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167-583: The Baltimore Polytechnic Institute , colloquially referred to as BPI , Poly , and The Institute , is a US public high school founded in 1883. Established as an all-male manual trade / vocational high school by the Baltimore City Council and the Baltimore City Public Schools , it is now a coeducational academic institution since 1974, that emphasizes sciences, technology, engineering, and mathematics ("STEM"). It

334-634: A deflationary spiral started in 1931. Farmers faced a worse outlook; declining crop prices and a Great Plains drought crippled their economic outlook. At its peak, the Great Depression saw nearly 10% of all Great Plains farms change hands despite federal assistance. At first, the decline in the U.S. economy was the factor that triggered economic downturns in most other countries due to a decline in trade, capital movement, and global business confidence. Then, internal weaknesses or strengths in each country made conditions worse or better. For example,

501-456: A high school (abbreviated as HS or H.S. ), can also be called senior high school . In some countries there are two phases to secondary education (ISCED 2) and (ISCED 3), here the junior high school , intermediate school, lower secondary school, or middle school occurs between the primary school (ISCED 1) and high school. Great Depression The Great Depression was a severe global economic downturn from 1929 to 1939. The period

668-418: A silver standard , almost avoided the depression entirely. The connection between leaving the gold standard as a strong predictor of that country's severity of its depression and the length of time of its recovery has been shown to be consistent for dozens of countries, including developing countries . This partly explains why the experience and length of the depression differed between regions and states around

835-615: A different education system and priorities. Schools need to accommodate students, staff, storage, mechanical and electrical systems, support staff, ancillary staff and administration. The number of rooms required can be determined from the predicted roll of the school and the area needed. According to standards used in the United Kingdom, a general classroom for 30 students needs to be 55 m , or more generously 62 m . A general art room for 30 students needs to be 83 m , but 104 m for 3D textile work. A drama studio or

1002-604: A former privately run bank, bearing no relation to the U.S. government (not to be confused with the Federal Reserve ). Unable to pay out to all of its creditors, the bank failed. Among the 608 American banks that closed in November and December 1930, the Bank of United States accounted for a third of the total $ 550 million deposits lost and, with its closure, bank failures reached a critical mass. In an initial response to

1169-443: A further east wing facing North Avenue and towards adjacent Guilford Avenue were constructed. This massive assembly hall and physical education building with swimming pool was the largest built at the time in the city and the auditorium served many secular / civic / cultural occasions and events in town for decades into the mid-1980s. While at this location, the high school expanded both its academic, technical and athletic programs under

1336-467: A greater reduction in credit. On 5 April 1933, President Roosevelt signed Executive Order 6102 making the private ownership of gold certificates , coins and bullion illegal, reducing the pressure on Federal Reserve gold. British economist John Maynard Keynes argued in The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money that lower aggregate expenditures in the economy contributed to

1503-628: A greater variety of classes, or sponsoring a greater number of extra-curricular activities . (Some of these benefits can also be achieved through smaller but specialized schools, such as a dedicated special school for students with disabilities or a magnet school for students with a particular subject-matter interest.) In terms of structure, organization, and relationships, larger schools tend to be more hierarchical and bureaucratic , with fewer and weaker personal connections and more rigidly defined, unvarying roles for all staff. Teachers find that large schools result in more information to process in

1670-426: A joint Poly-City student / faculty committee packed with supporter advertising front and back with team group photos and rosters, player / coach biographies and photos plus the administration, page of City and Poly songs and cheers, photos of each school building and school seals, lists of the previous years of scores of victories and defeats. These now prized collector's items began in the early 1920s and continued up to

1837-630: A large historical bronze plaque was placed and dedicated with ceremonies of City officials, B.C.P.S. staff and B.P.I. administration / faculty / students and alumni in the St. Paul Place West lobby of the Mercy Hospital complex commemorating that earlier first home of the Manual Training School for 30 years, later to become "Poly". It just so happened in an amazing coincidence, that these original Poly buildings were and situated across

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2004-608: A larger than usual football crowd, while the Calvert Hall-Loyola game still continued on Thanksgiving Day morning (grabbing all the media attention) moved to the Johnny Unitas Stadium at Towson University north of town and between those two Catholic schools home campuses in Towson . In February 2020, ESPN ranked the boys basketball team in the top 25 in the country. ^ Denotes interim director while

2171-581: A local court case, the Baltimore Polytechnic Institute officially became coeducational when it began admitting female students for the first time in almost 90 years. The first female to enroll and successfully graduate from the "A" Course was an African-American named Cindy White (1974–1978). Coincidentally five years later, rival Baltimore City College, also with an all-boys student body since its founding in 1839, also admitted girls, becoming co-educational in 1979 after undergoing

2338-546: A major two-years long $ 10 million dollars renovation / reconstruction project and academic reorganization and revitalization program at its landmark "Castle on the Hill" 1922–1928 edifice on "Collegian Hill" at 33rd Street and The Alameda. In the late 1980s the title "principal" of the Polytechnic Institute was changed to "director." After the retirement of Director John Dohler in 1990, Barbara Stricklin became

2505-600: A modern industrial city handled shortages of money and resources. Often they updated strategies their mothers used when they were growing up in poor families. Cheap foods were used, such as soups, beans and noodles. They purchased the cheapest cuts of meat—sometimes even horse meat—and recycled the Sunday roast into sandwiches and soups. They sewed and patched clothing, traded with their neighbors for outgrown items, and made do with colder homes. New furniture and appliances were postponed until better days. Many women also worked outside

2672-402: A monetary contraction first-hand were forced to join the deflationary policy since higher interest rates in countries that performed a deflationary policy led to a gold outflow in countries with lower interest rates. Under the gold standard's price–specie flow mechanism , countries that lost gold but nevertheless wanted to maintain the gold standard had to permit their money supply to decrease and

2839-578: A number of additional students from surrounding suburban counties in Maryland paying supplemental tuition). Admission to the Polytechnic Institute is highly competitive. Course concentrations include: the Honors S.T.E.M. Program ; the Ingenuity Project offering advanced science, math, and academic research courses; AP Capstone emphasizing Social Sciences and Humanities; Computer Science; and

3006-457: A regional football league composed of upper levels of higher education in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. That began the oldest football rivalry in Maryland schools, the region and the nation, City's "Collegians" continued to win regularly against upstart Poly through 1901, however in 1902, for the only time in history of the series no game was played; though, in 1931, an extra game was played to compensate. Between 1903 and 1906, City won

3173-541: A row between 2016 and 2019. The Poly "Engineers" baseball team has won nine Baltimore City championships since 2005 under head coach Corey Goodwin. Since the early 1900s the "Engineers" of the Polytechnic Institute, along with longtime arch-rival The Baltimore City College's , "Collegians" / "Black Knights" had dominated the old public – private schools athletic league of the Maryland Scholastic Association (M.S.A.) which existed 1919 to 1993 in

3340-564: A search for a permanent director was occurring or ongoing at the time High school#United States In the United States , most local secondary education systems have separate middle schools and high schools . In the United Kingdom , most state schools and privately funded schools accommodate pupils between the ages of 11 and 16 or between 11 and 18; some UK private schools, i.e. public schools , admit pupils between

3507-422: A secondary school may have a canteen, serving a set of foods to students, and storage where the equipment of a school is kept. Government accountants having read the advice then publish minimum guidelines on schools. These enable environmental modelling and establishing building costs. Future design plans are audited to ensure that these standards are met but not exceeded. Government ministries continue to press for

