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99-500: Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa KBE PC (December 1912 – 15 January 1966) was a Nigerian politician who served as the first and only prime minister of Nigeria upon independence. A conservative Anglophile , he favoured maintaining close ties with the British . During his first few years in office as prime minister, Nigeria was a constitutional monarchy with Elizabeth II reigning as Queen of Nigeria , until Nigeria became

198-588: A dukedom , marquessate or earldom , his eldest legitimate son (if he is the heir to a dukedom or marquessate with additional subsidiary peerages), and for the legitimate male issue of a duke or a marquess, who are styled 'Lord' followed by their first name. For instance, diplomat Lord Nicholas Gordon-Lennox , KCMG, KCVO, who was a younger son of the Duke of Richmond , continued to be styled as 'Lord Nicholas' following his knighthood in 1986, not 'Lord Sir Nicholas'. Other male heirs of an earl who lack courtesy titles , and

297-595: A hot semi-arid climate ( Köppen climate classification BSh ). It is located in the dry Sahel surrounded by sandy savannah and isolated hills. With an annual average temperature of 28.3 °C (82.9 °F), Sokoto is one of the hottest cities in Nigeria, however the maximum daytime temperatures are generally under 40 °C (104.0 °F) most of the year, and the dryness makes the heat bearable. The warmest months are February to April, where daytime temperatures can exceed 40 °C. The highest recorded temperature

396-609: A district within the Bauchi Emirate . He took his name from two corrupted Fula language words: "Tafari" (Rock) and "Baleri" (Black), which resulted in being the childhood nickname "Black Rock". Balewa began his education at a Qur'anic school in Bauchi; when southern colonial administrators began to push for western education in the Northern region, Balewa was among the children sent to Tafawa Balewa Elementary School, after

495-507: A pro-West orientation in his foreign policy, which represented for abhorrence to USSR and other Eastern Bloc states. As a result, the circulation of communist literature in Nigeria was banned and students were discouraged from taking Soviet educational scholarship. Balewa had personally assured the British government "we shall use every means in our power to prevent the infiltration of communism and communist ideas into Nigeria." At one point,

594-463: A projected population of 3.7 million people based on a 2006 census made up of two ethnic groups namely, Fulani and Hausa . Sokoto town, the capital of Sokoto state, has a population of approximately 2.5 million. Apart from Fulani and Hausa, there are the Zabarmawa and Tuareg minorities in the local government border areas. All these groups speak Hausa as a common language. Fulfulde

693-625: A public transport system. Transport within the city (when not by foot) is mainly by mopeds which operate as one-person taxis and sometimes tricycles transport persons from one place to the other; this allows for carriage of more than one person at a time (still at a cheap price as mopeds). Buses and taxis are infrequent and are generally used only for transport between cities. Remarkably for an area where fewer than 2% of girls finish secondary school, an all-female garage has been established in Sokoto city to train young women on vehicle maintenance. Founded by

792-545: A railway station nor other public transportation. During holidays, which was twice a year, Balewa trekked home, a journey of more than 400 kilometers. He trekked for 40 kilometers a day, before finding a resting place at a nearby village. In total, the journey took him 10 days. Katsina College had British expatriate teachers, many of whom had been educated at leading British schools and then attended Cambridge or Oxford Universities . Students were taught in English, and speech

891-553: A republic in 1963. He was both a defender of Northern special interests and an advocate of Nigerian reform and unity. Abubakar Tafawa Balewa was born in December 1912, in the Northern Nigeria Protectorate (modern-day Bauchi State ). His father, Yakubu Dan Zala, was of Gere ethnicity, and his mother Fatima Inna was of Gere and Fulani descent. His father worked in the house of the district head of Lere,

990-514: A result of the airborne dust, which can cause lung conditions and increase mortality rates, particularly from cardiovascular causes. Over eighty percent (80%) of the inhabitants of Sokoto practice one form of agriculture or another. They produce crops like millet, guinea corn, maize, rice, potatoes, cassava, groundnuts, beans etc.for subsistence and produce wheat, cotton and vegetables for cash. Local crafts such as blacksmithing, weaving, dyeing, carving and leather works also play an important role in

1089-734: A time Nigeria was moving towards self-government . During his tenure at the transport ministry, both the Marine and Railway departments were transformed to corporations and the designs for a bridge over the Niger and plans for the Kainji Dam were developed. In 1957, NPC won the plurality of votes in the Federal House of Representatives and Balewa became the Chief Minister and designated Prime Minister. As part of his plans to unify

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1188-489: A title rather than 'hey' or 'oi, you' or whatever", and dismissed the male/female issue as "just the way the English language works". In the Southern United States , the term 'sir' is often used to address someone in a position of authority or respect, and is commonly used in schools and universities by students to address their teachers and professors. Whereas the British and Commonwealth female equivalent

