98-565: Bangladesh Chhatra League ( Bengali : বাংলাদেশ ছাত্রলীগ , Bengali pronunciation: [tʃʰatroliɡ] ; lit. ' Bangladesh Students' League ' ); abbr. BSL / BCL ), formerly known as the East Pakistan Student League , simply called the Chhatra League , is the student wing of the political party, Bangladesh Awami League , founded by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman on 4 January 1948. The organisation
196-899: A 'terrorist organization'. The organisation was banned by the Government of Bangladesh on 23 October 2024 under the Anti-Terrorism Act, 2009 , following their involvement in the July massacre . On 4 January 1948, the East Pakistan Muslim Chhatra League was established by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman at a meeting in Fazlul Huq Muslim Hall at the University of Dhaka . Naeemuddin Ahmed was the first convener of BSL, while Khaleque Nawaz Khan
294-500: A bid to lessen this burden on young learners, efforts have been made by educational institutions in the two main Bengali-speaking regions (West Bengal and Bangladesh) to address the opaque nature of many consonant clusters, and as a result, modern Bengali textbooks are beginning to contain more and more "transparent" graphical forms of consonant clusters, in which the constituent consonants of a cluster are readily apparent from
392-638: A bus collided with a bus stop in Dhaka. This incident sparked widespread protests demanding improved road safety . During the protests, members of the Chhatra League were accused of involvement in multiple attacks on protesters across the country. On 5 August 2018, several photojournalists were allegedly assaulted by individuals, reportedly BCL members wearing helmets , while law enforcement officers present did not intervene. In its 2020 country report, Reporters Without Borders highlighted incidents during
490-596: A different word from a speaker of Standard Bengali in Bangladesh, even though both words are of native Bengali descent. For example, the word salt is লবণ lôbôṇ in the east which corresponds to নুন nun in the west. Bengali exhibits diglossia , though some scholars have proposed triglossia or even n-glossia or heteroglossia between the written and spoken forms of the language. Two styles of writing have emerged, involving somewhat different vocabularies and syntax : Linguist Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar categorises
588-480: A diphthong. The total number of diphthongs is not established, with bounds at 17 and 31. An incomplete chart is given by Sarkar (1985) of the following: In standard Bengali, stress is predominantly initial. Bengali words are virtually all trochaic ; the primary stress falls on the initial syllable of the word, while secondary stress often falls on all odd-numbered syllables thereafter, giving strings such as in সহযোগিতা shô -hô- jo -gi- ta "cooperation", where
686-487: A highly publicized trial. An autopsy report later confirmed that Fahad died as a result of severe blunt force trauma . On 19 April 2022, Nahid Hossain, a courier delivery person, was beaten to death, during a clash between Dhaka College students and shopkeepers in the New Market area of Dhaka. The conflict, which began over a dispute at a local eatery, escalated into violent encounters involving student activists from
784-692: A large scale and were communally limited. Owing to Bengal's geographic location, Bengali areas bordering non-Bengali regions have been influenced by each other. Small numbers of people in Midnapore , which borders Odisha , have used the Odia script to write in Bengali. In the border areas between West Bengal and Bihar , some Bengali communities historically wrote Bengali in Devanagari , Kaithi and Tirhuta . In Sylhet and Bankura , modified versions of
882-609: A leader of the quota reform movement, along with 15 others, was attacked with sticks , bamboo poles, a dagger , and a hammer . Islam sustained a broken leg in the assault. Footage of the attack, which identified 11 attackers, 10 of whom were reportedly members of the Bangladesh Chhatra League (BSL), circulated widely on social media. The incident drew significant criticism for the lack of intervention by police and university authorities. On 29 July 2018, two students were killed and twelve others were injured when
980-682: A majority in Bangladesh speaks dialects notably different from SCB. Some dialects, particularly those of the Chittagong region, bear only a superficial resemblance to SCB. The dialect in the Chittagong region is least widely understood by the general body of Bengalis. The majority of Bengalis are able to communicate in more than one variety – often, speakers are fluent in Cholitobhasha (SCB) and one or more regional dialects. Even in SCB,
1078-410: A nearby restaurant. In response, the individual fired a gun, resulting in the injury of another student. In July 2018, protests and counter-violence erupted at several universities, particularly Rajshahi University , in response to the quota reform movement , which aimed to change the system allocating 56% of Bangladesh government jobs to specific groups. During a protest on 2 July 2018, Toriqul Islam,
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#17327768894361176-570: A part in the adoption of the English alphabet to write Bengali, with certain social media influencers publishing entire novels in Roman Bengali. Government of Bangladesh The Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh ( Bengali : গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ সরকার — Gôṇôprôjātôntrī bānglādēsh shôrkār ) is the central executive government of Bangladesh . The government