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3674-715: A separate "A" course would not provide the same educational opportunities for African American students, and that, starting that fall, African American students could attend Poly. The vote vindicated the NAACP national strategy of raising the economic cost of 'separate but equal' schools beyond what taxpayers and their government bureaucracy were willing to pay. Thirteen African American students, Leonard Cephas, Carl Clark, William Clark, Milton Cornish, Clarence Daly, Victor Dates, Alvin Giles, Bucky Hawkins, Linwood Jones, Edward Savage, Everett Sherman, Robert Young, and Silas Young, finally entered

3841-567: A serious issue in the 1930s. Support for increasing welfare programs during the depression included a focus on women in the family. The Conseil Supérieur de la Natalité campaigned for provisions enacted in the Code de la Famille (1939) that increased state assistance to families with children and required employers to protect the jobs of fathers, even if they were immigrants. In rural and small-town areas, women expanded their operation of vegetable gardens to include as much food production as possible. In

4008-561: A single basketball court could serve a school with 200 students just as well as a school with 500 students, so construction and maintenance costs, on a per-student basis, can be lower for larger schools. However, cost savings from larger schools have generally not materialized, as larger schools require more administrative support staff, and rural areas see the potential savings offset by increased transportation costs. Larger schools can also support more specialization, such as splitting students into advanced, average, and basic tracks , offering

4175-480: A small cadre of Labour, but the vast majority of Labour leaders denounced MacDonald as a traitor for leading the new government. Britain went off the gold standard , and suffered relatively less than other major countries in the Great Depression. In the 1931 British election, the Labour Party was virtually destroyed, leaving MacDonald as prime minister for a largely Conservative coalition. In most countries of

4342-417: A specialist science laboratory for 30 needs to be 90 m . Examples are given on how this can be configured for a 1,200 place secondary (practical specialism). and 1,850 place secondary school. The ideal size for a typical comprehensive high school is large enough to offer a variety of classes, but small enough that students develop a sense of community. Research has suggested that academic achievement

4509-713: A standstill agreement froze Germany's foreign liabilities for six months. Germany received emergency funding from private banks in New York as well as the Bank of International Settlements and the Bank of England. The funding only slowed the process. Industrial failures began in Germany, a major bank closed in July and a two-day holiday for all German banks was declared. Business failures were more frequent in July, and spread to Romania and Hungary. The crisis continued to get worse in Germany, bringing political upheaval that finally led to

4676-509: A suitable building expansive enough to handle both its academic and technical education requirements. But the growth of "The Institute" was so much that in only a decade and a half by 1930, the old original central wing of "The Mansion" from the Blind School was razed after only 17 years and replaced by a simpler center three-story wing between the two flanking earlier 1913 structures with an additional large enormous auditorium / gymnasium in

4843-658: Is a consensus that the Federal Reserve System should have cut short the process of monetary deflation and banking collapse, by expanding the money supply and acting as lender of last resort . If they had done this, the economic downturn would have been far less severe and much shorter. Modern mainstream economists see the reasons in Insufficient spending, the money supply reduction, and debt on margin led to falling prices and further bankruptcies ( Irving Fisher 's debt deflation). The monetarist explanation

5010-550: Is best when there are about 150 to 250 students in each grade level, and that above a total school size of 2,000 for a secondary school, academic achievement and the sense of school community decline substantially. Arguments in favor of smaller schools include having a shared experience of school (e.g., everyone takes the same classes, because the school is too small to offer alternatives), higher average academic achievement, and lower inequality . Arguments in favor of larger schools tend to focus on economy of scale . For example,

5177-596: Is located on a 53-acre (21 ha) tract of land in North Baltimore on the east bank of the Jones Falls stream (running north to south). B.P.I. and the adjacent still all-girls population of the Western High School are located on the same huge joint campus at the northwest corner of West Cold Spring Lane and Falls Road. B.P.I. was founded in 1883, after Baltimorean Joshua Plaskitt petitioned

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5344-493: Is now named. Lumsden finished with an 11–7 record against City when he retired as "Engineers" head coach in 1966. He also coached 9–0 Poly to the unofficial National High School Championship Game at Miami, Florida 's huge landmark Orange Bowl stadium in 1962, against the Miami High School "Stingarees", but Poly lost by a score of 14–6. With both secondary schools packed to almost 4,000 male students each because of

5511-764: Is reputed to be the third oldest public high school / secondary school in the nation, established 1839. and had unofficial student teams playing rugby and various earlier versions of American football starting back in the 1870s. Meanwhile, the B.M.T.S. / B.P.I. was in its also cramped quarters on Courtland Street (today's Saint Paul Street / Place / "Preston Gardens" site) and both public secondary schools in those days were with no campus or athletic fields, so forced to use nearby municipal parks like newly purchased Clifton or older Patterson or Druid Hill Parks . The two teams from neighboring all-boys high schools which were seven blocks apart in Downtown Baltimore , met in

5678-493: Is supported by the contrast in how the crisis progressed in, e.g., Britain, Argentina and Brazil, all of which devalued their currencies early and returned to normal patterns of growth relatively rapidly and countries which stuck to the gold standard , such as France or Belgium. Frantic attempts by individual countries to shore up their economies through protectionist policies – such as the 1930 U.S. Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act and retaliatory tariffs in other countries – exacerbated

5845-692: The Jones Falls stream to the west (and adjacent elevated Jones Falls Expressway ( Interstate 83 ) and with Falls Road ( Maryland Route 25 } and the heights of the Roland Park residential planned community from the 1890s to the east along Cold Spring Lane, and to the south is the Hampden and Woodberry neighborhoods. Further to the north along Falls Road is the Village of Cross Keys shopping mall and planned residential community also developed during

6012-539: The 1932 election , Hoover was defeated by Franklin D. Roosevelt , who from 1933 pursued a series of " New Deal " policies and programs to provide relief and create jobs, including the Civilian Conservation Corps , Federal Emergency Relief Administration , Tennessee Valley Authority , and Works Progress Administration . Historians disagree on the effects of the New Deal, with some claiming that

6179-631: The American Civil War . Also occupying this site on its east side facing Falls Road is the new Western High School , an all-girls school founded in 1844. Notable buildings on the B.P.I. campus include Dehuff Hall, also known formerly as the Academic Hall building, named for the longtime fourth principal where students attend normal classes, and Burkert Hall, also previously called the Engineering Hall building, remembering

6346-489: The American League of the transplanted new Baltimore Orioles , moving from St. Louis (as the former lackluster St, Louis Browns ). At the same time Poly-City football continued there on 33rd Street also moved into the new rebuilt athletic bowl continuing holding annual gridiron renewals of sports combat here attracting crowds of 30 to 40,000 fans in the pre-national sports franchises era, continuing on 33rd until

6513-482: The Baltimore City Public Schools system. The 1930s ushered in a period of resurgence for the City "Castlemen" team, now ensconced in their new spacious hilltop campus of "Collegian Hill" at 33rd and The Alameda and the landmark "Castle on the Hill" since 1928. Poly, which had dominated in the previous two decades, only picked up two wins in the entire decade. In 1934, B.P.I. student Harry Lawrence, who had famously kicked

6680-421: The Baltimore City Public Schools . The first principals at the B.M.T.S. were Dr. Richard Grady, followed by two American naval officers, Lieutenant John D. Ford ( U.S.N. ), and Lieutenant William King (U.S.N.). Lt. King had such long lasting beginning influence on the new technical high school's academic rigor and traditions giving the school a naval flavor in its early decades. Because of this seminal influence,

6847-542: The NFL ). The time before and during the game was peaceful and fun, but trouble and strife occurred after the final whistle. This was the first documented trouble at the Fall Classic since the early 1970s. With games first being played at old Municipal / Baltimore Stadium , the first built 1923 on 33rd Street's Venable Park. Violence had occasionally occurred near a century before and marred the old City-Poly traditions during

