140-593: The Bangladesh Ansar and Village Defence Party ( Bengali : বাংলাদেশ আনসার ও গ্রাম প্রতিরক্ষা বাহিনী ; also known as the Ansar Bahini or Ansar VDP ) is a paramilitary auxiliary force responsible for the preservation of internal security and law enforcement in Bangladesh. It is administered by the Ministry of Home Affairs of the government of Bangladesh . It has 6 million active and reserved members. It
280-551: A Constitutional Reform Commission to prepare a roadmap for the constituent assembly election . On 13 August, former Awami League MP Nizam Uddin Hazari was named as a primary accused in a murder case related to the killing of an auto-rickshaw driver in Feni during the protests on 4 August. Approximately 400 other Awami League members and officials were also charged in this case, including Feni Sadar Upazila Chair Shusen Chandra Shil,
420-427: A "genocide on Hindus" was also spread by actors from outside the region, including by British anti-immigrant and anti-Islam activist Tommy Robinson . As per reports, broadband internet services were reinstated approximately at 1:00 p.m. on 5 August, followed by the restoration of cellular internet access after 2:00 p.m. However, access to social media platforms continued to be restricted. The curfew
560-436: A "non-cooperation movement" against the government, saying that it would be similar to that of " March '71 ". In the afternoon, Prime Minister Hasina proposed talks with the protesters, saying that "The doors of Ganabhaban (her official residence) are open". The Anti-discrimination Students Movement previously called for day-long protest programmes on 3 August. After day-long protests, students and ordinary people gathered at
700-689: A Hindu school teacher in Dhaka were killed. According to the Investigation conducted by Prothom Alo correspondents across 64 districts and 67 upazilas between 5–20 August 2024, 1,068 attacks on the minority community occurred in 49 districts. Two members of the Hindu community were killed in the violence, and a total of 912 attacks were documented. Of these, in at least 506 cases, the victims were affiliated with Awami League. The Hindu Buddhist Christian Unity Council reported that from August 4 to August 20,
840-454: A Nobel laureate, had been approached to be the head of the interim government. Other possible names for the head of government included Salahuddin Ahmed , a former governor of Bangladesh Bank , retired General Jahangir Alam Chowdhury , and lawyer Sara Hossain . The nomination of Yunus, who accepted the advisory role in the interim government, has also been supported by prominent figures within
980-602: A barrage of bricks and stones from the Ansar members, resulting in numerous injuries on both sides, including Hasnat Abdullah. The stated missions of Ansar are: The members of Ansar also participate in education expansion programs, tree plantation , population control, women's empowerment, and sanitation activities. At present there are three branches of Ansar Bahini; the General Ansar, the Battalion Ansar, and
1120-500: A bid to lessen this burden on young learners, efforts have been made by educational institutions in the two main Bengali-speaking regions (West Bengal and Bangladesh) to address the opaque nature of many consonant clusters, and as a result, modern Bengali textbooks are beginning to contain more and more "transparent" graphical forms of consonant clusters, in which the constituent consonants of a cluster are readily apparent from
1260-537: A different word from a speaker of Standard Bengali in Bangladesh, even though both words are of native Bengali descent. For example, the word salt is লবণ lôbôṇ in the east which corresponds to নুন nun in the west. Bengali exhibits diglossia , though some scholars have proposed triglossia or even n-glossia or heteroglossia between the written and spoken forms of the language. Two styles of writing have emerged, involving somewhat different vocabularies and syntax : Linguist Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar categorises
1400-480: A diphthong. The total number of diphthongs is not established, with bounds at 17 and 31. An incomplete chart is given by Sarkar (1985) of the following: In standard Bengali, stress is predominantly initial. Bengali words are virtually all trochaic ; the primary stress falls on the initial syllable of the word, while secondary stress often falls on all odd-numbered syllables thereafter, giving strings such as in সহযোগিতা shô -hô- jo -gi- ta "cooperation", where
1540-676: A form of civil disobedience to demand the government's resignation. At least 97 people died nationwide in confrontations, shootings, and pursuits related to the Non-cooperation movement. Fourteen police officers were killed across the country, with 13 deaths occurring at the Enayetpur police station in Sirajganj . Another officer was killed in Eliotganj, Comilla . Twenty-seven police facilities were attacked and vandalized, and
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#17327801864371680-613: A hotel belonging to a district leader of the Awami League was set on fire. Two union council chairs were beaten to death by mobs in separate incidents in Khulna and Chandpur . Clashes between BGB and demonstrators led to the deaths of six people, including a BGB soldier in Gazipur , where a protest outside a jail also resulted in the escape of 209 inmates. In Kishoreganj , a clash between Awami League leaders and activists led to
1820-689: A hundred policemen were injured in these incidents, according to an official statement by the Bangladesh Police . In Dhaka, unidentified individuals set fire to and damaged various vehicles, including cars, ambulances, motorcycles, and buses, at the Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University during the protests. Around 4.30 p.m., eleventh-grade student Golam Nafiz was shot by the police in Dhaka Farmgate area, whose photo of being taken to
1960-699: A hundred wounded in Kushtia when police opened fire on rioters. Seven police stations were burnt and destroyed in Chittagong. A demonstrator was fatally shot by the police in Manikganj , following the vandalism of a local police station. Despite the peaceful nature of a victory march in Srimangal , police intervention resulted in injuries to more than a hundred participants. In Jessore , at least 24 people, including an Indonesian national, were killed after
2100-692: A large scale and were communally limited. Owing to Bengal's geographic location, Bengali areas bordering non-Bengali regions have been influenced by each other. Small numbers of people in Midnapore , which borders Odisha , have used the Odia script to write in Bengali. In the border areas between West Bengal and Bihar , some Bengali communities historically wrote Bengali in Devanagari , Kaithi and Tirhuta . In Sylhet and Bankura , modified versions of
2240-399: A lie, claiming that he was expelled from the organisation and became the president of the same organisation again after the fall of Sheikh Hasina's government. The organisation strongly condemned Pramanik's statement regarding the attacks and looting of places of worship. BNP leader Gayeshwar Chandra Roy also denied claims made by Indian media that his party is anti-Hindu, asserting that
2380-541: A long march to Dhaka to force Hasina out of power on 5 August. That day, a large crowd of protesters made its way through the capital. At around 3:00 p.m. ( UTC+6 ), Sheikh Hasina resigned and fled to India , her government's biggest ally. Widespread celebrations and violence occurred following her removal, while the military and President Mohammed Shahabuddin announced the formation of an interim government led by economist and Nobel laureate Muhammad Yunus . Meanwhile, Indian media outlets were seen engaging in