1274-576: A rounded total of 280 million) worldwide. The Bengali language is native to the region of Bengal , which comprises the present-day nation of Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal . Besides the native region it is also spoken by the Bengalis living in Tripura , southern Assam and the Bengali population in the Indian union territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands . Bengali is also spoken in
1372-408: A special diacritic, called the hôsôntô (্) , may be added below the basic consonant grapheme (as in ম্ [m] ). This diacritic, however, is not common and is chiefly employed as a guide to pronunciation. The abugida nature of Bengali consonant graphemes is not consistent, however. Often, syllable-final consonant graphemes, though not marked by a hôsôntô , may carry no inherent vowel sound (as in
1470-523: A state language of the then Dominion of Pakistan . On 21 February 1952, five students and political activists were killed during protests near the campus of the University of Dhaka ; they were the first ever martyrs to die for their right to speak their mother tongue. In 1956, Bengali was made a state language of Pakistan. 21 February has since been observed as Language Movement Day in Bangladesh and has also been commemorated as International Mother Language Day by UNESCO every year since 2000. In 2010,
1568-463: A vowel in isolation from any preceding or following consonant, the independent form of the vowel is used. For example, in মই [moj] "ladder" and in ইলিশ [iliʃ] "Hilsa fish", the independent form of the vowel ই is used (cf. the dependent form ি) . A vowel at the beginning of a word is always realised using its independent form. In addition to the inherent-vowel-suppressing hôsôntô , three more diacritics are commonly used in Bengali. These are
1666-544: Is Shirin Sharmin Chaudhury , who was presiding over the tenth, eleventh and twelfth arliament. She is the first woman to have held this office. At the local government level, the country is divided into divisions , districts , subdistricts ( Upazila ), unions , and villages. The lowest level of local government representative are Local officials of union council those who are elected at the union level election. All larger administrative units are run by members of
1764-500: Is Bangladesh's national march, written by The National Poet Kazi Nazrul Islam in Bengali in 1928. It was adopted as the national marching song by the Bangladeshi government in 1972. Additionally, the first two verses of Vande Mataram , a patriotic song written in Bengali by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee , was adopted as the "national song" of India in both the colonial period and later in 1950 in independent India. Furthermore, it
1862-547: Is a classical Indo-Aryan language from the Indo-European language family native to the Bengal region of South Asia. With over 237 million native speakers and another 41 million as second language speakers as of 2024, Bengali is the fifth most spoken native language and the seventh most spoken language by the total number of speakers in the world. It is the fifth most spoken Indo-European language . Bengali
1960-468: Is a cursive script with eleven graphemes or signs denoting nine vowels and two diphthongs , and thirty-nine graphemes representing consonants and other modifiers. There are no distinct upper and lower case letter forms. The letters run from left to right and spaces are used to separate orthographic words . Bengali script has a distinctive horizontal line running along the tops of the graphemes that links them together called মাত্রা matra . Since
2058-400: Is an abugida , a script with letters for consonants, with diacritics for vowels, and in which an inherent vowel (অ ô ) is assumed for consonants if no vowel is marked. The Bengali alphabet is used throughout Bangladesh and eastern India (Assam, West Bengal, Tripura). The Bengali alphabet is believed to have evolved from a modified Brahmic script around 1000 CE (or 10th–11th century). It
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#17327768894362156-528: Is banned and designated as a terrorist organisation by the Interim Government of Bangladesh . BCL has been repeatedly accused of committing mass violence including torture, extortion, forced prostitution, killings to instill fear. At least 33 people were killed and 1,500 were seriously injured from attacks by BSL between 2009 and 2014. The number of fatalities rose to 129 between 2014 and 2018 while 31 people were killed in 2018 alone. A BSL leader
2254-707: Is believed by many that the national anthem of Sri Lanka ( Sri Lanka Matha ) was inspired by a Bengali poem written by Rabindranath Tagore , while some even believe the anthem was originally written in Bengali and then translated into Sinhala . After the contribution made by the Bangladesh UN Peacekeeping Force in the Sierra Leone Civil War under the United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone ,
2352-562: Is ceremonially appointed by the President, commanding the confidence of the majority of the MPs. The cabinet is composed of selected ministers . The Prime Minister exercises supreme power in Bangladesh. The executive administrates the country and executes the laws, passed by the legislature. It maintains the internal law and order in the country. It also maintains relationship with foreign countries. It works for defence, liberty and sovereignty of
