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72-717: Banjarmasin is the largest city in South Kalimantan , Indonesia . It was the capital of the province until 15 February 2022. The city is located on a delta island near the junction of the Barito and Martapura rivers. Historically the centre of the Banjarese culture , and the capital of the Sultanate of Banjar , it is the biggest city in South Kalimantan and one of the main cities of Kalimantan . The city covers an area of 98.46 km (38.02 sq mi) and had

144-644: A big navigable river, speed boats on the river are also an important means of transportation within the city. Ride-hailing services such as Gojek and Grab are widespread. The city has three urban bus services, BRT Banjarbakula which connects it to the Greater Banjarmasin area and Trans Banjarmasin , which only serves the city proper. As with other Indonesian cities, the city has angkots (shared taxis), which have been declining rapidly because of competition from online ride-hailing services, online taxis, and new public transportation services created by

216-733: A dense urban population, while a regency comprises predominantly rural areas and is larger in area than a city. However, Indonesia historically had several classifications of cities. According to Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia , the official dictionary of the Indonesian language , a city ( kota ) is "a densely populated area with high density and modern facilities and most of the population works outside of agriculture." Cities are divided into districts ( Kecamatan , Distrik in Papua region , or Kemantren in Yogyakarta ). During

288-595: A healthcare or maternity facility, while 99.98% of births are assisted by healthcare workers. The city's dominant culture is that of the Banjar people , which have characteristics described as those of a "river culture" and are influenced by other ethnicities such as Dayak, Javanese, Malay, Arab, and even Persian. Despite being a Muslim majority, the Banjar people still hold on to the importance of cultural parts that have been influenced by their Hindu-Buddhist past. This includes

360-658: A population of 625,481 as of the 2010 Census and 657,663 as of the 2020 Census; the official estimate as of mid 2023 was 675,915 (comprising 337,819 males and 338,096 females). It is the third most populous city on the island of Borneo . Greater Banjarmasin, also known as Banjarbakula (an acronym for Banjar masin- Ba rito Ku ala-Tanah La ut) or Banjar Raya, is an urban agglomeration of over two million people covering an area of 6,945.67 km (2,681.74 sq mi), which includes Banjarbaru city and parts of Banjar Regency (including Martapura town), Barito Kuala Regency , and Tanah Laut Regency , and accounts for almost half of

432-541: A public university, is the Lambung Mangkurat University . The university has more than 2,000 graduates every year—most of them majoring in teaching and science education, followed by economics and business, engineering, agricultural science, and medical subjects. In 2020, there were 700 postgraduate students. A developed education system and the existence of educational institutions attract students from neighbouring regions to pursue their education in

504-674: A target of looting and destruction during the Banjarmasin riot of May 1997 . It was renovated after the riot. Other than modern shopping malls, according to Statistics Indonesia, as of 2019, there are 60 traditional markets registered in the city. The city has 790.13 km (490.96 mi) of road, most of which have been paved with asphalt. It is connected to the Trans-Kalimantan Highway Southern Route , which connects it to other big cities such as Palangka Raya and Samarinda . Kilometer 6 Bus Terminal

576-522: A total of 45 parliamentary representatives. The last election was in 2019 and the next one is scheduled for 2024. The Banjarmasin metropolitan area comprises two complete cities (Banjarmasin and Banjarbaru), together with large parts of three regencies as follows: Notes: (a) 14 out of 20 districts. (b) 12 out of 17 districts. (c) all except Kintap District. The city's economy is dominated by manufacturing, which accounts for 17.19% of its gross regional product (GRP) as of 2020. The second largest sector

648-426: Is South Banjarmasin with density of 4,281 per square kilometre. As of 2020, South, North, and East Banjarmasin district experienced population growth—South and North both by 1.10% and East by 0.58%; Central and West Banjarmasin both experienced declines of 0.46%. Their areas and populations at the 2010 Census and 2020 Census, together with the official estimates as at mid 2023, are tabulated below. The table also includes