2520-623: A majority in Bangladesh speaks dialects notably different from SCB. Some dialects, particularly those of the Chittagong region, bear only a superficial resemblance to SCB. The dialect in the Chittagong region is least widely understood by the general body of Bengalis. The majority of Bengalis are able to communicate in more than one variety – often, speakers are fluent in Cholitobhasha (SCB) and one or more regional dialects. Even in SCB,
2660-585: A military helicopter before transferring to a C-130 Hercules aircraft of the Bangladesh Air Force . An internet blackout was enforced to hinder the tracking of her movements. Initial reports suggested Hasina's flight, carrying the callsign AJAX1431, would land in Agartala , in the Indian state of Tripura . AJAX1431 switched off its transponder at around 17:00 local time over Lucknow , rendering
2800-525: A mountain in the Indian state of Meghalaya as part of his efforts to flee Bangladesh. On 21 August, the interim government ordered the revocation of diplomatic passports issued to Sheikh Hasina as well as her ministers and MPs. On August 29, the interim government issued an ordinance revoking a 2009 law that granted special privileges to the family of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, including Sheikh Hasina. Numerous local officials nationwide also deserted their posts following Sheikh Hasina's overthrow. This included
2940-541: A part in the adoption of the English alphabet to write Bengali, with certain social media influencers publishing entire novels in Roman Bengali. Non-cooperation movement (2024)#Outcome Sheikh Hasina [REDACTED] Asaduzzaman Khan [REDACTED] Obaidul Quader [REDACTED] and Cabinet members The non-cooperation movement , also known as the one-point movement ,
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#17327801864373080-554: A petition at the International Crimes Tribunal . The petition called for an investigation into charges of genocide and crimes against humanity against Sheikh Hasina and nine other individuals, including the General Secretary of Bangladesh Awami League and former Road Transport and Bridges Minister Obaidul Quader , and former Minister of Home Affairs Asaduzzaman Khan Kamal over their role in
3220-523: A rounded total of 280 million) worldwide. The Bengali language is native to the region of Bengal , which comprises the present-day nation of Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal . Besides the native region it is also spoken by the Bengalis living in Tripura , southern Assam and the Bengali population in the Indian union territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands . Bengali is also spoken in
3360-576: A secret location within India under tight security. Flightradar24 reported that her flight was, at one point, the most tracked flight worldwide, with other civilian aircraft traveling into and out of Hazrat Shahjalal International Airport in Dhaka also being highly tracked. She is expected to proceed to London for her safe passage and seek political asylum in the United Kingdom , where Rehana's eldest daughter, Labour Party MP Tulip Siddiq
3500-408: A special diacritic, called the hôsôntô (্) , may be added below the basic consonant grapheme (as in ম্ [m] ). This diacritic, however, is not common and is chiefly employed as a guide to pronunciation. The abugida nature of Bengali consonant graphemes is not consistent, however. Often, syllable-final consonant graphemes, though not marked by a hôsôntô , may carry no inherent vowel sound (as in
3640-581: A state language of the then Dominion of Pakistan . On 21 February 1952, five students and political activists were killed during protests near the campus of the University of Dhaka ; they were the first ever martyrs to die for their right to speak their mother tongue. In 1956, Bengali was made a state language of Pakistan. 21 February has since been observed as Language Movement Day in Bangladesh and has also been commemorated as International Mother Language Day by UNESCO every year since 2000. In 2010,
3780-497: A total of 2,010 incidents (including 69 temples) of attacks on Hindus took place across the country within this 16-day period. Among the incidents, 157 families were violently ransacked, looted, and set ablaze, their businesses razed to the ground. According to most observers, the attacks were largely politically motivated where victims were primarily Awami League leaders, activists, and police. However, many Hindus with no political affiliation were also affected. The coordinators of
3920-463: A vowel in isolation from any preceding or following consonant, the independent form of the vowel is used. For example, in মই [moj] "ladder" and in ইলিশ [iliʃ] "Hilsa fish", the independent form of the vowel ই is used (cf. the dependent form ি) . A vowel at the beginning of a word is always realised using its independent form. In addition to the inherent-vowel-suppressing hôsôntô , three more diacritics are commonly used in Bengali. These are
4060-503: A widespread disinformation campaign aimed at destabilising Bangladesh, following Hasina's resignation and departure to India. During the quota reform movement in 2024, participants—particularly students—faced resistance, mass arrests, and massacre and severe injuries at the hands of police and other security forces . Six coordinators of the Anti-discrimination Students Movement, who were leading
4200-571: Is Economic Secretary to the Treasury under the incumbent Prime Minister Keir Starmer , while her youngest daughter Azmina Siddiq works for Control Risks as a global risk analysis editor. However, such plans are believed to be on hold due to indications from the UK government that she would not receive legal protection from investigations into the violence in Bangladesh. In addition to Sheikh Hasina, several figures associated with her administration and
4340-500: Is Bangladesh's national march, written by The National Poet Kazi Nazrul Islam in Bengali in 1928. It was adopted as the national marching song by the Bangladeshi government in 1972. Additionally, the first two verses of Vande Mataram , a patriotic song written in Bengali by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee , was adopted as the "national song" of India in both the colonial period and later in 1950 in independent India. Furthermore, it
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4480-547: Is a classical Indo-Aryan language from the Indo-European language family native to the Bengal region of South Asia. With over 237 million native speakers and another 41 million as second language speakers as of 2024, Bengali is the fifth most spoken native language and the seventh most spoken language by the total number of speakers in the world. It is the fifth most spoken Indo-European language . Bengali
4620-468: Is a cursive script with eleven graphemes or signs denoting nine vowels and two diphthongs , and thirty-nine graphemes representing consonants and other modifiers. There are no distinct upper and lower case letter forms. The letters run from left to right and spaces are used to separate orthographic words . Bengali script has a distinctive horizontal line running along the tops of the graphemes that links them together called মাত্রা matra . Since
4760-400: Is an abugida , a script with letters for consonants, with diacritics for vowels, and in which an inherent vowel (অ ô ) is assumed for consonants if no vowel is marked. The Bengali alphabet is used throughout Bangladesh and eastern India (Assam, West Bengal, Tripura). The Bengali alphabet is believed to have evolved from a modified Brahmic script around 1000 CE (or 10th–11th century). It
4900-707: Is believed by many that the national anthem of Sri Lanka ( Sri Lanka Matha ) was inspired by a Bengali poem written by Rabindranath Tagore , while some even believe the anthem was originally written in Bengali and then translated into Sinhala . After the contribution made by the Bangladesh UN Peacekeeping Force in the Sierra Leone Civil War under the United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone ,