2450-721: Is considered a separate language, although it shares similarities to Northern Bengali dialects. During the standardisation of Bengali in the 19th century and early 20th century, the cultural centre of Bengal was in Kolkata , a city founded by the British. What is accepted as the standard form today in both West Bengal and Bangladesh is based on the West-Central dialect of Nadia and Kushtia District . There are cases where speakers of Standard Bengali in West Bengal will use
2548-513: Is held by the prime minister , who is the head of government . The President is the commander-in-chief of the Bangladesh Armed Forces . The president is elected by the legislature every five years and has normally limited powers that are substantially expanded during the tenure of a caretaker government , mainly in controlling the transition to a new government. Bangladesh has instituted a unique system of transfer of power; at
2646-404: Is known as Apabhraṃśa , by the end of the first millennium. The Bengali language evolved as a distinct language over the course of time. Though some archaeologists claim that some 10th-century texts were in Bengali, it is not certain whether they represent a differentiated language or whether they represent a stage when Eastern Indo-Aryan languages were differentiating. The local Apabhraṃśa of
2744-563: Is led by the prime minister , who selects all the remaining ministers. The prime minister and the other most senior ministers belong to the supreme decision-making committee, known as the Cabinet . After the resignation of Sheikh Hasina in August 2024, the current interim government is led by Dr. Muhammad Yunus . The President is the Head of State , a largely ceremonial post. The real power
2842-490: Is set out below in the International Phonetic Alphabet (upper grapheme in each box) and romanisation (lower grapheme). Bengali is known for its wide variety of diphthongs , combinations of vowels occurring within the same syllable . Two of these, /oi̯/ and /ou̯/ , are the only ones with representation in script, as ঐ and ঔ respectively. /e̯ i̯ o̯ u̯/ may all form the glide part of
2940-555: Is the official , national , and most widely spoken language of Bangladesh , with 98% of Bangladeshis using Bengali as their first language. It is the second-most widely spoken language in India . It is the official language of the Indian states of West Bengal and Tripura and the Barak Valley region of the state of Assam . It is also the second official language of the Indian state of Jharkhand since September 2011. It
3038-508: Is the most widely spoken language in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal , and is spoken by significant populations in other states including Bihar , Arunachal Pradesh , Delhi , Chhattisgarh , Meghalaya , Mizoram , Nagaland , Odisha and Uttarakhand . Bengali is also spoken by the Bengali diasporas ( Bangladeshi diaspora and Indian Bengalis) across Europe, North America,
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3136-507: Is the parliament of Bangladesh. The Speaker presides over meetings of the Jatiya Sangsad and conducts its business in an orderly fashion. The current Jatiya Sangsad contains 350 seats, including 50 seats reserved exclusively for women and 300 seats for elected members, which are apportioned on elected party position in the parliament. The twelfth national parliamentary election was held on 7 January 2024. The recently resigned speaker
3234-399: The 2020 Dhaka North City Corporation election and Dhaka South City Corporation election where at least 10 journalists were brutally attacked while attempting to report on alleged widespread electoral rigging . The report attributed these assaults to individuals affiliated with the Chhatra League. Sanjit Chandra Das, leader of Dhaka University 's Chhatra League unit, declared to "peel off
3332-509: The Aesop's Fables in Bengali was printed using Roman letters based on English phonology by the Scottish linguist John Gilchrist . Consecutive attempts to establish a Roman Bengali have continued across every century since these times, and have been supported by the likes of Suniti Kumar Chatterji , Muhammad Qudrat-i-Khuda , and Muhammad Enamul Haq . The Digital Revolution has also played
3430-675: The Arabic , Persian , and Turkic languages . The arrival of merchants and traders from the Middle East and Turkestan into the Buddhist -ruling Pala Empire , from as early as the 7th century, gave birth to Islamic influence in the region. In the 13th century, subsequent Arab Muslim and Turco-Persian expeditions to Bengal heavily influenced the local vernacular by settling among the native population. Bengali absorbed Arabic and Persian influences in its vocabulary and dialect, including
3528-485: The Bangladesh Chhatra League , resulting in several injuries. Following the incident, six Dhaka College students were identified as prime suspects, and the trial, which has drawn significant attention, is still ongoing as of mid-2023. On 18 September 2024, Tofazzal Hossain was detained by students at the University of Dhaka , accused of stealing six cellphones during a cricket match. He was taken to
3626-474: The Constitution of Bangladesh states Bengali to be the sole official language of Bangladesh. The Bengali Language Implementation Act, 1987 , made it mandatory to use Bengali in all records and correspondences, laws, proceedings of court and other legal actions in all courts, government or semi-government offices, and autonomous institutions in Bangladesh. It is also the de facto national language of