1287-445: A variant of sire , which was already used in English since at least c.  1205 (after 139 years of Norman rule) as a title placed before a name and denoting knighthood, and to address the (male) Sovereign since c.  1225 , with additional general senses of 'father, male parent' is from c.  1250 , and 'important elderly man' from 1362. The prefix is used with the holder's given name or full name, but never with

1386-575: A very long history in Hausaland. The process started when certain strategic areas of Hausaland developed from Kauyuka to Birane. Yet one of the major consequences of the jihadist was the speeding of this phenomenon not only in Hausaland but also in all areas affected by the caliphate administration. New towns sprang up and the older birane entered into a period of unprecedented growth, some as new areas of commercial activities, others as both Emirate capitals and centers of administration and commerce. One of

1485-616: A young Aminu Kano , who was posted to the school as a teacher. After a student unrest, investigations into student grievances indicted the headmaster, and in 1941 Balewa was nominated as the new headmaster. In 1944, Balewa and some other educated teachers in the Northern Provinces were chosen to study abroad at the University of London 's Institute of Education , which today forms part of University College London . Upon returning to Nigeria, he became an Inspector of Schools for

1584-668: Is Miss , students will often refer to female teachers as Ma'am . In the Northeast United States , particularly New England , there remains influence of both the British and French traditions as noted above; in general parlance, teachers, authority-figures, and so forth, are referred to by a title of respect such as 'Sir' for males and 'Miss', ' Ms ', or 'Mrs' for females: 'Miss' for unmarried, younger females; 'Ms' for senior, elder, or ranking females that may or may not be married; and 'Mrs' for married or widowed females. If not specifically using their rank or title, 'sir'

1683-472: Is 45 °C. The rainy season is from June to October, during which showers are a daily occurrence. The showers rarely last long and are a far cry from the regular torrential showers known in many tropical regions. From late October to February, during the 'cold season', the climate is dominated by the harmattan wind blowing Sahara dust over the land. The dust dims the sunlight, thereby reducing temperatures significantly. The region's lifeline for growing crops

1782-543: Is a major city located in extreme north-western Nigeria , near the confluence of the Sokoto River and the Rima River . As of 2006, it has a population of over 427,760. Sokoto is the modern-day capital of Sokoto State and was previously the capital of the north-western states. Modern Sokoto is known for trading sheepskins, cattle hides, leather crafts (a significant export), kola nuts and goatskins. The seat of

1881-645: Is dominated by the Hausa plain of northern Nigeria . The vast irrigable land of the Sokoto-Rima River systems dissects the plain and provides the rich alluvial soil fit for a variety of crop cultivation in the state. There are also isolated hills and mountains scattered all over the state. Sokoto had been used as early as October 1804 by the Shehu Usmanu Dan Fodiyo as the venue for the meeting with Galadima, Yunfa's Vizier. Subsequently, it

1980-523: Is ridiculous: it doesn't match 'Sir' at all. It's just one of the names you can call an unmarried woman", and that "It's a depressing example of how women are given low status and men, no matter how young or new in the job they are, are given high status". This view is not unchallenged, however. The chief executive of the Brook Learning Trust, Debbie Coslett, said "... they call me 'Miss', I'm fine with that. They're showing respect by giving me

2079-633: Is spoken by the Fulani. Hausa people in the state are made up of Gobirawa, Zamfarawa, Kabawa, Adarawa and Arawa. The Fulani's on the other hand are of two main groups; the town Fulani ( Hausa : Fulanin Gida ; Fula : Fulɓe Wuro ) and the Nomads. The former includes the Torankawa, the clan of Shehu Usmanu Danfodiyo , Sullubawa and Zoramawa. The Torankawa are the aristocratic class since 1804. Culturally

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2178-525: Is the floodplains of the Sokoto-Rima river system, which are covered with rich alluvial soil . For the rest, the crops cultivated in Sokoto includes millet , guinea corn , beans perhaps being the most abundant, followed by maize , rice , sesame , other cereals and vegetables such as: onions, tomatoes, pepper, garden egg, lettuce, and cabbage. Apart from millet, Sokoto is the major onion producer in Nigeria, in terms of vegetation, Sokoto falls within

2277-430: Is the headquarters of the state. Following the conquest of the caliphate by the British in 1903, its various components were made autonomous and joined into the government of Northern Nigeria. The northern region was thus made up of mainly parts of the Sokoto caliphate and Kanem-Bornu Empire. This continued up to January 1967 when states were created to replace regional governments by General Yakubu Gowon . Sokoto became

2376-458: Is typically Dame . The wife of a knight or baronet tends to be addressed as Lady , although a few exceptions and interchanges of these uses exist. Additionally, since the late modern period , Sir has been used as a respectful way to address a man of superior social status or military rank . Equivalent terms of address for women are Madam (shortened to Ma'am), in addition to social honorifics such as Mrs , Ms , or Miss . Sir derives from