5040-721: Is considered a separate language, although it shares similarities to Northern Bengali dialects. During the standardisation of Bengali in the 19th century and early 20th century, the cultural centre of Bengal was in Kolkata , a city founded by the British. What is accepted as the standard form today in both West Bengal and Bangladesh is based on the West-Central dialect of Nadia and Kushtia District . There are cases where speakers of Standard Bengali in West Bengal will use
5180-404: Is known as Apabhraṃśa , by the end of the first millennium. The Bengali language evolved as a distinct language over the course of time. Though some archaeologists claim that some 10th-century texts were in Bengali, it is not certain whether they represent a differentiated language or whether they represent a stage when Eastern Indo-Aryan languages were differentiating. The local Apabhraṃśa of
5320-490: Is set out below in the International Phonetic Alphabet (upper grapheme in each box) and romanisation (lower grapheme). Bengali is known for its wide variety of diphthongs , combinations of vowels occurring within the same syllable . Two of these, /oi̯/ and /ou̯/ , are the only ones with representation in script, as ঐ and ঔ respectively. /e̯ i̯ o̯ u̯/ may all form the glide part of
5460-503: Is the official , national , and most widely spoken language of Bangladesh , with 98% of Bangladeshis using Bengali as their first language. It is the second-most widely spoken language in India . It is the official language of the Indian states of West Bengal and Tripura and the Barak Valley region of the state of Assam . It is also the second official language of the Indian state of Jharkhand since September 2011. It
5600-580: Is the largest paramilitary force in the world. The name originates from the Arabic word of "Ansar" which denotes a "volunteer". The Ansar were the local inhabitants of Medina who, in Islamic tradition, took the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his followers (the Muhajirun ) into their homes when they emigrated from Mecca during the hijra . The Ansar Force was formed as the "East Pakistan Ansars" by
5740-508: Is the most widely spoken language in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal , and is spoken by significant populations in other states including Bihar , Arunachal Pradesh , Delhi , Chhattisgarh , Meghalaya , Mizoram , Nagaland , Odisha and Uttarakhand . Bengali is also spoken by the Bengali diasporas ( Bangladeshi diaspora and Indian Bengalis) across Europe, North America,
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5880-509: The Aesop's Fables in Bengali was printed using Roman letters based on English phonology by the Scottish linguist John Gilchrist . Consecutive attempts to establish a Roman Bengali have continued across every century since these times, and have been supported by the likes of Suniti Kumar Chatterji , Muhammad Qudrat-i-Khuda , and Muhammad Enamul Haq . The Digital Revolution has also played
6020-675: The Arabic , Persian , and Turkic languages . The arrival of merchants and traders from the Middle East and Turkestan into the Buddhist -ruling Pala Empire , from as early as the 7th century, gave birth to Islamic influence in the region. In the 13th century, subsequent Arab Muslim and Turco-Persian expeditions to Bengal heavily influenced the local vernacular by settling among the native population. Bengali absorbed Arabic and Persian influences in its vocabulary and dialect, including
6160-695: The Bangladesh Armed Forces , while Chowdhury Abdullah Al Mamun was removed as Inspector General of the Bangladesh Police. Following a meeting with student leaders on 6 August, Shahabuddin formally appointed Yunus on 7 August as head of the interim government, Yunus, who was in Paris, returned to Dhaka on 8 August and was inaugurated later that day along with the rest of his cabinet at the Bangabhaban . Among those who joined
6300-628: The Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) dismissed the head of its Bauphal upazila branch following complaints about his alleged involvement in the violence and looting. Hindus were widely perceived as strong supporters of the Hasina regime. Hours after Hasina's departure, reports surfaced about attacks against Hindus in Bangladesh. Haradhan Roy, a Hindu councilor from the Awami League in Rangpur , and Mrinal Kanti Chatterjee,
6440-474: The Constitution of Bangladesh states Bengali to be the sole official language of Bangladesh. The Bengali Language Implementation Act, 1987 , made it mandatory to use Bengali in all records and correspondences, laws, proceedings of court and other legal actions in all courts, government or semi-government offices, and autonomous institutions in Bangladesh. It is also the de facto national language of
6580-523: The Darshana border checkpoint while trying to flee abroad. On 13 August, Salman F Rahman, former Adviser for Private Industry and Investment to the Prime Minister , and Anisul Huq , former Minister for Law, Justice, and Parliamentary Affairs , were arrested while attempting to flee by boat at Sadarghat . On 28 August, former Minister of Commerce Tipu Munshi was arrested after a murder case
6720-579: The Kaithi script had some historical prominence, mainly among Muslim communities. The variant in Sylhet was identical to the Baitali Kaithi script of Hindustani with the exception of Sylhet Nagri possessing matra . Sylhet Nagri was standardised for printing in c. 1869 . Up until the 19th century, numerous variations of the Arabic script had been used across Bengal from Chittagong in
6860-524: The Nadia region . Bengali shows a high degree of diglossia , with the literary and standard form differing greatly from the colloquial speech of the regions that identify with the language. Modern Bengali vocabulary is based on words inherited from Magadhi Prakrit and Pali, along with tatsamas and reborrowings from Sanskrit and borrowings from Persian , Arabic , Austroasiatic languages and other languages with which it has historically been in contact. In
7000-529: The Secretariat . Earlier that day, Hasnat Abdullah had accused the Ansar members of holding them captive and called for support on social media. The situation worsened when Ansar members forced their way into the Secretariat, chanting slogans and demanding that their demands be met. Around 9 PM, a group of students marched from Dhaka University TSC to the Secretariat to rescue them but were met with
7140-607: The University of Karachi (established by East Pakistani politicians before Independence of Bangladesh ) also offers regular programs of studies at the Bachelors and at the Masters levels for Bengali Literature. The national anthems of both Bangladesh ( Amar Sonar Bangla ) and India ( Jana Gana Mana ) were written in Bengali by the Bengali Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore . Notuner Gaan known as " Chol Chol Chol"
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#17327801864377280-610: The Village Defence Party (VDP). Their combined draw is over 6 million, which is the largest force in the world as a paramilitary or single force. The Ansar is headed by a director-general, who also heads the Village Defence Party (VDP). Director General of Bangladesh Ansar, also known as Ansar and VDP Chief, is the professional head of the Bangladesh Ansar. The current DG is Major General Abdul Motaleb Sazzad Mahmud . The Director General functions from
7420-499: The boldface represents primary and secondary stress. Native Bengali words do not allow initial consonant clusters ; the maximum syllabic structure is CVC (i.e., one vowel flanked by a consonant on each side). Many speakers of Bengali restrict their phonology to this pattern, even when using Sanskrit or English borrowings, such as গেরাম geram (CV.CVC) for গ্রাম gram (CCVC) "village" or ইস্কুল iskul (VC.CVC) for স্কুল skul (CCVC) "school". The Bengali-Assamese script