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7014-582: The New York Bank of United States – which produced panic and widespread runs on local banks, and the Federal Reserve sat idly by while banks collapsed. Friedman and Schwartz argued that, if the Fed had provided emergency lending to these key banks, or simply bought government bonds on the open market to provide liquidity and increase the quantity of money after the key banks fell, all the rest of

7181-482: The New York Giants pro football team and finish his sports career as an NFL executive), guided his "Black Knights" teams to six wins over Poly, and an equal number of the old Maryland Scholastic Association (M.S.A.) "A Conference" championships. One of Young's most memorable victories occurred on Thanksgiving Day, 1965, at the old Memorial Stadium on 33rd Street, when undefeated City's "Black Knights" beat

7348-735: The Supreme Court of the United States in May 1954 in the famous case of Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas . Previous black students in Baltimore City (and from adjacent Baltimore County also) had attended the Frederick Douglass High School (formerly named the "Colored High School" up to 1923 – second oldest in the nation – founded the same year as Poly – 1883) on the westside of town and

7515-574: The United States Air Force -sponsored Air Force Junior Reserve Officer Training Corps ( JROTC ). In its 2019 nationwide survey of STEM programs spanning 2015–2019, Newsweek magazine ranked Poly No. 36 among U.S. high schools. In addition to the school's football program, Poly's sports include basketball, soccer, cross-country, track and field, lacrosse, baseball, hockey, swimming, tennis, volleyball, and wrestling. The boys' basketball team won three state championship titles in

7682-543: The University of Maryland at College Park , northwest of Washington, D.C. in suburban Prince George's County or later in other large state public universities / colleges). This change meant that the scholastic football season would end earlier to allow for the beginning of state-wide play-offs in the M.P.S.S.A.A., forcing Poly and City to move their annual century-old game in 1994 from its longtime traditional holiday date for decades of Thanksgiving Day holiday afternoon to

7849-539: The coming to power of Hitler's Nazi regime in January 1933. The world financial crisis now began to overwhelm Britain; investors around the world started withdrawing their gold from London at the rate of £2.5 million per day. Credits of £25 million each from the Bank of France and the Federal Reserve Bank of New York and an issue of £15 million fiduciary note slowed, but did not reverse,

8016-417: The "Douglass" plan lasted for hours, with longtime Poly Principal Dehuff and others arguing that separate but equal "A" Courses would satisfy constitutional requirements and NAACP attorney Thurgood Marshall (soon to be later famous appointed Justice on the U.S. Supreme Court in 1967), arguing that the plan was a gamble and additional cost that the city should not take. By a vote of 5–3, the board decided that

8183-409: The 'minimum' space and cost standards to be reduced. The UK government published this downwardly revised space formula in 2014. It said the floor area should be 1050 m (+ 350 m if there is a sixth form) + 6.3 m /pupil place for 11- to 16-year-olds + 7 m /pupil place for post-16s. The external finishes were to be downgraded to meet a build cost of £1113/m . A secondary school locally may be called

8350-505: The 119th time in November 2007, a contest unfortunately marred by the outbreak of a large brawl outside the new M&T Bank Stadium , southwest of downtown where the annual Fall Football Classic for the oldest public and Catholic high schools had been relocated in the redeveloped Camden Yards Sports Complex (built 1996 for the new moved franchise from the Cleveland Browns to become the new Baltimore Ravens pro football team in

8517-487: The 122nd time on November 6, 2010. As of the 2018 game, City had won the prior and trophy in 7 contests. Because of the extreme large size of the downtown Camden Yards football stadium with two-thirds of the place with empty purple and black Ravens seats empty, the site was changed to the more cozy smaller Hughes Stadium at the Morgan State University in the northeast city but still able to accommodate

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8684-467: The 1840s and its reorganization in the early 1870s. These old 19th century Poly / Public Welfare buildings were then later torn down in the early 1960s for construction of their first modern hospital tower (now renamed McCauley Building) in 1964. It recently also supplemented by additional major construction of the adjacent high-rise Bunting Tower hospital facilities in the 2010s. In 1983, at the technology high school's centennial observation and celebration,

8851-475: The 1920s, but happened elsewhere from the stadium on downtown streets with competing colliding school fans parades. Both governor's and mayor's sons from opposing schools were arrested amid the street riots melees. Four decades later, some more serious strife recurred during the socially tumultuous late 1960s era and early '70s outside old Memorial Stadium (rebuilt 1949–54) on the north side of 33rd Street with huge crowds of over 30,000 fans filling up two-thirds of

9018-447: The 1937 recession that interrupted it). The common view among most economists is that Roosevelt's New Deal policies either caused or accelerated the recovery, although his policies were never aggressive enough to bring the economy completely out of recession. Some economists have also called attention to the positive effects from expectations of reflation and rising nominal interest rates that Roosevelt's words and actions portended. It

9185-523: The 1960s by the noted James Rouse . At the time of the 1965–1967 building of the "New Poly-Western", it was considered one of the largest and most expensive school construction projects in the nation up to that time. A century before, this site along the Jones Falls was occupied by earthworks fortifications for the Union Army , then militarily occupying Southern-sympathizing Baltimore City during

9352-406: The 1990s. Scheduled on Thanksgiving Day afternoons and with traditional students, cheerleaders, floats and teams parades west from City's "Castle" and north from old Poly on North Avenue were popular. Plus tailgating in the surrounding old stadium parking lots and checking out the earlier activities of the morning football game between Roman Catholic high schools Calvert Hall and Loyola. In 1926,

9519-426: The 2022–2023 school year, it was announced that Ms. Williams would be retiring after 12 years as Poly's academic head. In June 2023, another Poly alum, Mark Sawyer was named director, a position he holds to this day. Poly is a longtime "magnet school" for over 141 years, with specialized courses drawing students from across Baltimore's regular district boundaries in the Baltimore City Public Schools system (including

9686-483: The B.P.I. case they argued that BPI's offerings of specialized engineering courses violated the " separate but equal " clause because these courses were not offered in high schools for black students. To avoid integration, an out-of-court proposal was made to the Baltimore School Board to start an equivalent "A" Course at the "colored" (for non-whites) of Frederick Douglass High School . This hearing on

9853-650: The Baltimore Urban League , and the NAACP ( National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ) applied for the mathematics / engineering "A" Course at the Poly; the applications were initially denied and so the students sued in local Maryland state circuit court. The subsequent trial began on June 16, 1952. The NAACP's intentions were to end segregation at the 70-year-old public high school. In

10020-633: The Baltimore municipal and school authorities to establish a school for instruction in engineering. The original school was named the Baltimore Manual Training School , and its first class was made up of about sixty students, all of them male. The official name of the new high school was changed a decade later in 1893 to "The Baltimore Polytechnic Institute" by the Baltimore City Board of School Commissioners of

10187-813: The British crisis. The financial crisis now caused a major political crisis in Britain in August 1931. With deficits mounting, the bankers demanded a balanced budget; the divided cabinet of Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald's Labour government agreed; it proposed to raise taxes, cut spending, and most controversially, to cut unemployment benefits 20%. The attack on welfare was unacceptable to the Labour movement. MacDonald wanted to resign, but King George V insisted he remain and form an all-party coalition " National Government ". The Conservative and Liberals parties signed on, along with

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10354-447: The City of Baltimore public schools admitting African-American – then called "Negro" / "Colored" students. The Baltimore City Public Schools (founded 1829), had maintained racially segregated schools since first beginning public education for its black minority in Baltimore in 1870. The nationally famous precedent occurred two years before the rest of the nation took up this serious issue of inequality and discrimination addressed finally by