2475-787: Is used in the United States Armed Forces to address a male commissioned officer. Lower-ranking and non-commissioned officers , such as corporals or sergeants, are addressed using their ranks, though in some of the branches (to be precise, in the Air Force, Marine Corps and Coast Guard), "sir" can also be used to address a drill instructor although he is an NCO. In the British Armed Forces , male commissioned officers and warrant officers are addressed as 'sir' by all ranks junior to them, male warrant officers are addressed as Mr by commissioned officers. In

2574-769: The Dominion of India became a modern republic in the Commonwealth of Nations in 1950, followed by Islamic Republic of Pakistan in 1956. The Order of the Star of India became dormant in the Commonwealth realms from February 2009, and the Order of the Indian Empire after August 2010, when the last knights of the orders died. In Nigeria , holders of religious honours like the Knighthood of St. Gregory make use of

2673-680: The Kingdom of Ireland , Knights of the Order of St. Patrick were entitled to the style of 'Sir'. Regular creation of new knights of the order ended in 1921 upon the formation of the Irish Free State . With the death of the last knight in 1974, the Order became dormant. As a privilege of the members of the Order of the Knights of Rizal ( Orden de Caballeros de Rizál ), the prefix "Sir" is attached to their forenames while wives of Knights add

2772-476: The Order of Barbados . This practice has now been discontinued, though individuals who received a knighthood or damehood when the country was still a Commonwealth realm may continue to use the titles "Sir" and "Dame" within their lifetimes. As part of the consolidation of the crown colony of India , the Order of the Star of India was established in 1861 to reward prominent British and Indian civil servants, military officers and prominent Indians associated with

2871-668: The Organisation of African Unity and creating a cooperative relationship with French speaking African countries . He was also instrumental in negotiations between Moise Tshombe and the Congolese authorities during the Congo Crisis of 1960–1964. He led a vocal protest against the Sharpeville Massacre of 1960 and also entered into an alliance with Commonwealth ministers who wanted South Africa to leave

2970-703: The Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), only commissioned officers are addressed as 'sir'; NCOs and constables are addressed by their rank. Male British police officers of the rank of Inspector or above are addressed as 'Sir' (women of inspecting rank are called Ma'am). In the Hong Kong Police Force , male superiors are respectfully known by their surname followed by 'sir'. For example, Inspector Wong would be addressed or referred to as 'Wong-sir'. Male police officers are sometimes known colloquially as "Ah-sir" (阿Sir) to

3069-569: The monarchy and the office of governor-general, with Nigeria becoming a parliamentary republic within the Commonwealth with the Nnamdi Azikiwe as President of Nigeria and head of state. Prior to Nigeria's independence, a constitutional conference in 1954 had adopted a regional political framework for the country, with all regions given a considerable amount of political freedom . The three regions then were composed of diverse cultural groups. The premiers and some prominent leaders of

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3168-399: The 16th century. The practice may have been an attempt to reinforce the authority of teachers from lower social classes among classes of largely upper class students. Jennifer Coates, emeritus professor of English language and linguistics at Roehampton University , has criticised the use of the title for male teachers, saying that " 'Sir' is a knight. There weren't women knights, but 'Miss'

3267-434: The 1820s, Sokoto was at its peak of prosperity coinciding with the peak of its 'rulers' powers at the center of the caliphate, receiving annual tribute from all the fiefs before a long period of decline. The explorer Hugh Clapperton (1827) was highly impressed by this prosperity and its effects on the city. Clapperton noted the importance of Sokoto's closely settled surroundings: The rivers, rather than long-distance trade in

3366-595: The 1990s. Since then, though former imperial honours are still awarded by certain Commonwealth realms, many of them have discontinued grants of British honours as they have developed their own honours systems, some of which include knighthoods. Today, British honours are only substantive for British nationals so recognised, including dual nationals, and for nationals of those realms which have retained them as part of their honours systems. Dual national recipients of British knighthoods who hold British citizenship, such as academic and immunologist Sir John Bell , are entitled to

3465-711: The British Empire (KBE), an imperial honour, as the Bahamas did not have its own honours system at the time. Although Poitier, as a Bahamian citizen by descent, was eligible for a substantive ('ordinary') award of the KBE, the Bahamian government preferred the knighthood to be honorary as Poitier was permanently residing in the United States. Knighthoods in the gift of the government of a Commonwealth realm only permit

3564-703: The Commonwealth in 1961. He visited the US in 1961 for eight days, four of which he spent in Washington at Blair House . During his visit, he became the first Nigerian leader to address a Joint session of the United States Congress and visited the Islamic Center of Washington . He had an enormous amount of respect for President John F. Kennedy , describing him, and his age in particular as "matured as that of any older statesman." He took part in