7560-557: The phonology of Eastern Bengali is seen through the lack of nasalised vowels and an alveolar articulation of what are categorised as the "cerebral" consonants (as opposed to the postalveolar articulation of western Bengal). Some varieties of Bengali, particularly Sylheti , Chittagonian and Chakma , have contrastive tone ; differences in the pitch of the speaker's voice can distinguish words. Kharia Thar and Mal Paharia are closely related to Western Bengali dialects, but are typically classified as separate languages. Similarly, Hajong
7700-623: The 16th century, Portuguese missionaries began a tradition of using the Roman alphabet to transcribe the Bengali language. Though the Portuguese standard did not receive much growth, a few Roman Bengali works relating to Christianity and Bengali grammar were printed as far as Lisbon in 1743. The Portuguese were followed by the English and French respectively, whose works were mostly related to Bengali grammar and transliteration. The first version of
7840-652: The 19th and 20th centuries, there were two standard forms of written Bengali: In 1948, the government of Pakistan tried to impose Urdu as the sole state language in Pakistan, giving rise to the Bengali language movement . This was a popular ethnolinguistic movement in the former East Bengal (today Bangladesh ), which arose as a result of the strong linguistic consciousness of the Bengalis and their desire to promote and protect spoken and written Bengali's recognition as
7980-593: The 6th century, which competed with the ancestor of Bengali for some time. The ancestor of Bengali was the language of the Pala Empire and the Sena dynasty . During the medieval period, Middle Bengali was characterised by the elision of the word-final অ ô and the spread of compound verbs, which originated from the Sanskrit Schwa . Slowly, the word-final ô disappeared from many words influenced by
8120-402: The Awami League President in the upazila, and Feni Municipality Mayor Nazrul Islam Swapan Miazi. On 16 August, murder complaints were filed against former MPs Shahadara Mannan Shilpi , Talukdar Mohammad Towhid Jung Murad , and Mohammad Saiful Islam in connection with the deaths of students during protests on 5 August. On 14 August, the father of a student killed during the protests filed
8260-483: The Awami League fled or attempted to flee Bangladesh. This group included Hasan Mahmud , the former Minister of Foreign Affairs , Zunaid Ahmed Palak , the former Minister of state for Posts, Telecommunications and Information Technology , and Ziaul Ahsan , the former Director General of the National Telecommunication Monitoring Centre . All were detained at Hazrat Shahjalal International Airport on 6 August. On 7 August, two more Awami League leaders were arrested near
8400-565: The BNP has been inclusive of all communities in Bangladesh and has consistently supported all religious groups. He highlighted his own role as a former minister in a BNP-led government and as a member of the party's highest decision-making body. Numerous India-based social media accounts circulated several misleading videos and images about attacks on Bangladeshi Hindus, using hashtags such as #AllEyesOnBangladeshiHindus and #SaveBangladeshiHindus, which were subsequently debunked by several fact-checking organizations. A false report also claimed that
8540-404: The BNP. Zia has been a long-standing political adversary of Sheikh Hasina. This decision was made unanimously at a meeting attended by major opposition parties and the heads of the armed services. On 6 August, in response to an ultimatum from the student movement that warned of further demonstrations, Shahabuddin dissolved the Jatiya Sangsad . Additionally, a reorganization was carried out within
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#17327801864378680-584: The Bangladesh Ansar Headquarters, which is located in the Khilgaon , Dhaka . The headquarters of the Ansar is located in Khilgaon , Dhaka and the training facilities are located at the Bangladesh Ansar & VDP Academy in Shafipur, Gazipur , north of the national capital, Dhaka . [REDACTED] This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain . Country Studies . Federal Research Division . Bengali language Bengali , also known by its endonym Bangla ( বাংলা , Bāṅlā , [ˈbaŋla] ),
8820-401: The Bengali equivalent of a full stop – have been adopted from Western scripts and their usage is similar. Unlike in Western scripts (Latin, Cyrillic, etc.) where the letter forms stand on an invisible baseline, the Bengali letter-forms instead hang from a visible horizontal left-to-right headstroke called মাত্রা matra . The presence and absence of this matra can be important. For example,
8960-404: The Bengali members of the East Pakistan Police to fight against the Pakistani Army . 12 Ansar members presented a guard of honour to the Bangladesh government in exile at 8 Theatre road on 17 April 1971. As a result, the Ansars were disbanded by the Pakistani Government. A new paramilitary force was then established, the now infamous Razakar militia . After the independence of Bangladesh ,
9100-426: The Bengali script is an abugida, its consonant graphemes usually do not represent phonetic segments , but carry an "inherent" vowel and thus are syllabic in nature. The inherent vowel is usually a back vowel , either [ɔ] as in মত [m ɔ t] "opinion" or [o] , as in মন [m o n] "mind", with variants like the more open [ɒ] . To emphatically represent a consonant sound without any inherent vowel attached to it,
9240-526: The East Pakistan Ansars Act of 1948, and officially launched on 12 February 1948. The first director of the Ansar was James Buchanan, a British official appointed by the government of then-Chief Minister of East Bengal Khawaja Nazimuddin . The force was placed under the administration of the home ministry of the province of East Bengal (later known as East Pakistan ). The emphasis was on recruiting in border areas, where Ansars were deployed to interdict smuggling and prevent emigrants from taking valuables out of
9380-522: The Ganabhaban. Senior police officers had also warned her that their forces were running out of ammunition. She finally agreed to resign after talking to her close relatives. Hasina's son, Sajeeb Wazed , later said that his mother had begun considering resignation as early as 3 August but was only convinced to do so by close relatives who had been approached by senior military and police officials, according to media reports. Shortly after Sheikh Hasina's departure, at around 3:00 p.m., protesters breached
9520-520: The Middle East and other regions. Bengali was accorded the status of a classical language by the government of India on 3 October 2024. It is the second most spoken and fourth fastest growing language in India , following Hindi in the first place, Kashmiri in the second place, and Meitei ( Manipuri ), along with Gujarati , in the third place, according to the 2011 census of India . Bengali has developed over more than 1,400 years. Bengali literature , with its millennium-old literary history,
9660-410: The Opposition in the West Bengal Legislative Assembly , Suvendu Adhikari , several Indian media outlets falsely claimed that over 10 million Bangladeshi Hindus are fleeing to India for refuge, claiming that Bangladesh is turning into an " Islamic State ". According to Bangladeshi political analyst Zahed Ur Rahman, Indian media viewed the situation in Bangladesh through "their Islamophobic eye", despite
