in the conquest of Kampili . Before the establishment of his kingdom, Hasan Gangu (Zafar Khan) was Governor of Deccan and a commander on behalf of the Tughlaqs . On 3 August 1347, during the rebellion by
1830-431: The caste of 'badpagey' were born to the queen. Rather than awarding position based on merit, Tughlaq allowed a noble's son to succeed to his father's position and jagir after his death. The same was done in the army, where an old soldier could send his son, son-in-law or even his slave in his place. He increased the salary of the nobles. He stopped all kinds of harsh punishments such as cutting off hands. He also lowered
1891-512: The court to the Sufis. It was established as a lingua franca of the Muslims of the Deccan, as not only the aspect of a dominant urban elite, but an expression of the regional religious identity. Firuz Shah was succeeded by his younger brother Ahmad Shah I Wali . Following the establishment of Bidar as capital of the sultanate in 1429, Ahmad Shah I converted to Shi'ism . Ahmad Shah's reign
List of Bahmani Sultans - Misplaced Pages Continue
1952-550: The daughter of Deva Raya , the Vijayanagara Emperor. Firuz Shah expanded the nobility by enabling Hindus and granting them high office. In his reign, Sufis such as Gesudaraz , a Chishti saint who had immigrated from Dehli to Daulatabad, were prominent in court and daily life. He was the first author to write in the Dakhni dialect of Urdu . The Dakhni language became widespread, practised by various milieus from
2013-493: The end of any real Bahmani power, and the last independent sultanate, Golkonda , in 1518, ended the Bahmanis' 180 year rule over the Deccan . The last four Bahmani rulers were puppet monarchs under Amir Barid I of the Bidar Sultanate , and the kingdom formally dissolved in 1527. The Bahmani Kingdom was founded by Zafar Khan , who was of either Afghan or Turk origin. Encyclopedia Iranica states him to be
2074-679: The first Bahmani sultan Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah used. The Bahmani Sultanate was likely the first state to invent and utilize gunpowder artillery and firearms within the Indian Subcontinent . Their firearms were the most advanced of their time, surpassing even those of the Yuan Dynasty and the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt . The first recorded use of firearms in South Asia was at the Battle of Adoni in 1368, where
2135-469: The idea of a Brahmin origin or Zafar Khan originally being a Hindu convert to Islam from Punjab untenable. Ziauddin Barani , the court chronicler of Sultan Firuz Shah , states that Hasan Gangu , the Bahmani Sultanate's founder, was "born in very humble circumstances" and that "For the first thirty years of his life he was nothing more than a field laborer." He was made a commander of a hundred horsemen by
2196-671: The influential Indian Chishti Sufi Shaikhs , he was crowned "Alauddin Bahman Shah Sultan – Founder of the Bahmani Dynasty". They bestowed upon him a robe allegedly worn by the prophet Muhammad . The extension of the Sufi's notion of spiritual sovereignty lent legitimacy to the planting of the sultanate's political authority, where the land, people, and produce of the Deccan were merited state protection, no longer available for plunder with impunity. These Sufis legitimized
2257-425: The infrastructure of the empire building canals, rest-houses and hospitals, creating and refurbishing reservoirs and digging wells. He founded several cities around Delhi, including Jaunpur , Firozpur , Hissar , Firozabad , Fatehabad . Most of Firozabad was destroyed as subsequent rulers dismantled its buildings and reused the spolia as building materials, and the rest was subsumed as New Delhi grew. Tughlaq
2318-487: The land taxes that Muhammad had raised. Tughlaq's reign has been described as the greatest age of corruption in medieval India: He once gave a golden tanka to a distraught soldier so that he could bribe the clerk to pass his sub-standard horse . Tughlaq instituted economic policies to increase the material welfare of his people. Many rest houses ( sarai ), gardens and tombs ( Tughluq tombs ) were built. A number of madrasas (Islamic religious schools) were opened to encourage
2379-503: The last major conflcit between the two powers. For the first half-century after the establishment of the Bahmanids, the original North Indian colonists and their sons had administered the empire quite independent of either the non-Muslim Hindus, or the Muslim foreign immigrants. However, the later Bahmani Sultans, mainly starting from his father Ahmad Shah Wali I, began to recruit foreigners from overseas, whether because of depletion among