720-409: Is a slight variation of seasonal temperatures because of monsoons . Precipitation can reach between 2,400 mm (94 in) and 3,500 mm (140 in) yearly, with an average level of 1,600 mm (63 in). The hottest months are between March and September when the temperature can reach an average as high as 36 °C (97 °F). The average amount of sunshine is 2.8 hours per day during

792-405: Is also an Arabic population that date back to Sultanate and colonial era. The literacy rate in 2020 was 98.94%. There are 311 kindergartens, 208 elementary schools, 35 junior high schools, and 29 senior high schools as of 2020. There are also 22 vocational high schools in the city. The city is home to more than 25 higher education institutions and universities. One of the most notable, which is also

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864-399: Is also surrounded by several other buildings housing stores, forming a complex with a total area of 80,000 m (860,000 sq ft). Other entertainment centers in the city include Trans Studio Mini Banjarmasin, an indoor theme park which is owned by Trans Corp and malls such as Mitra Plaza, Lotte Mart, and Giant. Mitra Plaza is one of the city's oldest modern shopping centers, and was

936-500: Is an equivalent of a province, kotamadya is an equivalent of a regency, while kotapraja is an equivalent of kecamatan (districts). Jakarta was the only city granted the kotaraya status, due to its function as the capital of Indonesia . The terms kotaraya and kotapraja had been abolished since 1974, and kotamadya was used for most of urban areas in Indonesia up to 1999. Jakarta continued to become

1008-514: Is an urban bus stop used by both Trans Banjarmasin & BRT Banjarbakula bus companies. In addition, the park includes one of the city's landmarks, a 6.5 m (21 ft) statue of a bekantan (Proboscis monkey) which is a native primate in the region. The park is also a center for street foods in the city during dusk. Other city parks include Kamboja Park, Bungas Banjarmasin Park, and Banua Anyar Public Space. Located 2 km (1.2 mi) from

1080-534: Is center of mass media in the province of South Kalimantan. Known established media groups such as Banjarmasin Post, Kalimantan Post, and Radar Banjarmasin existed since early New Order period , while numerous smaller independent media were founded mostly after Reformasi . Other example of news media are Barito Post, Mata Banua , Metro Banjar, and Kanal Kalimantan . In total, there were 47 registered news media including printed and online, 36 tabloids, and 4 magazines in

1152-678: Is formed by a joining of waters from northeastern Sumatra and the western Malay Peninsula, draining into the Andaman Sea . The Northern Sunda river system , also known as the Great Sunda river system, or Molengraaff river system, was named after a Dutch biologist and geologist who traveled the region extensively in the late 19th century and first proposed the existence of this river system based on his observations in Borneo. The river, arising between Belitung Island and Borneo, flowed in

1224-488: Is headed by a mayor ( walikota ), who is directly elected via elections to serve for a five-year term, which can be renewed for one further five-year term. Each kota is divided further into districts , more commonly known as kecamatan . Jakarta , then known as Batavia , was the first city in the archipelago to be developed by the Dutch Empire . On the 4 March 1621, the first city government ( stad )

1296-547: Is still widely referred to as a city. The United Nations (UN) classifies Jakarta as a 'city' on its statistical database . The Special Region of Jakarta consists of five 'administrative cities' and one 'administrative regency' . Unlike other actual cities in Indonesia, administrative cities in Jakarta are not self-governing , and were only created for bureaucracy purposes. The administrative cities do not have city councils , and their mayors were exclusively selected by

1368-497: Is the main bus terminal for the city and the province, where buses for long inter-province routes gather. Being old and overcrowded, the government relocated the main terminal to the newly built Kilometer 17 Bus Terminal in Gambut District, Banjar Regency. However, the new terminal is rarely used and many bus operators resisted the relocation because of the remoteness of the new terminal from the city center. Being divided by