9800-546: The Prime Minister's resignation. The Bangladesh University Teachers' Network proposed a framework for an interim government, suggesting it be composed of teachers, judges, lawyers, and representatives from civil society, reflecting the views of various civil and political groups for a democratic transition . Asif Mahmud, a coordinator of the Anti-Discrimination Students Movement, announced that their march to Dhaka had been rescheduled to 5 August, instead of 6 August. He called on protesters and civilians nationwide to march toward
9940-403: The Village Defence Party Act (1995). Under these Acts, the Ansar Bahini and the Battalion Ansars were declared a "Disciplined Force" in accordance with article 152 of the Constitution . The government also set up "Ansar VDP Unnayan Bank" where the members of Ansar-VDP members were entitled to loans and shares. In 1998, Bangladesh Ansar and VDP were awarded the National Standard, and in 2004 it
10080-673: The aircraft untraceable. Shortly, she was reported to have landed at the Hindan Air Force Station in Ghaziabad , on the outskirts of the Indian capital New Delhi , and was reportedly received by the Indian National Security Advisor , Ajit Doval at the base. Her arrival in Delhi was subsequently confirmed by Indian Minister of External Affairs S. Jaishankar . Sheikh Hasina is living in
10220-536: The basis of modern standard colloquial Bengali. In the dialects prevalent in much of eastern and south-eastern Bangladesh ( Barisal , Chittagong , Dhaka and Sylhet Divisions of Bangladesh), many of the stops and affricates heard in West Bengal and western Bangladesh are pronounced as fricatives . Western alveolo-palatal affricates চ [ tɕɔ ] , ছ [ tɕʰɔ ] , জ [ dʑɔ ] correspond to eastern চ [tsɔ] , ছ [tsʰɔ~sɔ] , জ [dzɔ~zɔ] . The influence of Tibeto-Burman languages on
10360-425: The capital and participate in civil disobedience. Several former Bangladesh Army officers, including former chief of staff Iqbal Karim Bhuiyan , held a press briefing urging soldiers to return to camps and refrain from getting involved in the political crisis or being used against civilians. Retired Brig. Gen. M. Sakhawat Hossain stated that there was significant unease among the troops, which likely pressured
10500-438: The central Shaheed Minar area with protest marches from different parts of Dhaka. At around 5:30 p.m., Nahid Islam , one of the coordinators, addressed the assembled crowd at Shaheed Minar and announced that the movement's exclusive demand was the resignation of Hasina and her cabinet. He also called for a comprehensive non-cooperation movement starting from 4 August and announced that they had no plans to negotiate with
10640-473: The chief of army staff as soldiers were deployed and witnessing the events. Retired officers, including Brig. Gen. Mohammad Shahedul Anam Khan , defied the curfew on Monday and took to the streets, with Khan noting that the army did not intervene. In response to calls for a march to Dhaka, DMP Commissioner Habibur Rahman warned of zero tolerance, stating that legal action would be taken against curfew violators. The Anti-discrimination Students Movement rejected
10780-469: The consonant which comes first is put on top of or to the left of the one that immediately follows. In these ligatures, the shapes of the constituent consonant signs are often contracted and sometimes even distorted beyond recognition. In the Bengali writing system, there are nearly 285 such ligatures denoting consonant clusters. Although there exist a few visual formulas to construct some of these ligatures, many of them have to be learned by rote. Recently, in
10920-446: The constitution mandates general elections within 90 days following the dissolution of parliament, no clear guidelines exist for the powers and structure of an interim government. Following the oath-taking of the interim government , student leader and ICT adviser Nahid Islam announced that a constituent assembly election would be held to draft and adopt a new constitution to resolve the crisis. The interim government also established
11060-633: The controversial six-month "Rest System" and assured that the demand for nationalisation would be reviewed based on an upcoming committee report. Despite this, the Ansar members were dissatisfied due to the lack of immediate assurance regarding job nationalisation. Tensions escalated when Ansar members reportedly trapped two coordinators of the Anti-discrimination Students Movement , Hasnat Abdullah and Sarjis Alam , along with other officials, including Information and Communications Technology adviser Nahid Islam , inside
11200-747: The country illegally. The force grew quickly. By early 1949, there were 118,000 Ansars. During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 , the then East Pakistan Ansars were deployed to the border areas along with the East Pakistan Rifles to support the Pakistani Army . During the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971 , 40,000 Ansars joined the Bangladesh Forces and joined the guerrillas and assisted
11340-470: The country in midst of collapse of law and order. Reports of houses belonging to ethnic minorities like the Kurukh and Chakma being torched by mobs have also emerged. Indian media outlets were disseminating disinformation regarding attacks on minorities in Bangladesh with an intent to destabilize the country after Hasina's departure. Sensationalist media outlets, especially those closely associated with
11480-523: The country's sovereignty by Sheikh Hasina, and increasing authoritarianism and democratic backsliding . On 3 August 2024, coordinators of the Anti-discrimination Students Movement announced a one-point demand for the resignation of the Prime Minister and her cabinet and called for "comprehensive non-cooperation". The following day, violent clashes broke out, resulting in the deaths of 97 people, including students. The coordinators called for
11620-507: The country. In India, Bengali is one of the 23 official languages . It is the official language of the Indian states of West Bengal , Tripura and in Barak Valley of Assam . Bengali has been a second official language of the Indian state of Jharkhand since September 2011. In Pakistan , Bengali is a recognised secondary language in the city of Karachi mainly spoken by stranded Bengalis of Pakistan . The Department of Bengali in
11760-640: The country. Battalion Ansars are mainly deployed in Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHTs) for Counter Insurgency Operations (CIO) and south-western region of the country for Counter Terrorism Operations. In 1994, a mutiny against low pay and unfair treatment was suppressed by the Bangladesh Rifles . This prompted a series of reforms by successive governments including the Ansar Bahini Act (1995), Battalion Ansar Act (1995) and
11900-427: The crackdown on the protests. The Awami League and its associated organizations were also named as accused in the petition. A formal investigation was initiated by the court later that day, and on 8 September, legal proceedings began to extradite Sheikh Hasina. On 15 August, two additional murder charges were filed against Sheikh Hasina and several of her associates in connection with the deaths of two individuals during
12040-495: The curfew and encouraged everyone to march towards the Ganabhaban and Prime minister's office . Reports indicated Sheikh Hasina had been moved to a secure location. On the same day, up to 135 people, including 24 police officers, were killed during protests. Same day, at around 3:00 p.m. ( UTC+6 ), Sheikh Hasina resigned and fled to India . Widespread celebrations and violence occurred following her removal, while
12180-516: The death of five individuals and left hundreds injured, including journalists. Operations at the Hazrat Shahjalal International Airport in Dhaka were suspended for eight hours. The Higher Secondary Certificate examinations, which were originally scheduled for 11 August, had to be postponed. This decision was made after the question papers suffered damage during the attacks on police stations. On 10 August,