3663-461: The Federal House of Representatives in Lagos, and among the federal legislators, three members from each region would be appointed federal ministers with portfolio. Balewa was among those nominated to Lagos and along with Kashim Ibrahim and Muhammadu Ribadu were nominated to become ministers. Balewa entered the government in 1952 as Minister of Works, and later served as Minister of Transport during

3762-651: The Government of the Federation of Nigeria to request Her Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom as soon as practicable to introduce a legislation in the Parliament of the United Kingdom providing for the establishment of the Federation of Nigeria on October 1, 1960 as an Independent Sovereign State, and to request Her Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom at the appropriate time to support with

3861-453: The Indian Empire. The Order of the Indian Empire was established in 1878 as a junior-level order to accompany the Order of the Star of India, and to recognise long service. From 1861 to 1866, the Order of the Star of India had a single class of Knights (KSI), who were entitled to the style of 'Sir'. In 1866, the order was reclassified into three divisions: Knights Grand Commander (GCSI), Knights Commander (KCSI) and Companions (CSI); holders of

3960-468: The Nana: Girls and Women Empowerment Initiative, the garage trains 25 female apprentices with the support of the local Islamic leadership. 10 km south of Sokoto there is an international airport with regular connections to Abuja , Kano and Lagos . In August 2008, an agreement was signed for the construction of a cement works in Sokoto, and the plant was opened in 2022. Urbanization has

4059-501: The National Government and Ayo Rosiji and Samuel Akintola were nominated by the party. During this period, Balewa developed a close relationship with K.O. Mbadiwe from NCNC and Akintola from AG. Balewa retained the post as Prime Minister of Nigeria when Nigeria gained independence in 1960 and was reelected in 1964. He announced independence in a motion to Parliament on 18 January 1959: That this House authorizes

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4158-485: The Native Administration for the educated members of the emirates. Together with Alhaji Sir Ahmadu Bello , who held the hereditary title of Sardauna of Sokoto , they proposed the transformation of the cultural organization, Jam'iyyar Mutanen Arewa, which means Northern People's Congress (NPC) in English, to become a political platform for use as campaign platform during the elections of 1951. Balewa

4257-575: The Northern United States, where 'Sir' was only used 25% of the time. 'Sir', in conjunction with 'Ma'am' or 'Madam', is also commonly used in the Philippines and South Asia , not only to address customers and vice versa, but also to address people of a higher social rank or age. 'Sir' is used as gender-neutral term to address superior ranking officers in the series Star Trek and The Orville . Sokoto Sokoto

4356-464: The Qur'anic school. Thereafter, he proceeded to Bauchi Provincial School. Like many of his contemporaries, he studied at Barewa College , then known as Katsina College, where he was student number 145. Ahmadu Rabah, later known as Ahmadu Bello , was student number 87 and was two years his senior, while Abubakar Imam was a year ahead of him. The college was several kilometers from Bauchi and was not close to

4455-612: The Soviets were implicated in a plot to overthrow Balewa's government. Balewa was overthrown and murdered in a military coup on 15 January 1966 , as were many other leaders, including his old companion Sir Ahmadu Bello . The circumstances of his death still remain unresolved. His body was discovered at a roadside near Lagos six days after he was ousted from office. Balewa was buried in Bauchi . News of his assassination spurred violent riots throughout Northern Nigeria and ultimately led to

4554-779: The Thistle and the knighthoods in the Royal Victorian Order) – are recognised across the Commonwealth realms, along with their accompanying styles. British knighthoods (in the Orders of the Bath, St. Michael and St. George, and in the Order of the British Empire, along with Knights Bachelor) were known as imperial honours during the existence of the British Empire . Those honours continued to be conferred as substantive, not honorary, awards by most Commonwealth realms into

4653-529: The UK. The equivalent for a female who holds a knighthood or baronetcy in her own right is ' Dame ', and follows the same usage customs as 'Sir'. Although this form was previously also used for the wives of knights and baronets, it is now customary to refer to them as 'Lady', followed by their surname; they are never addressed using their full names. For example, while Lady Fiennes is correct, Lady Virginia and Lady Virginia Fiennes are not. The widows of knights retain

4752-709: The architect Muhammad Bello consisted of all the characteristic features of any modern city including roads, bridges, market, ganuwa (fortification round centers of town) and as well as administrative and commercial centers. Among the administrative centers designed by Muhammad Bello are Kanwuri, Binanchi, Galadanci, Alkalanci, Dogarawa and so on. However, apart from the central market popularly known as Yardole, other commercial areas designed by Muhammad Bello include Makera, Madinka, Marina, Siriddawa, Takalmawa, Runji and Jirgawa. In addition, among other things no town in either pre-jihad or 19th century Hausaland could develop into an urban center without effective fortification (ganuwa). This

4851-408: The area. Large scale farming can also be practice in the state using irrigation water from Goronyo Dam, Lugu, Kalmalo, Wammakko and Kwakwazo lakes among others. Mineral resources such as kaolin, gypsum, limestone, laterite, red mills, phosphate both yellow and green, shade clay, sand etc., are available in commercial quantities. Mineral based industries using these raw materials could be established in