10521-530: The Depression. Businessmen ignored the mounting national debt and heavy new taxes, redoubling their efforts for greater output to take advantage of generous government contracts. During World War I many countries suspended their gold standard in varying ways. There was high inflation from WWI, and in the 1920s in the Weimar Republic , Austria , and throughout Europe. In the late 1920s there

10688-521: The Dow returning to 294 (pre-depression levels) in April 1930, before steadily declining for years, to a low of 41 in 1932. At the beginning, governments and businesses spent more in the first half of 1930 than in the corresponding period of the previous year. On the other hand, consumers, many of whom suffered severe losses in the stock market the previous year, cut expenditures by 10%. In addition, beginning in

10855-569: The English model, but differs significantly in terms of labels. This terminology extends into the research literature. Below is a comparison of some countries: Schools exist within a strict legal framework where they may be answerable to their government through local authorities and their stakeholders. In England (but necessarily in other parts of the United Kingdom) there are six general types of state-funded schools running in parallel to

11022-477: The English-speaking world, there are three widely used systems to describe the age of the child. The first is the 'equivalent ages'; then countries that base their education systems on the 'English model' use one of two methods to identify the year group, while countries that base their systems on the 'American K–12 model' refer to their year groups as 'grades'. The Irish model is structured similarly to

11189-484: The Fall of 1889, (no mention in the several Baltimore daily newspapers back then) except that a junior varsity team from Poly met City's "scrubs", in the newly purchased Clifton Park in the northeast section of the old Baltimore City and that City emerged the victor for the next decade and a half, as the B.C.C. was then playing an ambitious schedule then against several regional colleges / universities opponents and played in

11356-489: The Federal Reserve did not act to limit the decline of the money supply was the gold standard . At that time, the amount of credit the Federal Reserve could issue was limited by the Federal Reserve Act , which required 40% gold backing of Federal Reserve Notes issued. By the late 1920s, the Federal Reserve had almost hit the limit of allowable credit that could be backed by the gold in its possession. This credit

11523-442: The Great Depression is right, or the traditional Keynesian explanation that a fall in autonomous spending, particularly investment, is the primary explanation for the onset of the Great Depression. Today there is also significant academic support for the debt deflation theory and the expectations hypothesis that – building on the monetary explanation of Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz – add non-monetary explanations. There

11690-642: The Great Depression. According to the U.S. Senate website, the Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act is among the most catastrophic acts in congressional history. Many economists have argued that the sharp decline in international trade after 1930 helped to worsen the depression, especially for countries significantly dependent on foreign trade. Most historians and economists blame the Act for worsening the depression by seriously reducing international trade and causing retaliatory tariffs in other countries. While foreign trade

11857-481: The New Deal prolonged the Great Depression, as they argue that National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 and National Labor Relations Act of 1935 restricted competition and established price fixing. John Maynard Keynes did not think that the New Deal under Roosevelt single-handedly ended the Great Depression: "It is, it seems, politically impossible for a capitalistic democracy to organize expenditure on

12024-454: The Polytechnic Institute that fall. They were unfortunately faced daily with racial epithets, threats of violence and isolation from many of the more than 2,000 fellow students then at the school on North Avenue. But they endured, kept their cool and composure, knowing what was at stake. The first of those students to graduate from Poly was Dr. Carl O. Clark in June 1955. Dr. Clark went on to become

12191-544: The U.K. economy, which experienced an economic downturn throughout most of the late 1920s, was less severely impacted by the shock of the depression than the U.S. By contrast, the German economy saw a similar decline in industrial output as that observed in the U.S. Some economic historians attribute the differences in the rates of recovery and relative severity of the economic decline to whether particular countries had been able to effectively devaluate their currencies or not. This

12358-490: The U.S. unemployment rate down below 10%. World War II had a dramatic effect on many parts of the American economy. Government-financed capital spending accounted for only 5% of the annual U.S. investment in industrial capital in 1940; by 1943, the government accounted for 67% of U.S. capital investment. The massive war spending doubled economic growth rates, either masking the effects of the Depression or essentially ending

12525-622: The United States, agricultural organizations sponsored programs to teach housewives how to optimize their gardens and to raise poultry for meat and eggs. Rural women made feed sack dresses and other items for themselves and their families and homes from feed sacks. In American cities, African American women quiltmakers enlarged their activities, promoted collaboration, and trained neophytes. Quilts were created for practical use from various inexpensive materials and increased social interaction for women and promoted camaraderie and personal fulfillment. Oral history provides evidence for how housewives in

12692-543: The United States, remained on the gold standard into 1932 or 1933, while a few countries in the so-called "gold bloc", led by France and including Poland, Belgium and Switzerland, stayed on the standard until 1935–36. According to later analysis, the earliness with which a country left the gold standard reliably predicted its economic recovery. For example, The UK and Scandinavia, which left the gold standard in 1931, recovered much earlier than France and Belgium, which remained on gold much longer. Countries such as China, which had

12859-600: The United States.—predated by the longtime also famous athletic and academic rivalry between the two New England secondary schools dated back to 1887 between the Boston Latin School (founded 1635, considered colonial America's oldest public school) and the English High School of Boston (founded 1821, considered the oldest public high school in America). The second oldest public high school in

13026-638: The Wall Street crash, after which the slide continued for three years, which was accompanied by a loss of confidence in the financial system. By 1933, the U.S. unemployment rate had risen to 25 percent, about one-third of farmers had lost their land, and about half of the country's 25,000 banks had gone out of business. Many people, unable to pay mortgages or rent, became homeless and relied on begging or charities to feed themselves. The U.S. federal government initially did little to help. President Herbert Hoover , like many of his fellow Republicans , believed in

13193-613: The adjacent historic Battle Monument square (commemorating from the British naval and land attack in the famous Battle of Baltimore and bombardment of Fort McHenry in the War of 1812 in September 1814). It was unfortunately later contained in Baltimore's first "urban renewal" plan with the tearing down of five square blocks in this then northern reaches of Downtown Baltimore of what today would be architecturally significant and historic residential townhouses along old Courtland Street and

13360-501: The ages of 13 and 18. Secondary schools follow on from primary schools and prepare for vocational or tertiary education . In high and middle income countries, attendance is usually compulsory for students at least until age 16. The organisations, buildings, and terminology are more or less unique in each country. In the ISCED 2014 education scale, levels 2 and 3 correspond to secondary education which are as follows: Within

13527-437: The also previously undefeated Poly "Engineers" by the largest margin score ever, 52–6. Baltimore City's public high schools withdrew in 1993 from the old Maryland Scholastic Association, a unique public / private / independent and parochial schools athletic league in central Maryland, organized in 1919, and joined the newer larger state-wide Maryland Public Secondary Schools Athletic Association (MPSSAA), organized in 1946. This

13694-463: The awful horrible climate at the "Dump on the Hump" and making fun of the other's administration, faculty, coaches, collapsing decrepit buildings, worthless diplomas and failed education good only for future criminal successes!!! Poly won five straight games against City to open the 1950s, and 9 of the decade's 10 games, under its legendary coach Bob Lumsden, for whom the school's current football stadium

13861-460: The banks would not have fallen after the large ones did, and the money supply would not have fallen as far and as fast as it did. With significantly less money to go around, businesses could not get new loans and could not even get their old loans renewed, forcing many to stop investing. This interpretation blames the Federal Reserve for inaction, especially the New York branch . One reason why

14028-465: The behavior of housewives. The common view among economic historians is that the Great Depression ended with the advent of World War II . Many economists believe that government spending on the war caused or at least accelerated recovery from the Great Depression, though some consider that it did not play a very large role in the recovery, though it did help in reducing unemployment. The rearmament policies leading up to World War II helped stimulate

14195-439: The black high schools in the city before 1952. But a parallel "A" Course centered on the humanities / social studies / liberal arts was also longtime since the '20s offered at arch-rival City College with a similar degree of rigorous quality. But its focus was in different fields. Other "A" Courses were similarly available at the two also all-white and all-girls Eastern and Western High Schools , both founded 1844. B.P.I.