2440-535: The latter's death at Thatta in Sindh , where Muhammad bin Tughlaq had gone in pursuit of Taghi the rebellious Muslim governor of Gujarat . For the first time in the history of the Sultanate, a situation was confronted wherein nobody was ready to accept the reins of power. With much difficulty, the camp followers convinced Firuz to accept the responsibility. In fact, Khwaja Jahan, the Wazir of Muhammad bin Tughlaq had placed
2501-477: The legend, but Barani , who was the court chronicler of Sultan Firuz Shah , as well as some other scholars have also called him Hasan Gangu. Another theory of origin for Zafar Khan is that he was of Brahmin origin, and that Bahman (his given name following the establishment of the sultanate) is a corrupted personalized form of Brahman, with Hasan Gangu being a Hindu Brahman who became Muslim. However this view has been discredited by S.A.Q. Husaini, who considers
List of Bahmani Sultans - Misplaced Pages Continue
2562-472: The nobility's power, fabricated a treasonous letter to Purushottama Deva of Orissa which they purported to be from him. Mahmud Gawan was ordered executed by Muhammad Shah III, an act that the latter regretted until his death in 1482. Upon his death, Nizam-ul-Mulk Bahri, the father of the founder of the Nizam Shahi dynasty became the regent of the Sultan as prime minister. Muhammad Shah III Lashkari
2623-542: The pen of the chroniclers who were themselves mainly foreigners and products of Safavid Persia . The eldest sons of Humayun Shah, Nizam-Ud-Din Ahmad III and Muhammad Shah III Lashkari ascended the throne successively, while they were young boys. The vizier Mahmud Gawan ruled as regent during this period, until Muhammad Shah reached age. Mahmud Gawan is known for setting up the Mahmud Gawan Madrasa ,
2684-619: The ranks of the original settlers, or the feelings of dependency upon the Persian courtly model, or both. This resulted in factional strife that first became acute in the reign of his son Alauddin Ahmad Shah II. In 1446, the powerful Dakhani nobles persuaded the Sultan that the Persians were responsible for the failure of the earlier invasion of the Konkan . The Sultan, drunk, condoned a large-scale massacre of Persian Shi'a Sayyids by
2745-485: The religious education of Muslims. He set up hospitals for the free treatment of the poor and encouraged physicians in the development of Unani medicine . He provided money for the marriage of girls belonging to poor families under the department of Diwan-i-khairat. He commissioned many public buildings in Delhi . He built Firoz Shah Palace Complex at Hisar in 1354 CE, over 300 villages and dug five major canals, including
2806-406: The renovation of Prithviraj Chauhan era Western Yamuna Canal , for irrigation bringing more land under cultivation for growing grain and fruit. For day-to-day administration, Sultan Firuz Shah Tughlaq heavily depended on Malik Maqbul , previously commander of Warangal fort , who was captured and converted to Islam. When Tughlaq was away on a campaign to Sind and Gujarat for six months and no news
2867-511: The royal title to his grandson, Tughluq Khan. Tughlaq's death led to a war of succession coupled with nobles rebelling to set up independent states. His lenient attitude had strengthened the nobles, thus weakening his position. His successor Ghiyas-ud-Din Tughlaq II could not control the slaves or the nobles. The army had become weak and the empire had shrunk in size. Ten years after his death, Timur 's invasion devastated Delhi . His tomb
2928-485: The same with Thatta . During his time Tatar Khan of Greater Khorasan attacked Punjab multiple times and during final battle in Gurdaspur his face was slashed by the sword given by Feroz Shah Tughlaq to Raja Kailash Pal of Mau-Paithan from Nagarkot region. Firuz Shah Tughlaq married off his daughter with Raja Kailash Pal, embraced him to Islam and sent the couple to rule Greater Khorasan , where eleven sons known by
2989-411: The sense to see Hasan Gangu as the man of the hour, and the proposal to crown Hasan Gangu, entitled Zafar Khan, was accepted without a dissentient voice on 3 August 1347. His revolt was successful, and he established an independent state on the Deccan within the Delhi Sultanate's southern provinces with its headquarters at Hasanabad ( Gulbarga ), where all his coins were minted. With the support of
3050-575: The siege. Meanwhile, as these nobles were unable to stop the Deccani amirs from pursuing the imperial army, Hasan Gangu, a native of Delhi, then being pursued by Governor of Berar Imad-ul-Mulk, the leader to whom the Deccani Amirs had re-assembled against, attacked and slew the latter and marched on towards Daulatabad. Here Hasan Gangu and the Deccani amirs put to flight the imperial forces which had been left to besiege. The rebels at Daulatabad had