3724-411: The Fazlul Huq Muslim Hall , where he became a victim of extreme physical violence and torture. Among those involved were three leaders and two active members of the Bangladesh Chhatra League. They assaulted Hossain using cricket bats and stumps , inflicting injuries. As Hossain's condition worsened, he was eventually handed over to the proctors and taken to Dhaka Medical College and Hospital , where he
3822-579: The Kaithi script had some historical prominence, mainly among Muslim communities. The variant in Sylhet was identical to the Baitali Kaithi script of Hindustani with the exception of Sylhet Nagri possessing matra . Sylhet Nagri was standardised for printing in c. 1869 . Up until the 19th century, numerous variations of the Arabic script had been used across Bengal from Chittagong in
3920-524: The Nadia region . Bengali shows a high degree of diglossia , with the literary and standard form differing greatly from the colloquial speech of the regions that identify with the language. Modern Bengali vocabulary is based on words inherited from Magadhi Prakrit and Pali, along with tatsamas and reborrowings from Sanskrit and borrowings from Persian , Arabic , Austroasiatic languages and other languages with which it has historically been in contact. In
4018-655: The Six-Point movement in 1966, the 1969 East Pakistan mass uprising , and the 1970 Pakistani general election . During the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War, members of the Chhatra League were recruited into the Mujib Bahini (also known as the Bengal Liberation Force), an armed group trained by India's foreign intelligence agency, the Research and Analysis Wing . However, their exact involvement in
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4116-455: The Student–People's uprising . The Ministry of Home Affairs ' Public Security Division issued a gazette notification announcing the ban, invoking provisions of the Anti-Terrorism Act of 2009 , with specific reference to the group's role in the July massacre . Bengali language Bengali , also known by its endonym Bangla ( বাংলা , Bāṅlā , [ˈbaŋla] ),
4214-607: The University of Karachi (established by East Pakistani politicians before Independence of Bangladesh ) also offers regular programs of studies at the Bachelors and at the Masters levels for Bengali Literature. The national anthems of both Bangladesh ( Amar Sonar Bangla ) and India ( Jana Gana Mana ) were written in Bengali by the Bengali Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore . Notuner Gaan known as " Chol Chol Chol"
4312-499: The boldface represents primary and secondary stress. Native Bengali words do not allow initial consonant clusters ; the maximum syllabic structure is CVC (i.e., one vowel flanked by a consonant on each side). Many speakers of Bengali restrict their phonology to this pattern, even when using Sanskrit or English borrowings, such as গেরাম geram (CV.CVC) for গ্রাম gram (CCVC) "village" or ইস্কুল iskul (VC.CVC) for স্কুল skul (CCVC) "school". The Bengali-Assamese script
4410-557: The phonology of Eastern Bengali is seen through the lack of nasalised vowels and an alveolar articulation of what are categorised as the "cerebral" consonants (as opposed to the postalveolar articulation of western Bengal). Some varieties of Bengali, particularly Sylheti , Chittagonian and Chakma , have contrastive tone ; differences in the pitch of the speaker's voice can distinguish words. Kharia Thar and Mal Paharia are closely related to Western Bengali dialects, but are typically classified as separate languages. Similarly, Hajong
4508-623: The 16th century, Portuguese missionaries began a tradition of using the Roman alphabet to transcribe the Bengali language. Though the Portuguese standard did not receive much growth, a few Roman Bengali works relating to Christianity and Bengali grammar were printed as far as Lisbon in 1743. The Portuguese were followed by the English and French respectively, whose works were mostly related to Bengali grammar and transliteration. The first version of
4606-583: The 1990s, numerous rape and sexual violence allegations have surfaced in the media involving Chhatra League leaders and activists. Leaders, activists and members of the organisation are often accused of using rape as a tool to suppress the women and create an environment of fear. There is also well documented incidents involving Chhatra League leaders celebrating the raping of one hundred women. The general secretary of Bangladesh Chhatra League Jahangirnagar University unit, Jasimuddin Manik and his adherents celebrated
4704-652: The 19th and 20th centuries, there were two standard forms of written Bengali: In 1948, the government of Pakistan tried to impose Urdu as the sole state language in Pakistan, giving rise to the Bengali language movement . This was a popular ethnolinguistic movement in the former East Bengal (today Bangladesh ), which arose as a result of the strong linguistic consciousness of the Bengalis and their desire to promote and protect spoken and written Bengali's recognition as
4802-593: The 6th century, which competed with the ancestor of Bengali for some time. The ancestor of Bengali was the language of the Pala Empire and the Sena dynasty . During the medieval period, Middle Bengali was characterised by the elision of the word-final অ ô and the spread of compound verbs, which originated from the Sanskrit Schwa . Slowly, the word-final ô disappeared from many words influenced by