14362-510: The bowl. But it had been generally peaceful ever since those times of national unrest with racial summer urban riots and anti- Vietnam War and the military draft protests. Things quieted down specially with the traditions begun first in the 1940s and '50s of a "City – Poly Peace Pact" signing by the two secondary schools student leaders with media coverage at the Mayor's ceremonial office at the historic Baltimore City Hall , and its later renewal in

14529-462: The collapse in global trade, contributing to the depression. By 1933, the economic decline pushed world trade to one third of its level compared to four years earlier. While the precise causes for the occurrence of the Great depression are disputed and can be traced to both global and national phenomena, its immediate origins are most conveniently examined in the context of the U.S. economy, from which

14696-434: The connecting structure at the new 1967 campus at Cold Spring and Falls (with a distinctive outside stone facade and engraving with the school name) between the two new building wings of the academic and engineering halls (future also renamed "Dehuff" and "Burkert Halls") which contains the hallowed Memorial Corridor filled with Poly historical and biographical wall plaques, displays and glass exhibit floor cabinets along with at

14863-836: The country is considered to be the Central High School of Philadelphia , founded 1836, all of which with traditions, curriculum admissions standards and famous faculty and alumni similar to its predecessors in Boston and subsequent followers further south in Baltimore . The rivalry here in "The Monumental City" began in the Autumn of 1889, when a team from The Baltimore City College ( "City" "Collegians") then situated at North Howard and West Centre Streets since 1875 with its first structure of two (which unfortunately collapsed in August 1892 because of undermining from construction of

15030-475: The crash was a mere symptom of more general economic trends of the time, which had already been underway in the late 1920s. A contrasting set of views, which rose to prominence in the later part of the 20th century, ascribes a more prominent role to failures of monetary policy . According to those authors, while general economic trends can explain the emergence of the downturn, they fail to account for its severity and longevity; they argue that these were caused by

15197-625: The crisis, the U.S. Congress passed the Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act on 17 June 1930. The Act was ostensibly aimed at protecting the American economy from foreign competition by imposing high tariffs on foreign imports. The consensus view among economists and economic historians (including Keynesians , Monetarists and Austrian economists ) is that the passage of the Smoot–Hawley Tariff had, in fact, achieved an opposite effect to what

15364-633: The decade. The Depression had devastating economic effects on both wealthy and poor countries: all experienced drops in personal income , prices ( deflation ), tax revenues, and profits. International trade fell by more than 50%, and unemployment in some countries rose as high as 33%. Cities around the world , especially those dependent on heavy industry , were heavily affected. Construction virtually halted in many countries, and farming communities and rural areas suffered as crop prices fell by up to 60%. Faced with plummeting demand and few job alternatives, areas dependent on primary sector industries suffered

15531-408: The depression. Not all governments enforced the same measures of protectionism. Some countries raised tariffs drastically and enforced severe restrictions on foreign exchange transactions, while other countries reduced "trade and exchange restrictions only marginally": The gold standard was the primary transmission mechanism of the Great Depression. Even countries that did not face bank failures and

15698-435: The domestic price level to decline ( deflation ). There is also consensus that protectionist policies, and primarily the passage of the Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act , helped to exacerbate, or even cause the Great Depression. Some economic studies have indicated that the rigidities of the gold standard not only spread the downturn worldwide, but also suspended gold convertibility (devaluing the currency in gold terms) that did

15865-402: The drop in demand. Monetarists believe that the Great Depression started as an ordinary recession, but the shrinking of the money supply greatly exacerbated the economic situation, causing a recession to descend into the Great Depression. Economists and economic historians are almost evenly split as to whether the traditional monetary explanation that monetary forces were the primary cause of

16032-427: The economies of Europe in 1937–1939. By 1937, unemployment in Britain had fallen to 1.5 million. The mobilization of manpower following the outbreak of war in 1939 ended unemployment. The American mobilization for World War II at the end of 1941 moved approximately ten million people out of the civilian labor force and into the war. This finally eliminated the last effects from the Great Depression and brought

16199-442: The education has to fulfill the needs of: students, teachers, non-teaching support staff, administrators and the community. It has to meet general government building guidelines, health requirements, minimal functional requirements for classrooms, toilets and showers, electricity and services, preparation and storage of textbooks and basic teaching aids. An optimum secondary school will meet the minimum conditions and will have: Also,

16366-576: The end of the month. A large sell-off of stocks began in mid-October. Finally, on 24 October, Black Thursday , the American stock market crashed 11% at the opening bell. Actions to stabilize the market failed, and on 28 October, Black Monday, the market crashed another 12%. The panic peaked the next day on Black Tuesday, when the market saw another 11% drop. Thousands of investors were ruined, and billions of dollars had been lost; many stocks could not be sold at any price. The market recovered 12% on Wednesday but by then significant damage had been done. Though

16533-500: The explanations of the Keynesians and monetarists. The consensus among demand-driven theories is that a large-scale loss of confidence led to a sudden reduction in consumption and investment spending. Once panic and deflation set in, many people believed they could avoid further losses by keeping clear of the markets. Holding money became profitable as prices dropped lower and a given amount of money bought ever more goods, exacerbating

16700-507: The extensive longtime leadership of legendary Dr. Wilmer Dehuff, who was the fourth principal from 1921 to 1958. Principal Dehuff despite his many accomplishments in his long educational career and his devotion and love of Poly, unfortunately in his view opposed and reluctantly (see below) oversaw the racial integration of the technology high school in September 1952, the first instance in the American Upper South region with

16867-484: The famous economic collapse of the Great Depression era and continued there for three decades. The Courtland / St. Paul Street / Place structures complex was later purchased / annexed by neighboring Mercy Hospital , (which was formerly named "Baltimore City Hospital"), for its westward expansion located originally one block to the east on North Calvert and East Saratoga Streets, on the northwest corner since

17034-503: The few women in the labor force, layoffs were less common in the white-collar jobs and they were typically found in light manufacturing work. However, there was a widespread demand to limit families to one paid job, so that wives might lose employment if their husband was employed. Across Britain, there was a tendency for married women to join the labor force, competing for part-time jobs especially. In France, very slow population growth, especially in comparison to Germany continued to be

17201-642: The fifth principal, where students attend classes in the Willard Hackerman Engineering Program. (Hackerman, a noted Poly alumnus and local / regional engineering / construction firm founder). Both Western High girls and Poly students make use of the auditorium/cafeteria complex in-between the two high schools, and likewise share the swimming pool and sports fields. Although the two schools share these facilities, their respective academic programs and classrooms are completely separate from one another. In 1974 after some controversy and

17368-420: The first African-American to graduate from the University of South Carolina with a degree in physics in 1976. In September 1967, after a multi-year planning and construction project, then-fifth principal Claude Burkert (1958–1969) oversaw the relocation of his school after 54 years at North Avenue and Calvert Street to its current location at 1400 West Cold Spring Lane, a fifty-three-acre tract of land bordering

