55-496: Download coordinates as: Bamaga ( English: / ˈ b æ m ə ɡ ə / BAM -ə-gə , Kalaw Lagaw Ya : [ˈbamaɡa] ) is an Indigneous town and locality about 40 kilometres (25 mi) from the northern tip of Cape York in the north of Queensland , Australia. It is within the Northern Peninsula Area Region . It is one of the northernmost settlements in continental Australia and
110-876: A FEE-HELP loan scheme. While Universities have the ability and power to design and offer their own degree courses, each TAFE degree course must be assessed and approved by the Higher Education Accreditation Committee (HEAC). TAFEs in some states can also teach senior high school qualifications, like the Victorian Certificate of Education , Victorian Certificate of Applied Learning , and the Higher School Certificate . Some universities, e.g. Charles Darwin University and Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology , offer TAFE courses; these are funded by
165-566: A deep-level relationship dating back to before the flooding of Torres Strait at the end of the last age, as claimed by Mitchell or they could point to genetic inheritance and subsequent language contact, as discussed by Alpher, Bowern, and O'Grady 2009. A comparison of the Kalaw Lagaw Ya, Meriam Mìr, Kiwai and Uradhi personal pronouns show similarities and differences in typology . In comparison to Uradhi, Kalaw Lagaw Ya has an archaic typology — or, rather, Uradhi has innovated, having lost
220-598: A long period of time, the Austronesians being culturally a superstratum , however not in a position to impose their language. He presented folk history evidence that a few Austronesian traders (men) settled at Parema (north-east of Daru) and married local [Proto–Trans Fly speaking] women. To avoid further miscegenation, they soon moved and settled in Torres Strait, first to the Eastern Islands, then to
275-440: A significant number, mainly men, who spoke a South-East Papuan Austronesian language, accompanied by their Papuan wives and their perhaps bilingual children. Over time, the core structure of the local mothers' language dominated, with retention of the newcomers' Papuo-Austronesian content in the appropriate cultural subsystems. In essence this would have been a 'replay' of the original settlement by Austronesian traders at Parema, with
330-754: A single area of study. These are usually found near the middle of the capital cities, and they service the whole state or territory. For example, the Trade and Technician Skills Institute in Brisbane, from 1 July 2006, has specialised in automotive, building and construction, manufacturing and engineering, and electrical/electronic studies for students throughout Queensland and the William Angliss Institute of TAFE in Melbourne has specialised in food, hospitality and tourism courses for Victoria. In
385-689: A wide range of tutorial courses including seamanship and other courses. Northern Peninsula Area Regional Council operates an Indigenous Knowledge Centre at HACC Centre Building in Adidi Street, Bamaga. St Stephen's Catholic Church is in Lui Street. It is within the Thursday Island Parish of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cairns . Muttee Heads is a fishing/camping spot with access to Jardine River mouth and
440-546: Is Yagar Yagar , from the word yagar ( yá 'speech, etc.' + gár 'sympathy clitic' ('dear', 'please', etc.), often used by Western and Central Islanders in speech to show a sympathetic or nostalgic frame of mind. In literature on the language the abbreviations KLY (Kalaw Lagaw Ya), KKY (Kalau Kawau Ya), KulY (Kulkalgau Ya), MY (Muwalgau Ya) and KY (Kaiwaligau Ya) are often used as abbreviations. The name Mabuiag /mabujaɡ/ , in English pronounced / ˈ m oʊ b i æ ɡ / ,
495-471: Is 30 kilometres (19 mi) west on Cairns road. The Bamaga Hospital as an establishment has five medical doctors and 14 nurses who can capably handle most cases presented. Kalaw Lagaw Ya Kalau Lagau Ya , Kalaw Lagaw Ya , Kala Lagaw Ya ( [kala(u) laɡau ja] ), or the Western Torres Strait language (also several other names, see below ) is the language indigenous to
550-560: Is Australian in both form and grammar — though a certain amount of the grammar is common to Trans-Fly and Paman languages in the first place. Some semantic categories, verb number morphology, and some other morphology are non-Australian in origin. Potentially 80% of its vocabulary is non-Australian. The interplay of the above within the subsystems of Kalaw Lagaw Ya lexicon, phonology and grammar points more to mixing through shift and borrowing rather than pidginisation and creolisation. The language also has some vocabulary from languages outside