4900-456: The Bengali equivalent of a full stop – have been adopted from Western scripts and their usage is similar. Unlike in Western scripts (Latin, Cyrillic, etc.) where the letter forms stand on an invisible baseline, the Bengali letter-forms instead hang from a visible horizontal left-to-right headstroke called মাত্রা matra . The presence and absence of this matra can be important. For example,
4998-426: The Bengali script is an abugida, its consonant graphemes usually do not represent phonetic segments , but carry an "inherent" vowel and thus are syllabic in nature. The inherent vowel is usually a back vowel , either [ɔ] as in মত [m ɔ t] "opinion" or [o] , as in মন [m o n] "mind", with variants like the more open [ɒ] . To emphatically represent a consonant sound without any inherent vowel attached to it,
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#17327768894365096-545: The Chhatra League were reported to be involved in coordinated attacks on the Hindu community in the districts of Chandpur and Rangpur during the 2021 communal violence in Bangladesh . On October 23, 2024, Bangladesh's interim government officially banned the organisation in response to acts of violence committed by its members and leaders from 2008 to 2024. The decision followed the BCL's involvement in violent incidents during
5194-512: The Deputy Education Minister. These cases were reportedly not pursued by the university, as they involved BCL and individuals tied to the minister. In September 2022, allegations surfaced in the media accusing the leadership of the Chhatra League at Eden Mohila College of sexually exploiting female students. According to some BCL leaders within the college, the president of the unit, allegedly supported by senior leadership,
5292-486: The Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EEE) department at Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), was murdered inside BUET's Sher-e-Bangla Hall by activists of the Chhatra League. The incident sparked national outrage and led to protests against campus violence. Out of 25 convicts, 20 were given death sentence and 5 others were give life sentence in relation to the murder of Abrar Fahad following
5390-617: The Independence of Bangladesh in 1971. During the Bangladesh Liberation War , the Bangladesh Chhatra League was a key player, but in 1972, it broke up into two factions based on their allegiance to Shekh Mujibur Rahman. The group was a pioneer in the 1952 Language Movement , the 1954 general election victory of the United Front (East Pakistan) , the anti-Aiyub movement in 1958, the education movement in 1962,
5488-520: The Middle East and other regions. Bengali was accorded the status of a classical language by the government of India on 3 October 2024. It is the second most spoken and fourth fastest growing language in India , following Hindi in the first place, Kashmiri in the second place, and Meitei ( Manipuri ), along with Gujarati , in the third place, according to the 2011 census of India . Bengali has developed over more than 1,400 years. Bengali literature , with its millennium-old literary history,
5586-500: The assault took place in a prominent tourist area in Cox’s Bazar . Women’s rights activist Shireen Huq condemned the incident, describing it as "misogyny and banditry at its worst." A female student at University of Chattogram was reportedly abducted near her dormitory by a group of individuals linked to the Chhatra League and stripped, with an attempted sexual assault following. An investigation by law enforcement later identified
5684-430: The attacks on student protesters in 2018, a petition was started by general people of Bangladesh to "Enlist Bangladesh Chhatra League (BSL/BCL) as a Terrorist Organization" at Change.org . In 2019, Online news portal Dhaka Tribune labelled the organization as "the brand of shame". On 26 May 2022, after a series of attack on dissident student groups, eight left-wing student organizations termed Bangladesh Chhatra League
5782-536: The basis of modern standard colloquial Bengali. In the dialects prevalent in much of eastern and south-eastern Bangladesh ( Barisal , Chittagong , Dhaka and Sylhet Divisions of Bangladesh), many of the stops and affricates heard in West Bengal and western Bangladesh are pronounced as fricatives . Western alveolo-palatal affricates চ [ tɕɔ ] , ছ [ tɕʰɔ ] , জ [ dʑɔ ] correspond to eastern চ [tsɔ] , ছ [tsʰɔ~sɔ] , জ [dzɔ~zɔ] . The influence of Tibeto-Burman languages on
5880-469: The consonant which comes first is put on top of or to the left of the one that immediately follows. In these ligatures, the shapes of the constituent consonant signs are often contracted and sometimes even distorted beyond recognition. In the Bengali writing system, there are nearly 285 such ligatures denoting consonant clusters. Although there exist a few visual formulas to construct some of these ligatures, many of them have to be learned by rote. Recently, in
5978-435: The country, resulting in 10 fatalities as of March 27, 2021. The joint forces of the Chhatra League and other law enforcement agencies in Bangladesh employed violent measures to suppress the 2024 quota protests and the non-cooperation movement across the country. During the crackdown, more than one thousand protesters lost their lives, and more than 20,000 were injured as a result of the clashes. Leaders and activists of