12320-551: The demonstrators. Two pro-government television stations were also forced off-air after being torched by demonstrators, including ATN Bangla . The Jatiya Sangsad Bhaban , which houses the Parliament of Bangladesh , was also stormed by protesters, who took 40 weapons from the building's security. These were later returned by students. The house of the Chief Justice of Bangladesh was vandalized by rioters who climbed
12460-604: The development of Dobhashi . Bengali acquired prominence, over Persian, in the court of the Sultans of Bengal with the ascent of Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah . Subsequent Muslim rulers actively promoted the literary development of Bengali, allowing it to become the most spoken vernacular language in the Sultanate. Bengali adopted many words from Arabic and Persian , which was a manifestation of Islamic culture on
12600-700: The east to Meherpur in the west. The 14th-century court scholar of Bengal, Nur Qutb Alam , composed Bengali poetry using the Persian alphabet . After the Partition of India in the 20th century, the Pakistani government attempted to institute the Perso-Arabic script as the standard for Bengali in East Pakistan ; this was met with resistance and contributed to the Bengali language movement. In
12740-553: The eastern subcontinent, Purbi Apabhraṃśa or Abahatta (lit. 'meaningless sounds'), eventually evolved into regional dialects, which in turn formed three groups, the Bengali–Assamese languages , the Bihari languages , and the Odia language . The language was not static: different varieties coexisted and authors often wrote in multiple dialects in this period. For example, Ardhamagadhi is believed to have evolved into Abahatta around
12880-466: The final ন in মন [m o n] or the medial ম in গামলা [ɡamla] ). A consonant sound followed by some vowel sound other than the inherent [ɔ] is orthographically realised by using a variety of vowel allographs above, below, before, after, or around the consonant sign, thus forming the ubiquitous consonant-vowel typographic ligatures . These allographs, called কার kar , are diacritical vowel forms and cannot stand on their own. For example,
13020-511: The force was reconstituted as the Bangladesh Ansar. The Ansar were given fresh importance by the government of President Ziaur Rahman , which designated the Ansar as the "people's defence force" and formed Ansar battalions. In 1976, 20 Ansar Battalions were raised in line with the Armed Police Battalions to augment the strength of the security forces. At present, there are 38 male and 2 female Ansar battalions deployed all over
13160-784: The former president of Bangladesh, in Dhaka. They also set the Awami League's headquarters in Dhaka ablaze. The vandalizing of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman's statues has been compared with that of Saddam Hussain's statue in Baghdad on 2003 . Houses or businesses of several Awami League leaders and activists were attacked. The Indira Gandhi Cultural Centre , operated by the Indian Council for Cultural Relations , and Sheikh Mujibur Rahman's residence in Dhanmondi, where he and his family were assassinated by military personnel in 1975 , known as Bangabandhu Memorial Museum , were burnt and ransacked by
13300-561: The gates of the Ganabhaban and entered the Prime Minister's residence looting, vandalizing, and destroying numerous items, including furniture. They rummaged office files and sat on her bed as well as her chair to take selfies . Some protesters ate food and stole live animals, while others looted Hasina's luxury Dior suitcase and her sarees . Reports indicated that Hasina, along with her sister Sheikh Rehana and senior Awami League official Salman F Rahman , fled Ganabhaban aboard
13440-726: The government of Ahmad Tejan Kabbah declared Bengali as an honorary official language in December 2002. In 2009, elected representatives in both Bangladesh and West Bengal called for Bengali to be made an official language of the United Nations . Regional varieties in spoken Bengali constitute a dialect continuum . Linguist Suniti Kumar Chatterji grouped the dialects of Bengali language into four large clusters: Rarhi , Vangiya , Kamrupi and Varendri ; but many alternative grouping schemes have also been proposed. The south-western dialects ( Rarhi or Nadia dialect) form
13580-516: The government. He added that "we were forcefully offered to sit in talks with the Prime Minister. But we protested against this proposal by going on a hunger strike in DB custody." Directions of non-cooperation were outlined by the Anti-discrimination Students Movement coordinators on 3 August: On 4 August, thousands of protesters gathered at the Shahbag intersection in the morning, obstructing it as
13720-499: The graph মি [mi] represents the consonant [m] followed by the vowel [i] , where [i] is represented as the diacritical allograph ি (called ই-কার i-kar ) and is placed before the default consonant sign. Similarly, the graphs মা [ma] , মী [mi] , মু [mu] , মূ [mu] , মৃ [mri] , মে [me~mɛ] , মৈ [moj] , মো [mo] and মৌ [mow] represent the same consonant ম combined with seven other vowels and two diphthongs. In these consonant-vowel ligatures,
13860-412: The graphical form. However, since this change is not as widespread and is not being followed as uniformly in the rest of the Bengali printed literature, today's Bengali-learning children will possibly have to learn to recognise both the new "transparent" and the old "opaque" forms, which ultimately amounts to an increase in learning burden. Bengali punctuation marks, apart from the downstroke । daṛi –
14000-568: The hospital on rickshaw went viral on internet, creating high outrage by netizens. By 12:00 p.m., users across the country reported internet inaccessibility. The government ordered the closure of Facebook , Messenger , WhatsApp , Instagram , and all other Meta -owned services, directing internet service providers to comply after 1:00 p.m. Later, the Minister of Information and Broadcasting Mohammad A. Arafat confirmed that some social media platforms were temporarily blocked to prevent
14140-441: The house of Bangladeshi cricketer Liton Das had been set on fire, which was later debunked. Das himself refuted the claim in a Facebook post. Several television news outlets also ran headlines falsely claiming that the violence constituted an "act of genocide" and a " pogrom ", while an alleged arson attack on a Hindu temple was later found to have occurred at an adjacent Awami League office. Quoting BJP leader and Leader of
14280-548: The initial quota reform movement, were also detained and were forcefully made to announce the conclusion of the protests by the Detective Branch (DB) of the Dhaka Metropolitan Police (DMP). These events and authoritarianism fuelled people's anger against the government. On the morning of 3 August, one of the movement coordinators, Asif Mahmud , stated in a Facebook post that they would start
14420-511: The interim government as advisers were two leaders of the student movement, Nahid Islam and Asif Mahmud. Following the resignation of Sheikh Hasina, police were absent from their duties, leading to a surge in burglaries and thefts in residential areas of Dhaka. These incidents caused widespread panic among residents, who were compelled to guard their neighborhoods at night. Reports indicted the presence of robbers on 6 and 7 August. During this time, banks and ATM booths were nearly out of cash due to
14560-456: The interim government, Muhammad Yunus, also denounced the violence, stating that there was no room for discrimination in Bangladesh. The interim government also assured that it would "immediately sit with the representative bodies and other concerned groups to find ways to resolve such heinous attacks". Similar reports of Islamists perpetrating violence against Ahmadiyyas and vandalising tombs of Sufi saints emerged in various parts of