605-400: Is Austronesian. Kalaw Lagaw Ya has only 6% cognation with its closest Australian neighbour, Urradhi , with a further 5% 'common' vocabulary (loans of various origins) — and about 40% common vocabulary with its Papuan neighbour, Meriam Mìr . Of 279 Proto- Paman forms only 18.9% have definite realisations in Kalaw Lagaw Ya, with a further 2.5% which may be present. One word that illustrates
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#1732772977020660-547: Is a government primary and secondary (Early Childhood-12) school for boys and girls. In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 634 students with 69 teachers (68 full-time equivalent) and 34 non-teaching staff (24 full-time equivalent). It includes a special education program. The college has its Bamaga senior campus at Sagaukaz Street ( 10°53′43″S 142°23′09″E / 10.8952°S 142.3858°E / -10.8952; 142.3858 ( Northern Peninsula Area State College - Senior Campus ) ). Its Bagama junior campus
715-541: Is at Anu Street ( 10°53′12″S 142°23′24″E / 10.8868°S 142.3901°E / -10.8868; 142.3901 ( Northern Peninsula Area College - Bamaga Junior Campus ) ). The college has a second junior campus in the town of Injinoo. The Cape York Campus, a technical and further education (TAFE) college, has been established at Bamaga ( 10°53′43″S 142°23′19″E / 10.8954°S 142.3886°E / -10.8954; 142.3886 ( technical college ) ). The campus provides
770-527: Is fairly widespread as a name for the language, this having been established by the Cambridge Expedition to Torres Strait, whose main research on the language was with Mabuiag material. Though the preferred term in English in Academia for some time was Kala Lagaw Ya , according to Ober, the form was always regarded as "colloquial" by native speakers. In a High Court decision on 7 August 2013,
825-507: Is some folk history evidence that the language was spoken as a first language in a few villages neighbouring Torres Strait in Papua. It was also formerly spoken by the Hiámo (Hiámu, Hiáma) of Daru (Dhaaru) to the north-east of Torres Strait, who were originally settlers from Yama [Yam Island] in Torres Strait, Hiámu/Hiámo/Hiáma being a Kiwai pronunciation of Yama. The main body of the Hiámo moved to
880-602: Is the administrative centre for the Northern Peninsula Area Regional Council. In the 2021 census , the locality of Bamaga had a population of 1,186 people. The original site for the township of Bamaga was at a site known as " Muttee Heads " some 20 kilometres (12 mi) south of the present Bamaga township. The present site was established after World War II by people from Saibai Island in Torres Strait , after Saibai Island
935-514: Is the common name in Australia for vocational education , as a subset of tertiary education . TAFE institutions provide a wide range of predominantly vocational courses. Colloquially also known as "Tech". Individual TAFE institutions (usually with numerous campuses) are known as either colleges or institutes, depending on the state or territory. In Australia , where the term TAFE originated, institutions usually host qualifying courses, under
990-537: Is the last in the following table, which is commonly used instead of the traditional words imi 'spouse's opposite-sex sibling', 'opposite sex sibling's spouse' and ngaubath 'spouse's same-sex sibling', 'same-sex sibling's spouse'. These have also similarly been replaced in common usage by the English loan woman (pronounced [woman] ) in the meaning of 'sister/daughter-in-law'. Other biblical loans are from Ancient Greek , Latin and Biblical Hebrew : Two early English loans of interest show back formation from what in
1045-818: Is unknown. It also has a 'light' (simplified/foreigner) form, as well as a pidginised form. The simplified form is fairly prevalent on Badu and neighbouring Moa . The language is known by several names besides Kalaw Lagaw Ya , most of which (including Kalaw Lagaw Ya ) are names of dialects, spelling variants, dialect variants and the like — and include translations of the English terms, Western Island Language and Central Island Language : Kalaw Lagaw Ya / Kalau Lagau Ya / Kala Lagaw Ya Kalaw Kawaw Ya / Kalau Kawau Ya Kala Lagaw Langgus / Kala Lagau Langgus / Kalaw Lagaw Langgus / Kalau Lagau Langgus Langgus Linggo Westen West Torres Western Torres Strait Dhadhalagau Ya Sentral / Central Islands One term used by Eastern Islanders and neighbouring Papuans for Kala Lagaw Ya