4950-563: The aspects of urbanization in the history of the Sokoto caliphate started with the establishment of Sokoto city (the headquarters of the caliphate). In the prejihad period, the area between the Gobir Kingdom and Kebbi was the area commonly referred to as "nomad land". But with the success of the jihad led by the Shehu usmau dan Fodiyo (1804–1808) and subsequent victory of the jihadists over the rulers of Hausaland, Sokoto city (headquarters of

5049-608: The awarding orders of knighthood to bishops and Grand Masters . Their precedence is as follows: For Example, Sir Burton P. C. Hall , KSS , KHS would be the correct style for lay knights. Lieutenants of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre , are styled as "Your Excellency", such as H.E. Dame Trudy Comeau, DC*HS . Catholic clergy who are invested as Knight Chaplains may use post-nominal letters, but must retain their clerical titles, like Rev. Robert Skeris , KCHS . Knights and Dames of papal orders are not allowed to use

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5148-412: The bearer to use his style within that country or as its official representative, provided he is a national of that country; knighthoods granted by other realms may be considered foreign honours. For instance, Anthony Bailey was reprimanded by Buckingham Palace and the British government in 2016 for asserting that an honorary Antiguan knighthood (which was revoked in 2017) allowed him the style of 'Sir' in

5247-470: The bloody counter-coup of July 1966 . In 1933, Balewa wrote Shaihu Umar , a novella about a pious Muslim in response to a request by Rupert East, the head of the colonial Translation Bureau, to promote Hausa literature . Shaihu Umar was first published in 1934. An English translation by Mervyn Hiskett was published in 1967. Written in a prose homily structure, the protagonist , Shaihu Umar, recounts his events in his life's history. Events and themes in

5346-509: The business of blacksmithing or in other related business as in Makera Assada. There are people who used to travel to different parts of present Nigeria and even in neighbouring countries to buy damaged iron materials like damaged vehicles, cars, lorries, aircraft etc. iron pipes, and oil tanks in order to break them into pieces and sell them for anybody who wants to put them into use or modify them into another product. Because Sokoto and

5445-464: The caliphate) was built by Muhammad Bello. Moreover, as observed by Abdul-Razaq Shehu in his book Sakkwato Birnin Shehu ), Sokoto city was designed on paper by Muhammad Bello even before it was built. Bello, son of the Sheikh, was among his father's lieutenants and war commanders. He fought the hardest and longest wars and was the architect of the caliphate Sokoto Birnin Shehu. Sokoto city as designed by

5544-401: The city's economy. But trading activities in Sokoto is presently inconsiderable, owing to the disturbed state of the surrounding country. By the time the explorer Heinrich Barth arrived in 1853, Sokoto was thinly inhabited and greatly dilapidated. Barth in 1857 estimated the population at only 20,000–22,000, but the market was still supplied and attended, and a thriving suburb outside the wall

5643-705: The colonial administration and later entered politics. He was elected in 1946 to the Northern House of Assembly , and to the Legislative Council in 1947. As a legislator , he was a vocal advocate of the rights of Northern Nigeria . He supported hesitance by the North to become independent, based on the objection that the north and south regions were not on an equal footing. In the Northern Assembly, he sought more roles and responsibility in

5742-744: The country towards the move for independence in 1960, he formed a coalition government between the NPC and the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC), led by Nnamdi Azikiwe and also invited the Action Group (A.G.), the 1957 cabinet was constituted as an all party cabinet. Though, Awolowo , the leader of A.G. and premier of the Western region was skeptical of the plan, the national executive committee of Action Group party endorsed

5841-678: The east. In the early 19th century, the town (Sokoto) was divided into wards. Such wards include Magajin Gari ward, Waziri ward, Sarkin Musulmi ward, Sarkin Adar ward, Magajin Rafi ward, and Sarkin Zamfara Ward. At this time the wards were small and surrounded with a wall, which included the mosques of Sultan Bello and Shehu, Sultan Palace and other buildings as well as the compound of Shehu. In 1818,

5940-494: The economic life of the people of Sokoto; as a result, different areas like Makera, Marina, Takalmawa and Majema became important. Sokoto is also one of the fish producing areas of the country. Thus a large number of people along the river basin engage in fishing. Sokoto is equally endowed with natural and mineral resources. Agro allied industries using cotton, groundnut, sorghum, gum, maize, rice, wheat, sugar cane, cassava, gum Arabic and tobacco as raw materials can be established in

6039-429: The farm. Balewa was married to four women who bore him nineteen children. Balewa was buried in Tafawa Balewa's tomb at Bauchi. Sir Traditionally, as governed by law and custom, Sir is used for men who are knights and belong to certain orders of chivalry , as well as later applied to baronets and other offices. As the female equivalent for knighthood is damehood, the suo jure female equivalent term