14700-494: The language as: While most writing is in Standard Colloquial Bengali (SCB), spoken dialects exhibit a greater variety. People in southeastern West Bengal, including Kolkata, speak in SCB. Other dialects, with minor variations from Standard Colloquial, are used in other parts of West Bengal and western Bangladesh, such as the Midnapore dialect, characterised by some unique words and constructions. However,
14840-523: The language movement. Although Sanskrit has been spoken by Hindu Brahmins in Bengal since the 3rd century BC, the local Buddhist population spoke varieties of the Prakrit . These varieties are generally referred to as "eastern Magadhi Prakrit ", as coined by linguist Suniti Kumar Chatterji , as the Middle Indo-Aryan dialects were influential in the first millennium when Bengal
14980-547: The language. Major texts of Middle Bengali (1400–1800) include Yusuf-Zulekha by Shah Muhammad Sagir and Srikrishna Kirtana by the Chandidas poets. Court support for Bengali culture and language waned when the Mughal Empire conquered Bengal in the late 16th and early 17th century. The modern literary form of Bengali was developed during the 19th and early 20th centuries based on the west-central dialect spoken in
15120-428: The letter ত tô and the numeral ৩ "3" are distinguishable only by the presence or absence of the matra , as is the case between the consonant cluster ত্র trô and the independent vowel এ e , also the letter হ hô and Bengali Ôbogroho ঽ (~ô) and letter ও o and consonant cluster ত্ত ttô . The letter-forms also employ the concepts of letter-width and letter-height (the vertical space between
15260-493: The mayor of Khulna City Corporation , Talukder Abdul Khaleque , who along with most of the city's 41 councillors, went into hiding, leading to a paralysis of the city government's functions. At least 323 municipal mayors, 495 Upazila Parishad chairs, 53 District Council chairs, and 12 city corporation mayors were subsequently removed from office by the interim government. On the day of Sheikh Hasina's resignation, protesters vandalized statues of her father Sheikh Mujibur Rahman ,
15400-467: The military and President Mohammed Shahabuddin announced the formation of an interim government led by economist and Nobel laureate Muhammad Yunus . On 5 August 2024, at around 3:00 p.m., Prime Minister Hasina resigned and fled the country on a helicopter with her sister, Sheikh Rehana , to India, arriving in Delhi via Agartala . Although she intended to record a speech, she did not have
15540-420: The movement was initially limited to the goal of reforming quotas in government jobs , it snowballed into a mass anti-government uprising after the deaths of several protesters . The movement was also fueled by ongoing socio-economic and political issues, including the government's mismanagement of the national economy, rampant corruption by government officials, human rights violations, allegations of undermining
15680-471: The nationalisation of their jobs and the abolition of the six-month "Rest System," among other benefits. Their demonstrations caused severe traffic congestion across the capital, leading to significant public inconvenience. On 25th August, the Home Affairs Advisor , Retired Lt. Gen. Jahangir Alam Chowdhury , met with the protesting Ansar members. He announced a preliminary decision to abolish
15820-542: The neighbouring states of Odisha , Bihar , and Jharkhand , and sizeable minorities of Bengali speakers reside in Indian cities outside Bengal, including Delhi , Mumbai , Thane , Varanasi , and Vrindavan . There are also significant Bengali-speaking communities in the Middle East , the United States , Singapore , Malaysia , Australia , Canada , the United Kingdom , and Italy . The 3rd article of
15960-487: The opportunity to do so. Reports indicated that in a meeting with security officials on 4 August, Hasina insisted on staying in power by using force against what she called "terrorists". However, military leaders warned her that the country would be approaching a civil war if they fired on the protesters. As she was determined to stay, the military leaders met her again on the next morning and concluded that her safety could no longer be guaranteed as protesters were soon to reach
16100-517: The parliament of Bangladesh and the legislative assembly of West Bengal proposed that Bengali be made an official UN language. As of January 2023, no further action has been yet taken on this matter. However, in 2022, the UN did adopt Bangla as an unofficial language, after a resolution tabled by India. In 2024, the government of India conferred Bengali with the status of classical language . Approximate distribution of native Bengali speakers (assuming
16240-503: The protests. On 19 August, Sheikh Hasina and 66 others were charged over the killing of a BNP ward leader in Dhaka North City Corporation during the protests on 4 August. On 21 August, journalists Shakil Ahmed and his wife, Farzana Rupa , from the pro-Hasina channel Ekattor TV , were arrested at Hazrat Shahjalal International Airport while flying to board a flight to Paris. They were suspected of instigating
16380-607: The rioters and five were killed in clashes between BGB and demonstrators. Jails in Satkhira and Sherpur districts were attacked, leading to prisoner escapes. In Satkhira alone, 596 prisoners escaped, although more than 400 of them voluntarily returned within days. An Awami League leader in Satkhira was hacked to death along with four associates after fatally shooting three members of a crowd that attacked his residence. An installation of Bangladesh Ansar and Village Defence Force
16520-609: The ruling party in India , the Bharatiya Janata Party , attempted to portray the mass uprising as an Islamist -backed military takeover of the country purportedly orchestrated by India's rivals, Pakistan (through its intelligence agency ) & China . Gobinda Pramanik, Former Secretary General of the Bangladesh National Hindu Grand Alliance , criticized the Indian media, suggesting that they inaccurately portrayed
16660-471: The security crisis. In response, anti-robbery committees were established throughout the city. Additionally, residents used social media platforms to prevent further burglaries. Numerous weapons were also looted from police stations and security installations nationwide. By 3 September, authorities had recovered at least 3,880 firearms, 286,353 rounds of ammunition, 22,201 tear gas shells, and 2,139 sound grenades. More than 500 prisoners set free by mobs during
16800-481: The situation. Pramanik stated that the incidents of vandalism targeted only the homes of certain Awami League leaders, both Hindu and Muslim, who had a history of aggressive actions. He further noted that members of opposition parties, including the BNP and Jamaat-e-Islami , were involved in protecting Hindu temples and homes from potential attacks. But the incumbent General Secretary of the group dismissed his statement as
16940-427: The so-called "inherent" vowel [ɔ] is first expunged from the consonant before adding the vowel, but this intermediate expulsion of the inherent vowel is not indicated in any visual manner on the basic consonant sign ম [mɔ] . The vowel graphemes in Bengali can take two forms: the independent form found in the basic inventory of the script and the dependent, abridged, allograph form (as discussed above). To represent
17080-414: The spread of rumors amid protests. An indefinite nationwide curfew was imposed starting at 6:00 p.m. Additionally, all courts were also ordered to close indefinitely. The government declared a three-day general holiday starting from 5 August, during which banks will also remain closed. The Anti-Discrimination Students Movement confirmed their intention to march towards Dhaka on 6 August to demand