1100-440: Is used to refer to speaking in a language, e.g. KKY markaidh muliz 'speak [in] English', zapanisadh muliz 'speak [in] Japanese', dhaudhalgadh muliz 'speak [in] Papuan', mœyamadh muliz 'speak [in] Meriam Mìr', thanamudh muliz 'speak like them, speak [in] their language'. It is otherwise common for speakers to use nominal phrases like KLY/KulY ngalpun ya , MY-KY ngalpun/ngalpan ya , KKY ngalpan ya 'our language' to refer to
1155-477: The 2016 census , the locality of Bamaga had a population of 1,164 people, of whom 957 (82.4%) identify as Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander people. In the 2021 census , the locality of Bamaga had a population of 1,186 people, of whom 929 (78.3%) identify as Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander people. Bamaga and the surrounding communities are located north of the Jardine River which supplies
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#17327729770201210-717: The Australian Capital Territory , these include: There were ten TAFE NSW Institutes in NSW , which have since been joined into a state-wide service. OTEN or TAFE Digital is TAFE's online offering. In the Northern Territory , these include: In Queensland , TAFE Queensland includes: As of May 2014, the TAFE institutes have amalgamated into six regions of the central TAFE Queensland (parent body). The regions of TAFE Queensland are: And as of
1265-500: The National Training System / Australian Qualifications Framework /VET Quality Framework. Fields covered include business, finance, hospitality, tourism, construction, engineering, visual arts, information technology and community work. TAFE colleges are owned, operated and financed by the various state/territory governments. TAFE colleges award Australian Qualifications Framework (AQF) qualifications accredited in
1320-671: The Northern Peninsula Area , which was made up of the three Aboriginal communities of Injinoo, Umagico and New Mapoon , and the Islander communities of Seisia and Bamaga. All five are Deed of Grant in Trust – communities with their own community councils. Bamaga Post Office opened by September 1951. Bamaga State School opened on 28 January 1964. On 23 March 2005, it was renamed Northern Peninsula Area State College. Some 20 years later, another community, " New Mapoon ",
1375-483: The Australian phonology and syntax profoundly. The contrast of Australian laminal nh/ny and lh/ly and apical n and l has been lost, voicing has become phonemic and s , z , t , d , o and òò have developed. This also affected the phonology of Australian vocabulary, where these 'foreign' sounds also occur. The non-Australian content appears to be mainly lexicon (including verbs), particularly dealing with
1430-508: The Central Islands, then to Moa , Badu and Mabuiag . At Mabuiag, Badu and Moa they found Aboriginal people, killed the men and kept the women (and presumably the children). Some moved on up to Saibai, Dœwan and Bœigu to avoid this new miscegenation, hence the lighter colour of many Saibai, Dœwan and Bœigu people. Bœigu folk history collected by Laade also shows direct East Austronesian genetic influence on Bœigu. The social context
1485-551: The Common Australian 1, 2 and 3 plurals. Kiwai does not have 1–2 pronouns, while Meriam Mìr does not have a dual and trial/paucal set of pronouns which correspond to its verb system. The Kalaw Lagaw Ya system, like that of Uradhi, is Australian: Note that except for Meriam Mìr, the Trans Fly languages also have two-gender masculine-feminine systems, though not marked on the pronouns themselves. However, even though
1540-501: The Papuan coast). Some basic vocabulary, terminology dealing with agriculture, canoes, the weather, the sky and the sea, some abstract nouns, some verbs. Possibly some grammar in the form of function words, such as waadh (KKY waaza ) 'existential emphasis' (i.e. 'it is true that ... '), Proto Oceanic Austronesian *waDa 'existential'. The Australian word forms and structure found in Kalaw Lagaw Ya appear to be retentions, i.e. inherited;