3111-605: The sultan, and defeated Taghalchin's forces. Taghalchin was killed and Shamsuddin was blinded. Taj ud-Din Firuz Shah became the sultan in November 1397. Firuz Shah fought against the Vijayanagara Empire on many occasions and the rivalry between the two dynasties continued unabated throughout his reign, with victories in 1398 and in 1406 , but a defeat in 1417. One of his victories resulted in his marriage to
SECTION 50
#17327733438033172-625: The title Sipahsalar . His mother Naila, a Hindu woman, was the daughter of Raja Mal from a concubine of Dipalpur which is now in the Punjab region of Pakistan. We know of Firuz Shah Tughlaq in part through his 32-page autobiography, titled Futuhat-i- Firuz Shahi . He was 42 when he became Sultan of Delhi in 1351. He ruled until 1388. At his succession, after the death of Muhammad Tughlaq, he faced many rebellions, including in Bengal, Gujarat and Warangal . Nonetheless, he worked to improve
3233-413: The transplantation of Indo-Muslim rulership from one region in South Asia to another, converting the land of the Bahmanids into being recognized as Dar ul-Islam , while it was previously considered Dar ul-Harb . Turkish or Indo-Turkish troops, explorers, saints, and scholars moved from Delhi and North India to the Deccan with the establishment of the Bahmanid sultanate. How many of these were Shi'ites
3294-657: The two main Hindu kingdoms of the southern Deccan, Warangal and Vijayanagara in the First Bahmani–Vijayanagar War , made them renowned among Muslims as warriors of the faith. The Vijayanagara empire and the Bahmanids fought over the control of the Godavari-basin, Tungabadhra Doab, and the Marathwada country, although they seldom required a pretext for declaring war, as military conflicts were almost
3355-409: Was a Salafi Muslim who tried to uphold the laws of Islam and adopted Sharia policies. He made a number of important concessions to theologians. He tried to ban practices that the orthodox theologians considered un-Islamic, an example being his prohibition of the practice of Muslim women going out to worship at the graves of saints . He persecuted a number of sects that were considered heretical by
3416-434: Was available about his whereabouts Maqbul ably protected Delhi. He was the most highly favoured among the significant number of the nobles in Tughlaq's court and retained the trust of the sultan. Sultan Firuz Shah Tughlaq used to call Maqbul as 'brother'. The sultan remarked that Khan-i-Jahan (Malik Maqbul) was the real ruler of Delhi. Hindu religious works were translated from Sanskrit to Persian and Arabic . He had
3477-424: Was later adopted by the Deccan sultanates as well. The Turquoise Throne was a jeweled royal throne mentioned by Firishta . It was the seat of the sultans of the Bahmani Sultanate since Mohammed Shah I ( r. 1358–1375). It was a gift of Musunuri Kapaya Nayaka , a Telugu King in post-Kakateeya era. It was mentioned by Firishta that on 23 March 1363, this throne replaced an earlier silver throne that
3538-478: Was marked by relentless military campaigns and expansionism. He imposed destruction and slaughter on Vijayanagara and finally captured the remnants of Warangal. Alauddin Ahmad II succeeded his father to the throne in 1436. The Chand Minar , a minaret in Daulatabad , was constructed under his reign, and was commemorated in his honour in 1445 for his victory against Deva Raya II of Vijayanagara in 1443,
3599-573: Was rather the first military usage of gunpowder-derived objects in the Subcontinent. Firuz Shah Tughlaq Firuz Shah Tughlaq ( Persian : فیروز شاه تغلق , romanized : Fīrūz Shāh Tughlaq ; 1309 – 20 September 1388) was the 19th sultan of Delhi from 1351 to 1388. A Muslim ruler from the Tughlaq dynasty , He succeeded his cousin Muhammad bin Tughlaq following
3660-521: Was struck by lightning in 1368 AD, knocking off its top storey, he replaced them with the existing two floors, faced with red sandstone and white marble. One of his hunting lodges, Shikargah, also known as Kushak Mahal, is situated within the Teen Murti Bhavan complex, Delhi. The nearby Kushak Road is named after it, as is the Tughlaq Road further on. His eldest son, Fateh Khan, died in 1376. He then abdicated in August 1387 and made his other son, Prince Muhammad, king. A slave rebellion forced him to confer
3721-706: Was succeeded by his son Mahmood Shah Bahmani II , the last Bahmani ruler to have real power. The tarafdars of Ahmednagar , Bijapur , and Berar , Malik Ahmad Nizam Shah I , Yusuf Adil Shah , and Fathullah Imad-ul-Mulk agreed to assert their independence in 1490, and established their own sultanates but maintained loyalty to the Bahmani Sultan. The sultanates of Golconda and Bidar would become in practice independent as well. In 1501, Mahmood Shah Bahmani united his amirs and wazirs in an agreement to wage annual Jihad against Vijayanagara. The expeditions were financially ruinous. The last Bahmani Sultans were puppet monarchs under their Barid Shahi prime ministers, who were
SECTION 60
#1732773343803#802197