17535-752: The first incarnation of the Baltimore Colts in the new All America Football Conference and then followed into the later merger with the National Football League in 1950. Old Municipal Stadium endured up to 1949 housing both minor league Baltimore Orioles of the International League when their old home of Oriole Park (the fifth one, built 1914 originally as Terrapin Park for the Baltimore Terrapins of

17702-505: The first week of June, 540 million in the second, and 150 million in two days, 19–20 June. Collapse was at hand. U.S. President Herbert Hoover called for a moratorium on payment of war reparations . This angered Paris, which depended on a steady flow of German payments, but it slowed the crisis down, and the moratorium was agreed to in July 1931. An International conference in London later in July produced no agreements but on 19 August

17869-496: The first woman to head the "magnet" high school, as she accepted the title of Interim Director. During Director Ian Cohen's tenure (1994–2003), Poly's curriculum was again expanded when it began offering Advanced placement (A.P.) classes. During the 2001–2002 school year, Poly was recognized by the Maryland State Department of Education when it was named a "Blue Ribbon School of Excellence." In 2011, Poly

18036-434: The following September / Fall semester. B.P.I. since the 1920s had an unusually advanced and difficult college-level mathematics, engineering and technology oriented "A" Course, the "Advanced College Preparatory Curriculum" instituted back in the 1920s as part of then Public Schools reform and improvement program. It included calculus, analytical chemistry, electricity, mechanics and surveying; these subjects were not offered at

18203-469: The former Maryland School for the Blind was purchased. It was sitting on a slight hill above the avenue in a then rural / suburban setting. Two additional massive three-story wings on the east and west sides of the center mansion were constructed and added by the City with a Greek Revival architecture with Classical style columns on the front facade. Now for the first time in its 30 years history "Tech" had

18370-488: The fun tradition of making up a replica humorous satire of the opponent's student paper so memorable versions appeared of "The Folly Mess" (subtitled "A Folly institution since A.D. 922"!!) reporting on the dire terrible situation at the "Baltimore Follytechnique Institution" and equally hilarious "The Collitchin" (with its twisted slogan "serving the student morons of the Baltimore Seedy Collage"!!!) of

18537-606: The government tried to reshape private household consumption under the Four-Year Plan of 1936 to achieve German economic self-sufficiency. The Nazi women's organizations, other propaganda agencies and the authorities all attempted to shape such consumption as economic self-sufficiency was needed to prepare for and to sustain the coming war. The organizations, propaganda agencies and authorities employed slogans that called up traditional values of thrift and healthy living. However, these efforts were only partly successful in changing

18704-519: The home, or took boarders, did laundry for trade or cash, and did sewing for neighbors in exchange for something they could offer. Extended families used mutual aid—extra food, spare rooms, repair-work, cash loans—to help cousins and in-laws. In Japan, official government policy was deflationary and the opposite of Keynesian spending. Consequently, the government launched a campaign across the country to induce households to reduce their consumption, focusing attention on spending by housewives. In Germany,

18871-470: The initial crisis spread to the rest of the world. In the aftermath of World War I , the Roaring Twenties brought considerable wealth to the United States and Western Europe. Initially, the year 1929 dawned with good economic prospects: despite a minor crash on 25 March 1929, the market seemed to gradually improve through September. Stock prices began to slump in September, and were volatile at

19038-563: The lack of an adequate response to the crises of liquidity that followed the initial economic shock of 1929 and the subsequent bank failures accompanied by a general collapse of the financial markets. After the Wall Street Crash of 1929 , when the Dow Jones Industrial Average dropped from 381 to 198 over the course of two months, optimism persisted for some time. The stock market rose in early 1930, with

19205-410: The larger environment (e.g., announcements about 100 programs instead of just 10) and that as individuals they form fewer relationships with teachers outside of their primary subject area. Smaller schools have less social isolation and more engagement. These effects cannot be entirely overcome through implementation of a house system or " school within a school " programs. The building providing

19372-500: The late '60s. Now Poly and City still met for the 120th time on November 8, 2008, with guarded anticipation and some added security plus an intensive discussion program at both schools the several weeks before. The Baltimore Polytechnic Institute and The Baltimore City College then met subsequently peacefully again for the 121st time on November 7, 2009, with the score of 26–20. The renewed tradition again continued with Poly"s "Engineers" and City's "Collegians" / "Black Knights" meeting for

19539-575: The later opening Paul Laurence Dunbar High School in East Baltimore. Dr. Dehuff later after his retirement in 1958 and his 37 years career at the Polytechnic Institute, became the president and dean of faculty at the then private institution, the University of Baltimore on Mount Royal Avenue. Most Baltimore City public schools since 1870 were not integrated until after the Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education of May 1954 in

19706-530: The less memorable first Saturday in November, and a subsequent loss of high attendance, publicity and media coverage with occasional radio / television broadcasts. They also missed playing with the longtime holiday double-header tradition with the morning "Catholic Game" at the 33rd Street stadium between Roman Catholic high schools' similar arch-rivalry between Calvert Hall College ("Cardinals") versus Loyola High School at Blakefield ("Dons"), played since 1920 (now in their 104th game). Then Poly and City met for

19873-491: The local prep sports scene. However, since joining the newer state-wide Maryland Public Secondary Schools Athletic Association ( MPSSAA – founded 1946) in 1993, Poly made it to the final playoff football game once in 1993, the semi-finals once in 1997 and the quarterfinals in 1994 and 1998. The Poly-City football rivalry is the oldest American football rivalry in Maryland and one of the oldest public school rivalries in

20040-521: The market entered a period of recovery from 14 November until 17 April 1930, the general situation had been a prolonged slump. From 17 April 1930 until 8 July 1932, the market continued to lose 89% of its value. Despite the crash, the worst of the crisis did not reverberate around the world until after 1929. The crisis hit panic levels again in December 1930, with a bank run on the Bank of United States ,

20207-414: The mid-1930s, a severe drought ravaged the agricultural heartland of the U.S. Interest rates dropped to low levels by mid-1930, but expected deflation and the continuing reluctance of people to borrow meant that consumer spending and investment remained low. By May 1930, automobile sales declined to below the levels of 1928. Prices, in general, began to decline, although wages held steady in 1930. Then

20374-457: The mid-1970s. Special thick editions of the two student newspapers "The Poly Press" (founded 1922) and "The Collegian" (established 1929). They were also packed with advertising from local commercial businesses and ads from various homeroom / classes, organizations, clubs and individuals. Plus "The Collegian" was printed on orange newsprint paper to match the black ink for their school colors of "The Black & Orange". They frequently continued

20541-423: The monetary base and by not injecting liquidity into the banking system to prevent it from crumbling, the Federal Reserve passively watched the transformation of a normal recession into the Great Depression. Friedman and Schwartz argued that the downward turn in the economy, starting with the stock market crash, would merely have been an ordinary recession if the Federal Reserve had taken aggressive action. This view

20708-502: The most to make recovery possible. Every major currency left the gold standard during the Great Depression. The UK was the first to do so. Facing speculative attacks on the pound and depleting gold reserves , in September 1931 the Bank of England ceased exchanging pound notes for gold and the pound was floated on foreign exchange markets. Japan and the Scandinavian countries followed in 1931. Other countries, such as Italy and

20875-427: The most. The outbreak of World War II in 1939 ended the Depression, as it stimulated factory production, providing jobs for women as militaries absorbed large numbers of young, unemployed men. The precise causes for the Great Depression are disputed. One set of historians, for example, focuses on non-monetary economic causes. Among these, some regard the Wall Street crash itself as the main cause; others consider that