1595-493: The TAFEs had a near monopoly in the sector. TAFE courses provide students an opportunity for certificate, diploma, and advanced diploma qualifications in a wide range of areas. In most cases, TAFE campuses are grouped into TAFE institutions or institutes along geographic lines. Most TAFEs are given a locally recognised region of the country where they exclusively operate covering a wide range of subjects. A few TAFEs specialise in
1650-700: The Thursday Island group to escape the Kiwai colonisation of Daru some centuries ago. The language is classified as being part of the Pama–Nyungan languages . Mitchell regard it as a mixed language with an Australian core (Pama–Nyungan) and Papuan and Austronesian overlays, while Capell and Dixon classify it among the Papuan languages . The personal pronouns are typically Australian, most kin terms are Papuan, and significant sea/canoe and agricultural vocabulary
1705-641: The Torres Strait area, from the Indonesian , Malay , Philippine, English and other 'outsiders'. Where loan words from the Western Austronesian (Indonesian, etc.) loans are concerned, it is possible that some such came into the language in pre-European contact days, with the Makassans and similar fishermen/traders who visited northern Australia and Torres Strait. Examples of post-European contact Western Austronesian loan words: Some words in
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1760-506: The Trans-Fly languages; the forms in Kalaw Lagaw Ya are clearly Australian. Some basic and abstract vocabulary, some verbs. Some grammar, such as verb number and different stems for different number forms of some verbs. Use of state/movement verbs as existential and stative 'be' verbs. Two non-personal pronominals: naag/naga 'how', namuith 'when' (both in KKY, the dialect of the islands off
1815-926: The Vocational Education and Training (VET) sector that align to Certificate I, Certificate II, Certificate III, Certificate IV, Diploma, Advanced Diploma, Graduate Certificate and Graduate Diploma qualifications. In many instances, TAFE study at a Diploma or above level can be used as partial credit towards bachelor's degree-level university programs. From 2002 the TAFE education sector has been able to offer bachelor's degrees and post-graduate diploma courses to fill niche areas, particularly vocationally focused areas of study based on industry needs. As of June 2009, ten TAFE colleges (mainly in New South Wales and Victoria, but also Western Australia, ACT, and Queensland) now confer their own degree-level awards and post graduate diplomas, though initially not beyond
1870-647: The ancestors of the Kowrareg (the Hiámo) originally came from Dharu (Daru, to the north east of Torres Strait) — and who had previously settled on Dharu from Yama in Central Torres Strait. They cut down a big tree earlier today to make a canoe. Underlying form: Thana+∅ They PL + NOM kayiba∅ today kœi big puuRi+∅ Technical and further education Technical and further education or simply TAFE ( / ˈ t eɪ f / )
1925-619: The central and western Torres Strait Islands , Queensland , Australia . On some islands, it has now largely been replaced by Torres Strait Creole . Before colonization in the 1870s–1880s, the language was the major lingua franca of the Torres Strait cultural area of Northern Cape York Australia , Torres Strait and along the coast of the Western Province/ Papua New Guinea . It is still fairly widely spoken by neighbouring Papuans and by some Aboriginal Australians . How many non-first language speakers it has
1980-619: The decision was taken to officially term the language Kalau Lagau Ya , using the formal form. When speaking to each other, speakers generally refer to the language as Langgus 'language' or use phrases such as KLY/KulY ngalpudh muli , MY-KY ngalpudh/ngalpadh muli , KKY ngalpadh muliz "speak(s) our language", e.g. KLY/KulY ngalpudh muuli, thanamunungu tidailai! , MY-KY ngalpudh/ngalpadh muuli, thanamuningu tidailai! , KKY ngalpadh muli, thanamulngu tidaile! 'Speak in our language so they don't understand!'. Ngalpudh/ngalpadh literally means 'like us'. The construction X-dh mula+i- 'speak X-like'
2035-574: The fathers' language, particularly in areas that were culturally important for the fathers. These people then shifted to Torres Strait — maintaining established ties with Papua as well as with Austronesian speakers further east (this latter being suggested by various characteristics of the Austronesian content in Kalau Lagaw Ya) — and overlaid an Australian population in such a way that the majority of women spoke an Australian language, with