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6138-407: The first substantive Nigerian Minister of Foreign Affairs and Commonwealth Relations, later called External Affairs. A week after taking office, he arrived in the United States on his first foreign visit to address the United Nations. However, as Prime Minister of Nigeria , Balewa played important roles in the continent's formative indigenous rule . He was an important leader in the formation of

6237-485: The former Sokoto Caliphate , the city is predominantly Muslim and an important seat of Islamic learning in Nigeria. The Sultan who heads the caliphate is effectively the spiritual leader of Nigerian Muslims. The name Sokoto (which is the modern/anglicised version of the local name, Sakkwato ) is of Arabic origin, representing sooq , 'market' in English. It is also known as Sakkwato, Birnin Shaihu da Bello or "Sokoto, Capital of Shaihu and Bello ". Sokoto has

6336-424: The headquarters of the north-western state created in 1967. In 1976 following the creation of Niger state out of North Western state, Sokoto state emerged with its headquarters. Yet in Sokoto, Kebbi and Zamfara states were carved out of Sokoto, in 1991 and 1996 respectively. Sokoto metropolis has thus been the capital of various governments since its establishment by Caliph Muhammad Bello in 1809. Sokoto state has

6435-418: The highest and lowest dignities being universal, a king was recognized as king everywhere, and also a knight: "though a Knight receive his Dignity of a Foreign Prince, he is so to be stiled in all Legal Proceedings within England .. and Knights in all Foreign Countries have ever place and precedency according to their Seniority of being Knighted" Established in 1783 and primarily awarded to men associated with

6534-415: The honorific title sire ; sire developed alongside the word seigneur , also used to refer to a feudal lord. Both derived from the Vulgar Latin senior , sire comes from the nominative case declension senior and seigneur , the accusative case declension seniōrem . The form 'Sir' is first documented in English in 1297, as the title of honour of a knight, and latterly a baronet , being

6633-429: The launch of the Syncom 2 NASA program, allowing him to phone for President Kennedy from the USNS Kingsport docked at Lagos Harbor via the SYNCOM satellite on 23 August 1963. It marked the first live two-way call between heads of government by satellite. Balewa, during his premiership, attached great importance to its Commonwealth membership, declaring in a UN speech, "we shall not forget our old friends." Balewa had

6732-411: The male heirs of a viscount or baron, do however use the style of 'Sir' if knighted, the style following that of ' The Hon ', for example The Honourable Sir Charles Algernon Parsons , OM, KCB, FRS. 'Sir', along with 'Miss' for women, is commonly used in the British school system to address teachers and other members of staff. Usage of these terms is considered a mark of respect, and can be dated back to

6831-426: The ministry, added the style of The Reverend to his secular honorific of Sir , thus becoming the Revd. Sir Nicholas Beatson-Bell KCSI, KCIE. Clergy of other denominations may use different conventions. Peers who have been knighted are neither styled as 'Sir' nor addressed as such in the formal sense of the style, as their titles of nobility take precedence. The same principle applies for the male heir apparent to

6930-480: The notable members of the Knights of Rizal include King Juan Carlos I of Spain who was conferred a Knight Grand Cross of Rizal on 11 February 1998. In the case of a military officer who is also a knight, the appropriate form of address puts the professional military rank first, then the correct manner of address for the individual, then his name. Examples include: This is also the case with academic ranks and titles, such as ' Professor '. For example, Patrick Bateson

7029-403: The novel deal with the trans-Saharan slave trade , familial relationships and Islamic themes of submission to the will of God. Shaihu Umar was staged as a play in the 1970s and filmed by Adamu Halilu in 1976. Balewa advocated for the creation of a Nigerian Privy Council to domestically replace the Privy Council of the United Kingdom in a speech to the Legislative Council in April 1952. This

7128-427: The other Member Governments of the Commonwealth, Nigeria's desire to become a member of the Commonwealth. This is a great day for Nigeria. It marks the beginning of the last stage of our march toward independence and all of us who are here today should be thankful to Almighty God who has given us the opportunity to witness the events of this most memorable time. Nigeria adopted a new constitution in 1963 which abolished

7227-503: The other hand begins in most parts of the state in May and lasts up to September, or October. The harmattan, a dry, cold and fairly dusty wind is experienced in the state between November and February. Heat is more severe in the state in March and April. But the weather in the state is always cold in the morning and hot in the afternoons, save in peak harmattan period. The topography of the state

7326-661: The prefix "Lady" to their first names. These apply to both spoken and written forms of address. The Knights of Rizal is the sole order of knighthood in the Philippines and a constituted Order of Merit recognized by the Orders, decorations, and medals of the Philippines . The prefix is appended with the relevant post-nominal according to their rank at the end of their names: Knight of Rizal (KR), Knight Officer of Rizal (KOR), Knight Commander of Rizal (KCR), Knight Grand Officer of Rizal (KGOR) and Knight Grand Cross of Rizal (KGCR). Among