21042-582: The need to balance the national budget and was unwilling to implement expensive welfare spending . In 1930, Hoover signed the Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act , which taxed imports with the intention of encouraging buyers to purchase American products, which worsened the Depression because foreign governments retaliated with tariffs on American exports. In 1932, Hoover established the Reconstruction Finance Corporation , which offered loans to businesses and support to local governments. In

21209-436: The new Homewood Field of the "Blue Jays" of The Johns Hopkins University at their new spacious campus off North Charles Street and University Parkway, where they moved in 1914. City leads the series with the record standing at 66–62–6. Little is known of the first American football game between the Manual Training School ancestor of the Baltimore Polytechnic Institute ("Poly") and The Baltimore City College ("City") in

21376-478: The new manual training / technical school was located in part of a former grammar (elementary) school building on the earlier former site of the old central City Spring and small surrounding pocket park from colonial era days of old Baltimore Town on now disappeared Courtland Street just north of East Saratoga Street. This area was three blocks northwest of the Baltimore City Courthouse and

21543-566: The new municipal Clifton Park (of the late noted Baltimore merchant / banker / philanthropist Johns Hopkins (1795–1873) summer / country estate and mansion "Clifton") against a team of "scrubs" from the new Baltimore Manual Training School (the future renamed Baltimore Polytechnic Institute ("Poly") four years later in 1893), then located on the northeast corner of the former Courtland / now St. Paul Street and East Saratoga Street in Downtown Baltimore . It has continued annually every Fall season in numerous locations, parks and fields, most notably at

21710-413: The next half century with each school keeping it for showing off in the exhibit glass cases in the following year in the Poly "Memorial Corridor" or City's central "Trophy Hall", and being retired after a number of victories. Several were made over the decades and each school still has some on display as cherished historical icons of past glories. Colorful printed program booklets were published annually by

21877-432: The north side of the newly landscaped 33rd Street boulevard in the former Venable Park, seating almost 100,000 and constructed in six months in a crash-program during 1923. It would serve the city and visiting college teams like Army (West Point) and Navy (Annapolis), Maryland (College Park), Notre Dame and others. In 1946 with the peace after World War II , it was the site also of the first professional football team in town,

22044-443: The original Saint Paul Street (which paralleled it to the west), between Calvert Street to the east and Charles Street up the hill to the west. This major demolition project was to permit the construction of new terraced "Preston Gardens" and adjacent Saint Paul Place which ran from East Centre Street in the north to East Lexington Street in the south occurred at the end of the mayoral administration of James H. Preston in 1919–1920. It

22211-483: The physical volume of exports fall, but also the prices fell by about 1 ⁄ 3 as written. Hardest hit were farm commodities such as wheat, cotton, tobacco, and lumber. Governments around the world took various steps into spending less money on foreign goods such as: "imposing tariffs, import quotas, and exchange controls". These restrictions triggered much tension among countries that had large amounts of bilateral trade, causing major export-import reductions during

22378-480: The policies prolonged the Depression instead of shortening it. Between 1929 and 1932, worldwide gross domestic product (GDP) fell by an estimated 15%; in the U.S., the Depression resulted in a 30% contraction in GDP. Recovery varied greatly around the world. Some economies, such as the U.S., Germany and Japan started to recover by the mid-1930s; others, like France, did not return to pre-shock growth rates until later in

22545-459: The political situation in Europe. In their book, A Monetary History of the United States , Milton Friedman and Anna J. Schwartz also attributed the recovery to monetary factors, and contended that it was much slowed by poor management of money by the Federal Reserve System . Chairman of the Federal Reserve (2006–2014) Ben Bernanke agreed that monetary factors played important roles both in

22712-533: The post- Second World War " baby boom " plus slowness in new construction and were heavily overcrowded, sometimes operating on split -shifts, but the scholastic sports programs continued to prosper, strive and inspire generations of Poly and City boys. The "Blue and Orange" team's fortunes changed later in the 1960s, when City was coached during the decade by their legendary coach George Young . Young (a Calvert Hall alumnus, City College history teacher and future Baltimore Colts front office executive and later to lead

22879-584: The private sector. The state takes an interest in safeguarding issues in all schools. All state-funded schools in England are legally required to have a website where they must publish details of their governance, finance, curriculum intent and staff and pupil protection policies to comply with The School Information (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2012 and 2016 . Ofsted monitors these. School building design does not happen in isolation. The building or school campus needs to accommodate: Each country will have

23046-413: The same now vanished narrow alley-like Courtland Street!!. Both schools began on the same street a short distance from each other separated by a near half-century of time. Due to continued growth of the student population of the City's Public Schools system in the early 20th century and especially in the growing demand for higher secondary education at high schools like at the B.P.I.and the rival B.C.C. and

23213-475: The same street of Courtland 44 years later, (almost a half-century) after their long-time arch-rival public high school, The Baltimore City College , (then known only as "The High School" for its first five years) was earlier established facing the same street in a rented small two-story rowhouse with pitched roof and dormer attic window in October 1839 where it remained for only a few short years to 1843, also on

23380-434: The scale necessary to make the grand experiments which would prove my case—except in war conditions." According to Christina Romer , the money supply growth caused by huge international gold inflows was a crucial source of the recovery of the United States economy, and that the economy showed little sign of self-correction. The gold inflows were partly due to devaluation of the U.S. dollar and partly due to deterioration of

23547-405: The series, but the tide soon turned in 1907, when the first tie in the 18th match of the series occurred. The next year in the 19th clash in 1908, Poly scored its first victory in the almost two decades long athletic rivalry now gaining widespread popularity and following among Baltimore sports fans and publicity in the sports pages of the several daily papers in town. Poly dominated the series in

23714-528: The short-lived Federal League ) on Greenmount Avenue and 29th Street in nearby Waverly neighborhood burned down in a spectacular blaze after the Fourth of July in 1944 and the two pro football Colts franchises when a multi-year project began in 1949 reconstructing, expanding and adding an upper deck to become the new Memorial Stadium reopening in the Spring of 1954 to greet the new Major League Baseball team in

23881-515: The subsequent 1910s. The only year of that decade that City won was 1912, and between 1914 and 1917, Poly shut out City. Poly's streak continued through 1921, completing a nine-year winning streak, which City finally broke in 1922 with a 27–0 victory. During this time for the next three decades, many P.-C. games would be played at the newly built football bowl of Municipal Stadium (a.k.a. the Baltimore Stadium or as Venable Park Stadium on

24048-470: The terraced gardens and a landscaped St. Paul Place in the five blocks. The former B.M.T.S. / B.P.I. building was on the east side (and earlier elementary school structure it occupied dating back to the 1840s) after the high school moved further north to East North Avenue and North Calvert Street in 1912–1913. Two decades later by 1935 it became home to the newly established Baltimore City Department of Public Welfare (now renamed Social Services Department) during

24215-403: The two girls high schools of Eastern and Western, the City's technical school relocated after a long public campaign for larger better facilities ten blocks further north from downtown in 1913 to Calvert Street and North Avenue (formerly known as Boundary Avenue, of the old City / County line of 1818–1888. The former old 1860s era converted mansion of French Second Empire style architecture of

24382-399: The underground Howard Street Tunnel bypassing congested Downtown Baltimore for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad ). After seven years of temporary exile in a former elementary school building they returned again to the same site at Howard and Centre to a new larger home followed in 1899, remaining there although increasingly overcrowded until the move to the "Castle" in 1928. The City College

24549-483: The west end of the stained glass window, statue head bust and B.P.I. bronze seal imbedded in the floor (all imported from the old North Avenue building of 1913–1967) is situated here. This wing was renamed after him as "King Memorial Hall" as one of the three new main 1967 campus structures along with the others in the 1980s after the Institute's centennial celebration. The first building location designated in 1883 for