2090-535: The following 'trade' words in Torres Strait area languages. However, the question of external relationships of Kalaw Lagaw Ya is also complicated by resemblances between both the Paman ( Pama-Nyungan , Australian languages ) and the Trans-Fly (Papuan) languages. Though few, these may be significant, and include forms such as those noted below, not all of which appear in Kalaw Lagaw Ya. Such resemblances could point to
2145-457: The language appeared to be a plural. Most nouns (a) form the plural with an -l suffix, and (b) in the nominative-accusative singular elide the stem final vowel, thus tukuyapa- 'same-sex sibling', plural tukuyapal , nominative-accusative tukuyap . Under this model 'custard-apple' became katitap , plural katitapal , and 'mammy-apple' (pawpaw/papaya) became mamiyap , plural mamiyapal . There are four main dialects, two of which are on probably
2200-526: The language when speaking to each other. Kalau Lagau Ya is spoken on the western and central islands of Torres Strait , between Papua New Guinea ( Naigay Dœgam Dhaudhai "North-side Mainland/Continent", also called Mœgi Dhaudhai "Small Mainland/Continent", KKY Mœgina Dhaudhai ) and the Australian mainland ( Zey Dœgam Dhaudhai "South-side Mainland/Continent", also known as Kœi Dhaudhai "Big Mainland/Continent"), though on some islands it has now been largely replaced by Brokan ( Torres Strait Creole ). There
2255-479: The language, assuming that they are Western Austronesian loans, appear to be pre-contact words. This is suggested by form and use in the language and in neighbouring languages (some of these words may ultimately be from Arabic and Sanskrit ). Loans from modern Eastern Austronesian (Polynesian and Melanesian) into the language are mainly of religious or 'academic' use. In general, such words are terms for objects that are strictly speaking European goods. One exception
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2310-408: The languages have significant Austronesian vocabulary content, including items such as the following: Some of the Austronesian content is clearly South-East Papuan Austronesian: The linguistic history of the Torres Strait area is complex, and interaction of well over 2500 years has led to many layers of relationship between the local languages, including many words that are obviously common, such as
2365-658: The level of bachelor's degree. However Melbourne Polytechnic was accredited in 2015 to offer two master's degree courses. Similarly, some universities (e.g., Charles Darwin University and Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology ) offer vocational education courses (traditionally the domain of TAFE); these are funded by the local state and territory governments. Some high schools also deliver courses developed and accredited by TAFEs. Students who enrol in these undergraduate degree courses at TAFE are required to pay full fees and are not entitled to Commonwealth Government supported student fee loans , known as HECS loans, but may access
2420-404: The local state and territory governments. Some high schools also deliver courses developed and accredited by TAFEs. Some private institutions also offer courses from TAFEs, however they more commonly offer other vocational education and training courses. Many Australians refer to all sub-degree courses as "TAFE" courses, no matter what institution creates or delivers the course. Before the 1990s,
2475-464: The original Australian forms appear to be unchanged at the core level. This suggests that the language is not a pidgin / creole in origin, but an Australian language which has undergone strong external lexical and grammatical influence. The language appears to be a classic case of shift, whereby speakers of one language retained multilingualism over a long period of time, absorbing aspects of another language. The Austronesian and Papuan overlays modified