1440-512: Is thought to be a corrupted version of "Bandar Masih" (Port Masih), which was named for Patih Masih, who ruled the port and the surrounding villages. Patih Masih's name may have been a nickname. Masih originates from the Ngaju language . Oloh Masi refers to the coastal-dwelling Malay population in the language of the Dayaks , who lived in the interior and visited the port regularly to trade. Some of

1512-546: Is trade, which accounts for 12.57% of the city's GRP, followed by the finance sector at 12.29%. The agriculture sector is small, contributing only 2.43% of city's GRP. Mining is nonexistent within the city, in stark contrast to neighbouring regions. In 2019, economic growth was 6.38%. However, in 2020 there was an economic downturn caused by the COVID-19 pandemic , resulting in a decrease of 1.91%. The city imports 1,900,000 long tons (1,900,000 t) of goods through its main port,

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1584-606: The Barito Kuala Regency in the north and west and the Banjar Regency in the east and south. Banjarmasin has a tropical savanna climate (Aw) with heavy rainfall from November to June and moderate rainfall from July to October. The monthly temperature is within range between 26 °C (79 °F) to 38 °C (100 °F) with an average maximum temperature of 33 °C (91 °F) and average minimum temperature of 22 °C (72 °F). However, there

1656-473: The Dutch East Indies period, a city was governed as gemeente , or municipality , since the decentralisation law in 1903. The gemeente was a third-level subdivision, below residentie ( residency ) and gouvernement ( governorate ) or provincie ( province ). The terms kota besar (big city), and kota kecil (small city or town ), were used since the implementation of

1728-558: The Dutch recognition of Indonesia in 1949. The city was briefly assigned as the capital of Great Dayak federal state before being absorbed into a single Kalimantan province. It later became the capital city of the newly formed South Kalimantan province. Frequent flooding led to a plan to relocate the provincial capital city to Banjarbaru . The process continued until 2011, and the provincial parliament remains in Banjarmasin. Banjarmasin

1800-486: The Governor of Jakarta without any public election . Ryas Rasyid, an Indonesian regional government expert, stated that Jakarta is a "province with a city management". Anies Baswedan , the 17th Governor of Jakarta, asserted that "Jakarta has only an area of 600 square kilometres. It is a city with the province status." Unlike other 37 Indonesian provinces whose governors work in a 'governor office' ( Kantor Gubernur ),

1872-769: The Malacca , Siam and Sunda river systems. The Siam river system consists of a northern and a western arm. The northern arm extends the Chao Phraya River to drain the Gulf of Thailand . The western arm forming out of some rivers in central Sumatra flows through the Singapore Straits before joining up with the northern arm to empty into an estuary and the South China Sea to the north of North Natuna Island. The Malacca Straits river system

1944-575: The Malanuh ceremony, which is an offering to supernatural beings. One annual event that is celebrated widely by the people of the city is Haul Guru Sekumpul , an event commemorating the death of a charismatic ulema from the region, Zaini Abdul Ghani . Another famous cultural sight in the city is a floating market located on the Kuin River and Lok Baintan. People meet on the river after Fajr prayer until around 07:00 pm and transactions with

2016-511: The Port of Trisakti , and exports 98,320,000 long tons (99,900,000 t) of goods as of 2019. Movement of goods increased 92.24% between 2018 and 2019. Banjarmasin experienced 4.15% yearly inflation in 2019. Around 62% of industry in Banjarmasin is focused on food and drink processing and related products. This includes bread, flour, and soybean sauce production. Other industries include rubber and plastic manufacturing, which account for about 15% of

2088-579: The Sunda Shelf . Many stone tools have been found in Awang Bangkal, 50 km (31 mi) from the city. Until the early 15th century, there were few written records found from the region. Outside records indicate it was home to several kingdoms such as Tanjungpuri —theorized to have been founded by Malay people from Srivijaya —and Negara Daha and Dipa , which were founded by Javanese people from Majapahit . Hinduism and Buddhism entered