7425-514: The prefix "Sir" nor do they receive an accolade ; instead they use the associated post-nominal letters . Only citizens of Commonwealth realms may receive substantive knighthoods and have the privilege of the accompanying style. In general, only knighthoods in dynastic orders – those orders in the personal gift of the Sovereign and Head of the Commonwealth (the Order of the Garter, the Order of

7524-496: The prefix "Sir" or "Dame" in the United Kingdom, although they may use post-nominal letters. Not allowing the prefix is because the use of foreign titles is not permitted by the British Crown without a Royal Licence, and as a matter of policy (currently based on a Royal Warrant of 27 April 1932), a Royal Licence to bear any foreign title is never granted. On the other hand, allowing the post-nominal letters would be explained by

7623-555: The region later produced violent protests. Rioting and violence were soon synchronous with what was perceived as inordinate political encroachment and an over-exuberant election outcome for Awolowo's western opponents. As Prime Minister of Nigeria , Balewa, from 1960 to 1961, doubled as Foreign Affairs advocate of Nigeria. In 1961, the Balewa government created an official Foreign Affairs and Commonwealth Relations ministerial position in favour of Jaja Wachuku who became, from 1961 to 1965,

7722-487: The regions later took on a policy of guiding their regions against political encroachment from other regional leaders. Later on, this political environment influenced the Balewa administration. His term in office was turbulent, with regional factionalism constantly threatening his government. However, a treason charge and conviction against one of the western region's leaders, Obafemi Awolowo , led to protest and condemnation from many of his supporters. The 1965 election in

7821-425: The savannah zone. This is an open tse-tse fly -free grassland suitable for cultivation of grain crops and animal husbandry. Rain starts late and ends early with mean annual rainfall ranging between 500 mm and 1,300 mm. There are two major seasons in Sokoto, namely wet and dry. The dry season starts from October, and lasts up to April in some parts and may extend to May or June in other parts. The wet season on

7920-642: The state is homogeneous. The people of the state are predominantly Muslim. Their mode of dress is also of Islamic origin. Two major festivals namely, Eid-el-Fitri and Eid-el-Kabir are celebrated in the state every year. The former marks the end of the Ramadan fast , while the latter features the slaughtering of rams in commemoration of an act of the Islamic prophet Ibrahim (the Jewish patriarch Abraham ). Traditional wrestling ( Kokawa ) and boxing ( Dambe ) are

8019-457: The state. The absence of the tse-tse fly on the open grassland benefits both wild and domestic animals. Sokoto ranks second in livestock production in the country's animal population of well over eight million. The availability of these economic potentials provides good investment opportunities, particularly in agro-allied industries such as flour mills, tomatoes processing, sugar refining, textiles, glue, tanning, fish canning, etc. Sokoto lacks

8118-468: The style of Sir as their knighthoods are substantive. This may not necessarily be the case for dual nationals who are not British citizens and who instead hold citizenship of another Commonwealth realm. In 1974, Lynden Pindling , the Prime Minister of the Bahamas , recommended dual Bahamian-American citizen Sidney Poitier for an honorary knighthood as an honorary Knight Commander of the Order of

8217-480: The style of wives of knights, however widows of baronets are either referred to as 'dowager', or use their forename before their courtesy style. For example, the widow of Sir Thomas Herbert Cochrane Troubridge, 4th Baronet , would either be known as Dowager Lady Troubridge or Laura, Lady Troubridge . Prior to becoming a republic in November 2021, Barbados awarded the title Knight or Dame of St. Andrew within

8316-467: The surname alone. For example, whilst Sir Alexander and Sir Alexander Fleming would be correct, Sir Fleming would not. Today, in the UK and in certain Commonwealth realms , a number of men are entitled to the prefix of 'Sir', including knights bachelor , knights of the orders of chivalry and baronets ; although foreign nationals can be awarded honorary knighthoods. Honorary knights do not bear

8415-552: The title 'Sir', but instead refer to their knighthood using post-nominal letters. For example, the Reverend John Polkinghorne , KBE would never be referred to as Sir John Polkinghorne . If however an Anglican clergyman inherits a baronetcy or was knighted before his ordination, he will retain his style and title. For instance, Sir Nicholas Beatson-Bell KCSI , KCIE , who was a knighted Indian Civil Service officer and imperial administrator before entering

8514-473: The two sports enjoyed by the Hausa while the Fulani and the Sullubawa entertain themselves with Sharo and Doro respectively. Important visitors to the state are usually treated to the grand or mini durbar , an event involving the parade of heavily decorated horses and camels mounted by men in full traditional military and cultural attire. The public in Sokoto is at serious risk for serious health problems as