24716-420: The winning field goal against City in the 1926 fall classic, later became the head coach at his former arch-rival City College leading to some of its most winningest seasons and success stories in the following decade and subsequently joining the B.C.C. faculty as a longtime guidance counselor from the '30s into the 1970s, becoming a "Castle" legend and only Poly alumnus inducted into the B.C.C. Hall of Fame . It

24883-476: The world, recovery from the Great Depression began in 1933. In the U.S., recovery began in early 1933, but the U.S. did not return to 1929 GNP for over a decade and still had an unemployment rate of about 15% in 1940, albeit down from the high of 25% in 1933. There is no consensus among economists regarding the motive force for the U.S. economic expansion that continued through most of the Roosevelt years (and

25050-624: The world. The financial crisis escalated out of control in mid-1931, starting with the collapse of the Credit Anstalt in Vienna in May. This put heavy pressure on Germany, which was already in political turmoil. With the rise in violence of National Socialist ('Nazi') and Communist movements, as well as investor nervousness at harsh government financial policies, investors withdrew their short-term money from Germany as confidence spiraled downward. The Reichsbank lost 150 million marks in

25217-778: The worldwide economic decline and eventual recovery. Bernanke also saw a strong role for institutional factors, particularly the rebuilding and restructuring of the financial system, and pointed out that the Depression should be examined in an international perspective. Women's primary role was as housewives; without a steady flow of family income, their work became much harder in dealing with food and clothing and medical care. Birthrates fell everywhere, as children were postponed until families could financially support them. The average birthrate for 14 major countries fell 12% from 19.3 births per thousand population in 1930, to 17.0 in 1935. In Canada, half of Roman Catholic women defied Church teachings and used contraception to postpone births. Among

25384-462: Was a whites-only school but supported by municipal taxes on the general population. No black schools in the city (black students could not attend whites-only schools) offered such courses, nor did they have classrooms, labs, libraries or teachers comparable to those at B.P.I. or at the similar level of The Baltimore City College . Because of this, a group of 16 Baltimoreans African American students, with help and support from their parents, along with

25551-658: Was a scramble to deflate prices to get the gold standard's conversation rates back on track to pre-WWI levels, by causing deflation and high unemployment through monetary policy. In 1933 FDR signed Executive Order 6102 and in 1934 signed the Gold Reserve Act . The two classic competing economic theories of the Great Depression are the Keynesian (demand-driven) and the Monetarist explanation. There are also various heterodox theories that downplay or reject

25718-478: Was a small part of overall economic activity in the U.S. and was concentrated in a few businesses like farming, it was a much larger factor in many other countries. The average ad valorem (value based) rate of duties on dutiable imports for 1921–1925 was 25.9% but under the new tariff it jumped to 50% during 1931–1935. In dollar terms, American exports declined over the next four years from about $ 5.2 billion in 1929 to $ 1.7 billion in 1933; so, not only did

25885-470: Was appointed as interim director for the subsequent 2011–2012 school year. By the end of that term – and after a parallel two-year, nationwide search – Williams became the first female director of the Polytechnic Institute. Williams had worked her way through the Poly ranks from student (Class of 1981), to faculty as teacher, then department head, to assistant principal, and to dean of students, before appointment to her position as B.P.I. director. Recently during

26052-423: Was characterized by high rates of unemployment and poverty; drastic reductions in liquidity , industrial production, and trade; and widespread bank and business failures around the world. The economic contagion began in 1929 in the United States , the largest economy in the world, with the devastating Wall Street stock market crash of October 1929 often considered the beginning of the Depression. The Depression

26219-454: Was during these times that the longtime local afternoon daily newspaper The Evening Sun (published 1910–1995, part of the three published papers of The Baltimore Sunpapers (with the morning paper The Sun begun 1837)) from the A.S. Abell & Company commissioned a beautiful huge (and extremely heavy!!) bronze statue sculpture of a crouched football player on a mahogany wood base known as "The Evening Sun Trophy" and several were made over

26386-474: Was endorsed in 2002 by Federal Reserve Governor Ben Bernanke in a speech honoring Friedman and Schwartz with this statement: Let me end my talk by abusing slightly my status as an official representative of the Federal Reserve. I would like to say to Milton and Anna: Regarding the Great Depression, you're right. We did it. We're very sorry. But thanks to you, we won't do it again. The Federal Reserve allowed some large public bank failures – particularly that of

26553-426: Was given by American economists Milton Friedman and Anna J. Schwartz . They argued that the Great Depression was caused by the banking crisis that caused one-third of all banks to vanish, a reduction of bank shareholder wealth and more importantly monetary contraction of 35%, which they called "The Great Contraction ". This caused a price drop of 33% ( deflation ). By not lowering interest rates, by not increasing

26720-500: Was in the form of Federal Reserve demand notes. A "promise of gold" is not as good as "gold in the hand", particularly when they only had enough gold to cover 40% of the Federal Reserve Notes outstanding. During the bank panics, a portion of those demand notes was redeemed for Federal Reserve gold. Since the Federal Reserve had hit its limit on allowable credit, any reduction in gold in its vaults had to be accompanied by

26887-446: Was intended. It exacerbated the Great Depression by preventing economic recovery after domestic production recovered, hampering the volume of trade; still there is disagreement as to the precise extent of the Act's influence. In the popular view, the Smoot–Hawley Tariff was one of the leading causes of the depression. In a 1995 survey of American economic historians, two-thirds agreed that the Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act at least worsened

27054-452: Was mandated by a new Superintendent of Schools who had earlier spent his career in the neighboring suburban Baltimore County public schools system who were original charter members of the competing MPSSAA which had grown in the postwar period and he wanted the City schools to participate in the statewide playoffs tournaments in the various sports (with championship games played at the large venues of Byrd Stadium and Cole Fieldhouse arena at

27221-418: Was occupied by numerous African American black professionals and commercial offices in this downtown district and the razing and creation of the terraced gardens was to protect the nearby wealthy cultural Mount Vernon-Belvedere neighborhood on the heights to the west and north around the historic Washington Monument from any unwanted racial encroachment. The old Courtland Street was wiped out and replaced by

27388-400: Was one of the most famous Poly-City games ever played. Prior to the game, the eligibility of City's halfback, Mickey Noonen, was challenged. A committee was formed to investigate Noonen's eligibility, but Noonen's father—frustrated with the investigation—struck one of the members of the committee. The result was that Noonen was not only barred from the "Collegians" team, but also expelled from

27555-523: Was preceded by a period of industrial growth and social development known as the " Roaring Twenties ". Much of the profit generated by the boom was invested in speculation , such as on the stock market , which resulted in growing wealth inequality . Banks were subject to minimal regulation under laissez-faire economic policies, resulting in loose lending and widespread debt. By 1929, declining spending had led to reductions in manufacturing output and rising unemployment . Share values continued to rise until

27722-417: Was ranked 1552 nationally and 44 in Maryland as a "Silver Medal School" by U.S. News & World Report magazine. In 2004, Dr. Barney Wilson, a 1976 Poly graduate, became Baltimore Polytechnic Institute's first African-American director. Following his six years tenure in August 2010, assistant principal Matthew Woolston, was appointed interim director. Later on during that academic year, Jacqueline Williams

27889-470: Was the rollback of those same reflationary policies that led to the interruption of a recession beginning in late 1937. One contributing policy that reversed reflation was the Banking Act of 1935 , which effectively raised reserve requirements, causing a monetary contraction that helped to thwart the recovery. GDP returned to its upward trend in 1938. A revisionist view among some economists holds that

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