2160-525: The rainy season and 6.5 hours during the dry season . January is the wettest month, with air humidity sitting between 75 and 90% in January; September is the driest, with humidity of 52% in September. The city is divided into five districts ( kecamatan ). The most densely populated district is Central Banjarmasin with a density of 13,155 per square kilometre while the least densely populated district

2232-469: The sea level falls, and great expanses of the Sunda Shelf are exposed as a marshy plain. The rise of sea level during a meltwater pulse 14,600 to 14,300 years Before Present was as much as 16 meters within 300 years. Present sea levels submerge a number of Pleistocene paleo river systems that drained much of Sundaland during the last glacial maximum 18,000 to 20,000 years ago. To the east of

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2304-612: The Act Number 22 of 1948. Kota Besar was an urban equivalent of kabupaten ( regency ), which was the country's second level subdivision, just below province . Kota kecil , used for a small urban area, was the third-level division below regency and province. According to the Act Number 18 of 1965, cities in Indonesia were classified into three: kotaraya (great city, first-level subdivision), kotamadya (medium city, second-level subdivision), and kotapraja (small city or town, third-level subdivision). Kotaraya

2376-570: The Banjar people in the region came through trade. Starting in 1596, this mostly took place in Banten . European traders, largely Dutch , did not bother visiting the port until Banten's rulers banned them. The traders resorted to attacking ships from other countries, including ships under the Banjar Sultanate, to steal nutmeg . The Sultan took revenge against a Dutch ship visiting Banjarmasin on 17 July 1607 by hijacking it and massacring

2448-610: The British East India Company and the sultanate, which prohibited the region’s transfer to any other European power. This issue was navigated by the then Governor of Java, John Fendall , who argued that the 1812 treaty’s conditions were still valid. Sovereignty was therefore effectively transferred from the British East India Company to the Sultan in late 1816, and not directly to the Dutch. The dispute over sovereignty

2520-604: The Dayaks eventually settled in the port. They eventually contributed to the culture of the Banjar people , along with the Javanese and Malays . European archeologist H. Kupper discovered several prehistoric sites around the region in 1939 and found implements such as choppers and other stone tools. Most of the artifacts found around the region and the province show signs of Neolithic culture. Migration from mainland Asia to Borneo may have been common while they were connected by

2592-472: The Sunda Shelf and changing landbridge connections with mainland Southeast Asia have resulted in a high degree of endemism and local distribution discontinuities, discussed at Sundaland , the biogeographical province that has resulted from these changes. The exposure of the Sunda Shelf during eustatic sea level changes has effects on the El Niño oscillation. W. Earle in 1845 was the first to describe

2664-627: The Sunda Shelf is the Sahul Shelf . Separating these two regions of shallow seas is Wallacea , which encompasses Sulawesi and the thousands of smaller islands making up Nusa Tenggara and Maluku . Within Wallacea lie some of the deepest seas in the world, with depths of up to 7,000 metres. Passing between Bali and Lombok , and Borneo and Sulawesi, Wallacea is marked by a transition zone of flora and fauna first described by Alfred Russel Wallace . The complicated history of island formation on

2736-515: The Tumenggung forces and proclaimed the Banjar Sultanate. He changed his name to Sultan Suriansyah I. The sultanate became more reliant on the Demak to the point that it was considered their protectorate. However, between 1546 and 1550, as conquests and the spice trade enriched the sultanate, it became independent and stopped sending tributes to Java. The first contact between Europeans and

2808-566: The city average. The city's dominant religion is Islam , with a minority of Protestants , Catholics , Hindus , Buddhists , Confucianists , and animist religions. Muslims make up around 95% of the city's population, followed by Christians (both Catholics and Protestants) at around 3%; other religions combined total about 2%. Most of the city's population identifies as Banjarese—79,26% did so in 2010. Other ethnicities include Javanese with 10.27%, Madurese with 3.17%, Chinese Indonesian with 1.56%, Dayak with 0.92%, and Bugis with 0.6%. There