17220-458: The student movement denounced these attacks and urged the public not to participate in such violence. Thousands of Bangladeshi Hindus attempted to flee to India after being attacked, however, they were turned back by the border guards from both countries. Indian Border Security Force (BSF) arrested nearly a dozen Bangladeshis who were trying to cross the border to escape the violence and political unrest. In Lalmonirhat , an Awami League leader
17360-405: The student movement. In addition, Waker-uz-Zaman pledged an investigation by the military into the preceding incidents of violence and issued an order prohibiting security forces from opening fire on crowds. President Mohammed Shahabuddin issued an order for the release of all students who had been detained during the protests, as well as Khaleda Zia , the former prime minister and chairperson of
17500-536: The superposed chôndrôbindu (ঁ) , denoting a suprasegmental for nasalisation of vowels (as in চাঁদ [tʃãd] "moon"), the postposed ônusbar (ং) indicating the velar nasal [ŋ] (as in বাংলা [baŋla] "Bengali") and the postposed bisôrgô (ঃ) indicating the voiceless glottal fricative [h] (as in উঃ! [uh] "ouch!") or the gemination of the following consonant (as in দুঃখ [dukʰːɔ] "sorrow"). The Bengali consonant clusters ( যুক্তব্যঞ্জন juktôbênjôn ) are usually realised as ligatures, where
17640-406: The view in Bangladesh that it was a popular movement. Analysts Farid Erkizia Bakht and Siddharth Varadarajan suggested that India's intent to destabilize Bangladesh through this disinformation campaign stems from the disappointment of losing a valuable ally like Sheikh Hasina and from apprehensions about the new government in the country harbouring anti-Indian sentiments . Disinformation about
17780-480: The violence also several banned terror outfit chiefs including ABT Chief Jashimuddin Rahmani released on Bail. A constitutional crisis emerged on August 5, 2024, following Sheikh Hasina's resignation, because the existing constitution has no provisions for an interim government or any other form of government in the event that the prime minister resigns and the parliament is dissolved. Although Article 123 of
17920-484: The visible matra and an invisible baseline). There is yet to be a uniform standard collating sequence (sorting order of graphemes to be used in dictionaries, indices, computer sorting programs, etc.) of Bengali graphemes. Experts in both Bangladesh and India are currently working towards a common solution for this problem. Throughout history, there have been instances of the Bengali language being written in different scripts, though these employments were never popular on
18060-435: The vocabulary may differ according to the speaker's religion: Muslims are more likely to use words of Persian and Arabic origin, along with more words naturally derived from Sanskrit ( tadbhava ), whereas Hindus are more likely to use tatsama (words directly borrowed from Sanskrit). For example: The phonemic inventory of standard Bengali consists of 29 consonants and 7 vowels, as well as 7 nasalised vowels . The inventory
18200-904: The walls. Sheikh Rehana's residence in Gulshan , Dhaka, was also looted. The Mujibnagar Memorial Complex in Meherpur was also vandalized, resulting in damage to 600 sculptures. Incidents of vandalism were also recorded at the Bangladesh Shishu Academy , 22 branches of the Shilpakala Academy , and the Shasi Lodge and the Zainul Park in Mymensingh . The 19th-century Bir Chandra Public Library in Comilla
18340-568: Was a part of the Greater Magadhan realm. The local varieties had no official status during the Gupta Empire , and with Bengal increasingly becoming a hub of Sanskrit literature for Hindu priests, the vernacular of Bengal gained a lot of influence from Sanskrit. Magadhi Prakrit was also spoken in modern-day Bihar and Assam , and this vernacular eventually evolved into Ardha Magadhi . Ardha Magadhi began to give way to what
18480-610: Was a pro-democratic disinvestment movement and a mass uprising against the Awami League -led government of Bangladesh , initiated within the framework of 2024 Bangladesh quota reform movement . The sole demand of this movement was the resignation of Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina and her cabinet . It was the final stage of the wider movement known as the Student–People's uprising or the July Revolution . Although
18620-456: Was also looted and burned, leading to the loss of several rare books. At least 232 people were reported to have been killed in the three days that followed Hasina's resignation. This included at least 29 officials of the Awami League and associated groups as well as their relatives. An Awami League office in Chittagong was also set ablaze by miscreants. Two vehicles of the BGB were set ablaze by
18760-470: Was also vandalized and partially burnt. Ansar retaliated by killing two demonstrators. In Bogra , a police station was attacked and an Awami League office was set ablaze. A violent mob attacked Baniachang police station in Habiganj and set it ablaze. Police retaliated killing six rioters. A total of 150 people, including police personnel were wounded in the incident. Six people were killed and more than
18900-648: Was awarded the Independence Award . The service of battalion Ansars was under National Pay Scale in October 2008, and they were entitled to family rations and combat uniform. In 2006, the role of Ansar-VDP was expanded to fight rising militancy. In 2016, the Ansar Striking Force, a 300 strong elite unit, was created to provide security to diplomats. Following the fall of Hasina government , a faction of Ansar members began protesting, demanding
19040-638: Was by then in India. On 16 August, Ramesh Chandra Sen , former Minister of Water Resources , was arrested in his residence in Thakurgaon Sadar Upazila . On 19 August, former Minister of Social Welfare and Awami League joint secretary Dipu Moni was arrested in Baridhara . On 24 August, Ishaque Ali Khan Panna , the former General Secretary of the Bangladesh Chhatra League , died from a heart attack while climbing
19180-616: Was extensively developed during the Bengali Renaissance and is one of the most prolific and diverse literary traditions in Asia. The Bengali language movement from 1948 to 1956 demanding that Bengali be an official language of Pakistan fostered Bengali nationalism in East Bengal leading to the emergence of Bangladesh in 1971. In 1999, UNESCO recognised 21 February as International Mother Language Day in recognition of
19320-594: Was filed against him over the death of a protester in Rangpur. On September 10, Tawfiq-e-Elahi Chowdhury , the former Power, Energy and Mineral Resources Adviser to Hasina, was arrested by the DB in the Gulshan area. On 14 August, the general secretary of Barguna district Awami League was arrested on charges of conspiring to foment unrest. This followed the emergence of a phone call recording on social media in which he appeared to be communicating with Sheikh Hasina, who
19460-475: Was rescinded on 6 August, and offices, businesses, and schools were permitted to resume operations on the same day. On 5 August, the Chief of Army Staff , Waker-uz-Zaman , convened a meeting with representatives from BNP, Jatiya Party (Ershad) , and Jamaat-e-Islami and called for the creation of an interim government within 48 hours, excluding the Awami League. Subsequent reports indicated that Muhammad Yunus,
19600-506: Was seen spreading rumors, urging local Hindus to gather at the border with India and engage with Indian leaders who were expected to arrive there. Reportedly, he successfully assembled thousands of Hindus at the border before they were dispersed by the BGB and local police. Meanwhile, students and members of the Muslim community, including madrasa students, were seen standing guard at temples and churches to protect them. Chief adviser to
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