8613-628: The upper two degrees could use the title 'Sir'. From its creation in 1878 until 1887, the Order of the Indian Empire had a single class, Companion (CIE), which did not entitle the recipient to a style of knighthood. In 1887, two higher divisions, Knight Grand Commander (GCIE) and Knight Commander (KCIE) were created, which entitled holders of those ranks to the style of 'Sir'. The last creations of knights of either order were made on 15 August 1947 upon Indian independence. All British honours and their accompanying styles were officially made obsolete in India when

8712-418: The urban area around it is already located near a semi-arid zone experiencing desertification, the city already experiences the effects of climate change. A 2018 analysis of the city's potential impacts, predicted decreasedd agricultural output, plants growth and water scarcity in the region around the city, interfering with food security and creating income security challenges. Muhammad Kabiru (a farmer and

8811-553: The wall was extended up to the extent that it has gates that come in and out of the Birni wall. Such gates are Kofar-Kade, Kofar-Kware, Kofar-Rini, Kofar-Dundaye, Kofar-Taramniya, Kofar-Aliyu Jedo, and Kofar-Marke. The area of the present Sokoto was the home of many empires and kingdoms of the pre-colonial western Sudan. These include the Gobir and Kebbi kingdoms as well as the world-renowned caliphate whose spiritual and political capital

8910-466: The wider public. The term 'Sir' is also used frequently in the customer service industry, by employees to refer to customers, and sometimes vice versa. In the United States, it is much more common in certain areas (even when addressing male peers or men considerably younger). For example, a 1980 study showed that 80% of service interactions in the South were accompanied by 'Sir' or Ma'am , in comparison to

9009-559: The word as a pre-nominal honorific in much the same way as it is used for secular purposes in Britain and the Philippines. Wives of such individuals also typically assume the title of Lady. Knights and Dames of papal orders may elect the "Sir" or "Dame" prefix with post-nominal letters, subject to the laws and conventions of the country they are in. The Pope , the sovereign of the Catholic Church and Vatican City , delegates

9108-507: Was an important part of learning for the students. Apart from excellence in English, the school was also a training ground for teachers to be posted to the provincial and middle schools within the Northern Provinces of Nigeria . Balewa completed his five-year education in 1933 and returned to Bauchi to teach at Bauchi Middle School. He taught at the school and rose to become a senior schoolmaster. In 1941, he became acquainted with

9207-476: Was both a professor and a knight bachelor; his correct title would be Professor Sir Patrick Bateson. However, the title of ' Doctor ' (Dr.) is not used in combination with 'Sir', with the knighthood taking precedence. Knighted doctors are addressed as knights, though they may still use any post-nominal letters associated with their degrees. Church of England clergy who receive knighthoods following their ordination do not receive an accolade and therefore do not use

9306-490: Was built with many strongpoints like Kofar Aliyu Jedo, Kofar Dundaye, Kofar Marke, Kofar Rini, Kofar Kware, and Kofar Taramniya, and this paramount development attracted many people to migrate from their locality into Sokoto city for survival. From the above observation on how caliph Muhammad Bello designed the city of Sokoto we will see that Sokoto witnessed more immigrants with interest in blacksmithing leather works, pottery etc. For example, some of these people either engage in

9405-557: Was due to its judicial committee's seemingly insensitivities to regional differences in court cases. In January 1960, Balewa was knighted by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II as a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire . He was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Sheffield in May 1960. He was also awarded an honorary doctorate of laws from the New York University in July 1961. Balewa's portrait

9504-531: Was elected vice president of the new party and subsequently resigned his post as headmaster of Bauchi Middle School. NPC won the plurality of votes to the regional House of Assembly in 1951. Balewa was among the new legislators in Kaduna . Under a new constitution, the Macpherson Constitution of 1951, an electoral college system was implemented whereby, some regional legislators were elected to

9603-417: Was more animated than Sokoto itself. Bovil aptly described Sokoto as a strong position, with steep escarpments from the east to the north-west and a small valley on the west and the south west protecting it against surprise cavalry attacks. The town dominates the broad lowland where the two rivers, Rima and Sokoto meet, being the junction of roads from Gobir in the north, Kebbi in the south and Burmi Zamfara in

9702-628: Was placed on the 5 Naira Note. The Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University and the Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa Bauchi State International Airport in Bauchi was named in his honour. Balewa was described as modest and self-effacing. At his death, his major assets included his house in Bauchi and a 50-acre farm where he vacationed when he wanted to relax. The farm was located on the way to Tafawa Balewa village about nine miles outside Bauchi; many official decisions while in office were taken at

9801-404: Was used by his son Muhammad Bello as a staging post for an attack on Dufua in the spring of 1806. Bovil suggested that the area/district may have been known as Sokoto as early as the seventeenth century. In historical perspective, Sokoto was founded as a ribat (military camp or frontier) in 1809, when Shehu Usmanu was at Sifawa. It later became the capital of the caliphate after Shehu's death. In

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