2530-732: The problems of 'may-be' relationship is kùlbai (KKY kùlba ) 'old', which may be a metathetic realisation of CA *bulgan 'big; old'. Potentially 80% of the vocabulary of the language is non-Australian, and includes Papuan and Austronesian items. Bouckaert, Bowern and Atkinson (2018) found that Kalaw Lagaw Ya had the highest number of 'unique' (that is, non-Pama-Nyungan) forms of any Australian language in their sample. Oral tradition and cultural evidence recorded by Haddon and Laade, backed by archaeological evidence and linguistic evidence, shows that Austronesian trade and settlement in South-West Papua, Torres Strait and Cape York occurred;
2585-477: The sea, farming, canoe and sky/weather/astrology, with possible some syntactic words. This presents a picture of a typically extensive borrowing situation with much lexical borrowing and some structural borrowing with a large amount of passive bilingualism and little active bilingualism. Laade's picture (1968) of Australian and Papuan settlement in Torres Strait supports the above scenario of Papuan and Austronesian speakers who shifted to an Australian language over
2640-510: The system has no real surprises for Australian linguistics, it is clear that Kalaw Lagaw Ya has innovated in the 1st and 2nd pronouns, which have the following CA origins: The 2nd person dual and plural pronouns are based on forms that literally mean 'you dual ' ( ngipel ) and 'you-they' ( ngitha[na] ), in much the same way as the demonstratives mark the dual and plural (see further below in Nominal Morphology). An examination of
2695-427: The town water. Bamaga experiences a tropical savanna climate ( Köppen : Aw , Trewartha : Awaa ), with hot conditions year-round. There is a wet season from mid-November to mid-May, and a dry season from mid-May to mid-November. The community languages of Bamaga are Kalaw Kawaw Ya, Brokan (Torres Strait Creole), and English, particularly for education and government business. Northern Peninsula Area State College
2750-409: The various sub-systems (vocabulary, syntax, morphology) suggests the following: Some basic and abstract vocabulary, all personal pronouns (inc. who and what/which ), some verbs. Some grammar, such as nominal and verb morphology (subject, agent, object, genitive, -l locative, -ka dative, perfective attainative, imperfective, -i/-iz(i) perfective active. These typological categories also exist in
2805-470: The verge of extinction, one (Kaiwaligau Ya) through convergence to the neighbouring Kalaw Lagaw Ya. Within the dialects there are two or more subdialects. The average mutual intelligibility rate, based on a Swadesh count, is around 97%. The Southern dialect has certain characteristics that link it closely to the northern dialect, and folk history dealing with the Muralag group and Mua reflects this, in that
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#17327729770202860-442: The women understanding the language of the men, but not really needing to speak it while retaining parts of their language for significant areas. The children then created a new language shift to an Australian language with a Papuan-Austronesian admixture. Kalaw Lagaw Ya is thus a mixed language in that a significant part of its lexicon, phonology and grammar is not Australian in origin. The core nominal, pronominal and verb morphology
2915-553: Was devastated by abnormally high tides. It is named after Saibai elder Bamaga Ginau, who envisaged the site but died before it was established. In 1947, the Bamaga township was moved to its present site as a result of a need by the founding people for a larger supply of fresh water. With local industries and the Northern Peninsula Airport (on Urradhi traditional land) Bamaga became the administrative centre for
2970-430: Was established. It was set up for the forced relocation of people of " Old Mapoon " community, located some two hours north by road from the township of Weipa for bauxite mining . Bamaga State High School opened on 30 January 1973, but closed on 9 December 1994. In the 2006 census , the town of Bamaga had a population of 784 people, of whom 688 (87.8%) identify as Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander people. In
3025-424: Was that of a few Austronesian men who settled on the outskirts of an East Trans-Fly group, intermarried, and whose children were either bilingual, or speakers of their mothers' language, with some knowledge of their fathers' language. The local people did not need to speak the traders' language, who in turn had to speak the local language. The children in turn would then speak the local language, with varying ability in
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