2880-607: The city center, Banua Anyar Public Space is specifically designed for toddlers and kids. It is located below Banua Anyar bridge and has facilities such as a kids' park, artificial soft grass to ensure child safety, and book reading corners. Several shopping malls are located in the city. The Duta Mall Banjarmasin is the largest in the province, and connected to a hotel called The Mercure Hotel. Located in Central Banjarmasin district, it occupies more than 42,000 m (450,000 sq ft) and consists of four stories. It

2952-673: The city government. On 22 December 2021, another urban bus system, Trans Banjarbakula , was launched which also covers the entire metropolitan area. The city is served by the Port of Trisakti , which is one of main ports in Indonesia and classified as class IA. The port has a passenger terminal for passenger ships to neighbouring islands such as Java and Sulawesi. The closest airport is the Syamsudin Noor Airport , which located inside Banjarbaru city, 29 km (18 mi) from Banjarmasin. There are numerous newspapers, television stations, and radio based in Banjarmasin. The city

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3024-810: The city is Ulin Regional Hospital, which is owned by the provincial government; it is classified as an A-type hospital by the Ministry of Health. Life expectancy in the city as of 2020 was 71.13 years, which is significantly above the provincial average. As of 2020, 511,118 people of the total city population of 657,663 are registered in the BPJS Kesehatan , government-mandated social insurance which covers certain healthcare costs. 89% of newborn babies in 2020 were vaccinated with basic vaccines such as polio vaccine , MMR vaccine , and Hepatitis B vaccine . Around 95% of newborn babies are born inside

3096-470: The city's industrial output. The rest of the industrial output is from machinery, pharmaceuticals, paper products, and electrical equipment. There are 3,014 industrial companies registered in the city as of 2020, employing a total of 22,063 people. There are also smaller-scale industries producing wood furniture, clothing, and snacks, with 88 registered smaller-scale businesses in these sectors as of 2020. The city has 129 hotels registered as of 2020. The city

3168-479: The city, one of the most notable being Siring Park, located in the center of the city. Sometimes referred to by locals as "0 Kilometer Park", the park is located on the shores of the Martapura River and also acts as a waterfront for the river with docks for small boats in the river. Facilities in the park include a watchtower, several gazebos, pedestrian roads, and skateboard parks. In front of the park, there

3240-455: The city. In television sector, outside of nationwide networks both private and state-owned, there are local television stations focused mostly on local news. State-owned television network TVRI has local branch for South Kalimantan located in Banjarmasin, while Duta TV and Banjar TV , two most prominent local channels, are private. The city also has a branch of Radio Republik Indonesia , an Indonesian state-owned radio network. According to

3312-616: The city. Other notable private universities, such as the Muhammad Arsyad Al-Banjari Kalimantan Islamic University, have the greatest number of students. According to Indonesian Statistics, in 2020 there 11,854 male and 8,189 female students. The school participation rate was 97.91% as of 2020. The city has eight hospitals and 34 polyclinics as of 2020. There are also 26 puskesmas (community healthcare centres), 26 healthcare centres, and 47 pharmacies. The main and largest hospital in

3384-483: The crew. Similar incidents occurred several times between 1603 and 1636, ending when the sultanate reached a trade agreement that put the Dutch East India Company in control of the nutmeg trade from the sultanate and gave it a monopoly over trade in Banjarmasin. The company was expelled in 1638, however, after the sultan waged a war against the Dutch and burned much of the company's possessions around

3456-591: The eastern boundary of Sundaland are identified biogeographically by the Wallace Line , identified by Alfred Russel Wallace , which marks the eastern boundary of Asia's land mammal fauna, and is the boundary between the Indomalayan and Australasian realms. The shelf has resulted from millennia of volcanic activity and erosion of the Asian continental mass, and the build up and consolidation of debris along