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#17327768894366076-507: The country. In India, Bengali is one of the 23 official languages . It is the official language of the Indian states of West Bengal , Tripura and in Barak Valley of Assam . Bengali has been a second official language of the Indian state of Jharkhand since September 2011. In Pakistan , Bengali is a recognised secondary language in the city of Karachi mainly spoken by stranded Bengalis of Pakistan . The Department of Bengali in
6174-492: The country. The executive calculates the income and expenditure of the government. It also performs various public welfare services such as; education , agriculture , establishment of industry , trade & commerce, land reform, tax and revenue collection. Beside this, it also accepts and implements various development projects. The legislature of Bangladesh is unicameral . Called the Jatiya Sangsad in Bengali, it
6272-523: The culprits could not be identified beyond basic facial recognition from the footage. Speculation arose that political influences may have affected the investigation, as the Awami League, which has alleged controls over law enforcement , is linked to Chhatra League. Some have suggested that the police may have been complicit by not intervening or making arrests. Additionally, it was noted that Chhatra League discouraged its female members from protesting
6370-604: The development of Dobhashi . Bengali acquired prominence, over Persian, in the court of the Sultans of Bengal with the ascent of Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah . Subsequent Muslim rulers actively promoted the literary development of Bengali, allowing it to become the most spoken vernacular language in the Sultanate. Bengali adopted many words from Arabic and Persian , which was a manifestation of Islamic culture on
6468-700: The east to Meherpur in the west. The 14th-century court scholar of Bengal, Nur Qutb Alam , composed Bengali poetry using the Persian alphabet . After the Partition of India in the 20th century, the Pakistani government attempted to institute the Perso-Arabic script as the standard for Bengali in East Pakistan ; this was met with resistance and contributed to the Bengali language movement. In
6566-443: The eastern subcontinent, Purbi Apabhraṃśa or Abahatta (lit. 'meaningless sounds'), eventually evolved into regional dialects, which in turn formed three groups, the Bengali–Assamese languages , the Bihari languages , and the Odia language . The language was not static: different varieties coexisted and authors often wrote in multiple dialects in this period. For example, Ardhamagadhi is believed to have evolved into Abahatta around
6664-484: The end of the tenure of the government, power is handed over to members of a civil society for three months, who run the general elections and transfer the power to elected representatives. This system was first practiced in 1991 and adopted to the constitution in 1996. As head of the state, the president can grant pardon to a man sentenced to death penalty or lessen the punishment. In some cases, it also performs some legislative and judicial functions. The Prime Minister
6762-466: The final ন in মন [m o n] or the medial ম in গামলা [ɡamla] ). A consonant sound followed by some vowel sound other than the inherent [ɔ] is orthographically realised by using a variety of vowel allographs above, below, before, after, or around the consonant sign, thus forming the ubiquitous consonant-vowel typographic ligatures . These allographs, called কার kar , are diacritical vowel forms and cannot stand on their own. For example,
6860-412: The five suspects as activists linked to Rezaul Haque, an associate of Deputy Education Minister Mohibul Hasan Chowdhury . Rezaul Haque was accused of obstructing the student from filing a formal complaint, for which he received a show-cause notice from the organisation. Prior to this incident, two other students had also been sexually assaulted on campus, allegedly by individuals connected to followers of
6958-606: The government of Ahmad Tejan Kabbah declared Bengali as an honorary official language in December 2002. In 2009, elected representatives in both Bangladesh and West Bengal called for Bengali to be made an official language of the United Nations . Regional varieties in spoken Bengali constitute a dialect continuum . Linguist Suniti Kumar Chatterji grouped the dialects of Bengali language into four large clusters: Rarhi , Vangiya , Kamrupi and Varendri ; but many alternative grouping schemes have also been proposed. The south-western dialects ( Rarhi or Nadia dialect) form
7056-499: The graph মি [mi] represents the consonant [m] followed by the vowel [i] , where [i] is represented as the diacritical allograph ি (called ই-কার i-kar ) and is placed before the default consonant sign. Similarly, the graphs মা [ma] , মী [mi] , মু [mu] , মূ [mu] , মৃ [mri] , মে [me~mɛ] , মৈ [moj] , মো [mo] and মৌ [mow] represent the same consonant ম combined with seven other vowels and two diphthongs. In these consonant-vowel ligatures,
7154-412: The graphical form. However, since this change is not as widespread and is not being followed as uniformly in the rest of the Bengali printed literature, today's Bengali-learning children will possibly have to learn to recognise both the new "transparent" and the old "opaque" forms, which ultimately amounts to an increase in learning burden. Bengali punctuation marks, apart from the downstroke । daṛi –