3528-521: The entire province, both in local and foreign currencies. According to Statistics Indonesia , a resident of the city is defined as "someone who resides within the city for at least 6 months or less than 6 months but with intention to settle". The estimated number of residents in 2020 was 657,663 with a sex ratio of 100.36 male per 100 female. 47.87% of the city population resides in the South and North Banjarmasin districts. As with most of Indonesian cities,

3600-557: The general features of the Sunda and Sahul Shelves, which he termed the "Great Asiatic Bank" and the "Great Australian Bank" respectively. The paleo river systems of the Sunda Shelf are vast submerged river systems that extend present-day river systems and may be interpreted to follow topographic lows in a down-slope direction. During the driest period of the Pleistocene era (about 17,000 years BP) some four distinct catchment areas form

3672-543: The government source, there are 21 formally registered radio station. City status in Indonesia In Indonesian law , the term " city " ( kota ) is generally defined as the second-level administrative subdivision of the Republic of Indonesia , an equivalent to regency ( kabupaten ). The difference between a city and a regency is that a city has non- agricultural economic activities and

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3744-616: The governor of Jakarta works in a city hall ( Balai Kota DKI Jakarta ). Sunda Shelf Biogeographically , Sundaland is a term for the region of Southeastern Asia which encompasses these areas of the Asian continental shelf that were exposed during the last ice age . Sundaland included the Malay Peninsula on the Asian mainland, as well as the large islands of Borneo , Java , and Sumatra , and their surrounding islands. The same steep undersea gradients that mark

3816-492: The kingdom. The history of Banjarmasin itself began during the founding of the Sultanate of Banjar . According to folk stories and the Hikayat Banjar , Sukarama, the fourth king of Negara Daha, wanted his grandson, Raden Samudra, to be his successor in the kingdom instead of his direct son Prince Tumenggung. Prince Tumenggung later banished Raden Samudra and tried to reclaim the throne for himself. Raden Samudra fled to

3888-436: The local parliament. The mayor, vice mayor, and parliament members are directly elected by the people of the city in an election. Heads of districts are appointed by the mayor on the recommendation of the city secretary. On the provincial level, Banjarmasin is part of South Kalimantan's first electoral district, which has 8 out of 55 representatives. On the city level, the city is divided into five electoral districts, which have

3960-435: The locations of the district administrative centres, the number of urban villages (all rated as kelurahan ) in each district, and its postal codes. As with all Indonesian cities , Banjarmasin is a second-level administrative division run by a mayor and a vice mayor together with the city parliament, and is equivalent to a regency . Executive power is vested in the mayor and vice mayor, while legislative duties are vested in

4032-502: The margins as sea levels rose and fell. The seas between the islands cover relatively stable ancient peneplains that are characterised by low seismicity, low isostatic gravity anomalies and no active volcanoes with the exception of Sumatra, Java, and Bali, which while connected to the Sunda Shelf, belong geologically to the young Sunda Arc orogenic system (i.e., the Sunda Mountain System). During glacial periods ,

4104-637: The merchants are done from small boats. Small snacks, vegetables, fruits, meat, and many other groceries are sold at the market. This market is dying, however, and the number of merchants has declined because of the shift from river culture to land culture and competition with regular land markets. The city is home to a cultural center building surrounded by a cultural park where traditional artists can often be seen performing. The building and its surrounding has been used regularly to hold cultural events to preserve Banjarese culture, as well as to facilitate local artists. There are several city parks and public spaces in

4176-579: The navy as harsher compared to the army. This led many people to escape to Java , which remained under army rule. The city was liberated by Australian forces in September 1945. The return of Dutch rule, however, was opposed by the people and resulted in the Kalimantan Physical Revolution , four years of war between Indonesian nationalists and the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army . This ended with