7252-419: The incident. On 28 September, reports indicated that members of the Chhatra League had been involved in factional clashes at Murari Chand College , which had led to four deaths in separate incidents since 2018. The report followed an alleged rape incident in which BCL activists were accused of assaulting a woman near the "BCL Men's Room" at MC College. The victim’s husband filed a case against several members of
7350-494: The language as: While most writing is in Standard Colloquial Bengali (SCB), spoken dialects exhibit a greater variety. People in southeastern West Bengal, including Kolkata, speak in SCB. Other dialects, with minor variations from Standard Colloquial, are used in other parts of West Bengal and western Bangladesh, such as the Midnapore dialect, characterised by some unique words and constructions. However,
7448-523: The language movement. Although Sanskrit has been spoken by Hindu Brahmins in Bengal since the 3rd century BC, the local Buddhist population spoke varieties of the Prakrit . These varieties are generally referred to as "eastern Magadhi Prakrit ", as coined by linguist Suniti Kumar Chatterji , as the Middle Indo-Aryan dialects were influential in the first millennium when Bengal
7546-547: The language. Major texts of Middle Bengali (1400–1800) include Yusuf-Zulekha by Shah Muhammad Sagir and Srikrishna Kirtana by the Chandidas poets. Court support for Bengali culture and language waned when the Mughal Empire conquered Bengal in the late 16th and early 17th century. The modern literary form of Bengali was developed during the 19th and early 20th centuries based on the west-central dialect spoken in
7644-428: The letter ত tô and the numeral ৩ "3" are distinguishable only by the presence or absence of the matra , as is the case between the consonant cluster ত্র trô and the independent vowel এ e , also the letter হ hô and Bengali Ôbogroho ঽ (~ô) and letter ও o and consonant cluster ত্ত ttô . The letter-forms also employ the concepts of letter-width and letter-height (the vertical space between
7742-605: The neighbouring states of Odisha , Bihar , and Jharkhand , and sizeable minorities of Bengali speakers reside in Indian cities outside Bengal, including Delhi , Mumbai , Thane , Varanasi , and Vrindavan . There are also significant Bengali-speaking communities in the Middle East , the United States , Singapore , Malaysia , Australia , Canada , the United Kingdom , and Italy . The 3rd article of
7840-446: The organisation, and the victim named certain individuals in her court statement. As of 29 September 2020, seven suspects had been arrested, and DNA evidence confirmed their involvement A female tourist, who was a housewife and mother of an eight-month-old child, was allegedly gang-raped by three individuals identified as Joy, Ashiq, and Babu. The attackers reportedly separated her from her husband and children, who were held hostage while
7938-517: The parliament of Bangladesh and the legislative assembly of West Bengal proposed that Bengali be made an official UN language. As of January 2023, no further action has been yet taken on this matter. However, in 2022, the UN did adopt Bangla as an unofficial language, after a resolution tabled by India. In 2024, the government of India conferred Bengali with the status of classical language . Approximate distribution of native Bengali speakers (assuming
8036-676: The rape of 100th girls including at least 20 students of the university in 1998. This led to a series of protests, which resulted in the expulsion of Manik and his followers from the university on 2 August 1999 after the 1999 JU Anti-Rape Movement . During the Bengali New Year celebration on the Dhaka University campus, a group of individuals assaulted women at the event, attempting to strip them of their clothing. Witnesses reported that law enforcement officers were present nearby but did not intervene. One witness, Amit, who
8134-564: The skin" of protesters if they demonstrated against Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi 's visit to Bangladesh in March 2021. His supporters reportedly attacked students, individuals inside the national mosque compound in Dhaka , and students within a madrasa compound in Brahmanbaria in an effort to suppress the protests. These actions sparked widespread anti-Modi demonstrations across
8232-427: The so-called "inherent" vowel [ɔ] is first expunged from the consonant before adding the vowel, but this intermediate expulsion of the inherent vowel is not indicated in any visual manner on the basic consonant sign ম [mɔ] . The vowel graphemes in Bengali can take two forms: the independent form found in the basic inventory of the script and the dependent, abridged, allograph form (as discussed above). To represent
8330-536: The superposed chôndrôbindu (ঁ) , denoting a suprasegmental for nasalisation of vowels (as in চাঁদ [tʃãd] "moon"), the postposed ônusbar (ং) indicating the velar nasal [ŋ] (as in বাংলা [baŋla] "Bengali") and the postposed bisôrgô (ঃ) indicating the voiceless glottal fricative [h] (as in উঃ! [uh] "ouch!") or the gemination of the following consonant (as in দুঃখ [dukʰːɔ] "sorrow"). The Bengali consonant clusters ( যুক্তব্যঞ্জন juktôbênjôn ) are usually realised as ligatures, where
8428-477: The victims' cry for help," adding that thousands of people were present in the area, making it difficult to stop the attackers. Despite CCTV footage identifying the perpetrators, no arrests were made by 2019. The police investigation, lasting eight months, ended without conclusively identifying the suspects. In December 2015, a final report submitted to the court by the Detective Branch indicated that
8526-484: The visible matra and an invisible baseline). There is yet to be a uniform standard collating sequence (sorting order of graphemes to be used in dictionaries, indices, computer sorting programs, etc.) of Bengali graphemes. Experts in both Bangladesh and India are currently working towards a common solution for this problem. Throughout history, there have been instances of the Bengali language being written in different scripts, though these employments were never popular on
8624-435: The vocabulary may differ according to the speaker's religion: Muslims are more likely to use words of Persian and Arabic origin, along with more words naturally derived from Sanskrit ( tadbhava ), whereas Hindus are more likely to use tatsama (words directly borrowed from Sanskrit). For example: The phonemic inventory of standard Bengali consists of 29 consonants and 7 vowels, as well as 7 nasalised vowels . The inventory
8722-508: The war is disputed, with Zafrullah Chowdhury stating, "The Mujib Bahini did not fight the liberation war." In 2014, A. K. Khandker was sued for accusing the Mujib Bahini of hooliganism and looting during the war in his book in his book 1971: Bhetore Baire . On 23 October 2024, the government of Bangladesh banned the organisation with designation of the organisation as a terrorist organisation under Anti-Terrorism Act, 2009 . Since
8820-568: Was a part of the Greater Magadhan realm. The local varieties had no official status during the Gupta Empire , and with Bengal increasingly becoming a hub of Sanskrit literature for Hindu priests, the vernacular of Bengal gained a lot of influence from Sanskrit. Magadhi Prakrit was also spoken in modern-day Bihar and Assam , and this vernacular eventually evolved into Ardha Magadhi . Ardha Magadhi began to give way to what
8918-467: Was accused of blackmailing young students with compromising photographs and videos. The reports claimed that these students were coerced into sexual submission to male party leaders and influential figures. Biswajit Das, a 24-year-old tailor in Dhaka , Bangladesh, was murdered on 9 December 2012 by members of the Bangladesh Chhatra League who mistook Das for an opposition supporter. Das was chased and attacked with machetes , iron bars, and hockey sticks. He
9016-498: Was also attacked and sustained injuries, stated that "when we sought help from a few policemen standing 20 yards from the spot, they said that the area was beyond their jurisdiction." Amit and five fellow activists tried to protect a group of women, aged between 25 and 30, from the attackers. He described the chaos, noting that "the youths were divided into three groups and each group had 10-12 of them. People everywhere around were blowing vuvuzelas so loudly that nobody could hear
9114-411: Was arrested for links with the banned terrorist group Jamaat-ul-Mujahideen Bangladesh in a militant hunt after the July 2016 Dhaka attack . The leaders and activists of BSL were also found involved in the 2021 Bangladesh communal violence . Bangladesh Chhatra League is accused of running a 'forced prostitution' racket by forcing the girls of Eden Mohila College unit by blackmailing them. Following
9212-505: Was constituted by the Constitution of Bangladesh comprising the executive (the president , prime minister and cabinet ), the legislature (the Jatiya Sangsad ), and the judiciary (the Supreme Court ). Bangladesh is a unitary state and the central government has the authority to govern over the entirety of the nation. The seat of the government is located in Dhaka , the capital of Bangladesh . The executive government
9310-501: Was declared dead on arrival . In March 2018, a student at Shahjalal University of Science and Technology (SUST) was injured by a gunshot during a clash between two factions of the Chhatra League. The conflict reportedly arose between two groups, both led by vice-presidents of the SUST BCL unit, over campus dominance. The altercation escalated when a group of BCL members, led by a BCL leader and his associates, attacked an individual at
9408-616: Was extensively developed during the Bengali Renaissance and is one of the most prolific and diverse literary traditions in Asia. The Bengali language movement from 1948 to 1956 demanding that Bengali be an official language of Pakistan fostered Bengali nationalism in East Bengal leading to the emergence of Bangladesh in 1971. In 1999, UNESCO recognised 21 February as International Mother Language Day in recognition of
9506-411: Was taken to Mitford Hospital , where he shortly died of his wounds. Twenty-one BSL activists were found guilty of murder on 18 December 2013. Eight were sentenced to death and thirteen were sentenced to life in prison. Only eight of the twenty-one defendants were in custody at the time of the sentence, with the remaining thirteen tried in absentia. On 6 October 2019, Abrar Fahad, a second-year student in
9604-552: Was the founder general secretary of the Chhatra League. The Chhatra League played an important role in the Bengali Language Movement of 1952 through breaking curfews with their protests. The Chhatra League led student protests against the Shariff Commission recommendations in the 1962 East Pakistan Education movement . The organisation's name was changed to the Bangladesh Chhatra League after
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