4248-469: The only urban area with a province status. The term kota administratif (administrative city, not to be confused with kota administrasi ) was used after the implementation of Act Number 5 of 1974. Kota administratif status was granted to a town inside the territory of a regency ( kabupaten ) that were deemed necessary in accordance with the town's growth and development. Kota administratif does not have autonomy and its own legislature, and

4320-439: The population is young and consists of a workforce within the reproductive age of above 15, which in the city is around 62.07% of the city's population in 2020, or 331,526 people. Annual population growth was 0.44% between 2010 and 2020. East and Central Banjarmasin district. however, has a sex ratio of 98.84 and 97.47 male per 100 female respectively, which means both districts have more female residents than males. This differs from

4392-536: The port. Similarly, an English company agreed upon a treaty with the sultanate in 1698 but was expelled from the region in 1707. Following the Napoleonic Wars, Banjarmasin was subject to British control, a situation complicated by the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 , which was seen to have mandated its transfer to Dutch authority.This directive paradoxically conflicted with a prior 1812 treaty between

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4464-1240: The province's population. Banjarmasin was the de jure seat of the South Kalimantan governor and the location of the provincial parliament, although some provincial buildings have been relocated to Banjarbaru. On 15 February 2022, the capital of South Kalimantan province was legally moved to Banjarbaru. Negara Dipa (1380–1478) Negara Daha (1478–1520) [REDACTED] Banjar Sultanate (1520–1526) Demak Sultanate (1526–1546) [REDACTED] Banjar Sultanate (1546–1635) [REDACTED] VOC (1635–1638) [REDACTED] Banjar Sultanate (1638–1701) [REDACTED] England (1701–1707) [REDACTED] Banjar Sultanate (1707–1787) [REDACTED] Dutch Republic (1787–1795) [REDACTED] Batavian Republic (1795–1806) [REDACTED]   Dutch East Indies (1806–1809) [REDACTED] Banjar Sultanate (1809–1815) [REDACTED] Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1815–1816) [REDACTED]   Dutch East Indies (1817–1942) [REDACTED] Empire of Japan (1942–1945) [REDACTED]   Dutch East Indies (1945–1949) [REDACTED]   Indonesia (1949–today) "Banjarmasin"

4536-480: The region between the first and 15th centuries. There are two candis (temples) left in the region, Candi Laras and Candi Agung. The Ma'anyan people may have ruled the oldest kingdom in the archipelago, Nan Sarunai . Its existence is disputed; speculated by archeologists based on several carved stone tombs and a Ma'anyan folk song called "Usak Jawa", which is thought to tell the story of the Majapahit conquest of

4608-484: The region that would later be known as Banjarmasin. There, he met Patih Masih. Under Samudra's leadership, the port grew into the town of Bandar Masih. Tumenggung, who disliked Samudra's growing power, wanted to invade the town. Samudra allied with the Demak Sultanate , which agreed to help him. In return he would have to convert to Islam if he won. With the help of expeditionary forces from Demak, Samudra defeated

4680-596: The riots. The riot today is known by locals as Jumat Kelabu or Grey Friday. On 15 February 2022, the capital of South Kalimantan province was legally moved to Banjarbaru. Banjarmasin is located in the Barito River 's basin and is bisected by the Martapura River . The slope of the city is 0.13% and the land is generally flat and low-lying. The geological foundation of the city is dominated by clay and sandstone , but also includes alluvial sediments from

4752-422: The river. Several smaller rivers, all connected to either the Martapura River or Barito River, form a dendritic drainage pattern. The city's river system is affected by tides . The city is located in a swampy region and is generally below water level, making it prone to being flooded by tidal bores . The area of city proper is 98.46 km (38.02 sq mi), around 0.26% of the provincial area. It borders

4824-664: The sultanate called Pagustian. The last resistance was put down with the capture of Queen Zaleha in 1906. As a result of the war, many Banjar people from Borneo migrated to Sumatra , Singapore , and Malaysia and formed communities there. When World War II broke out, the city was occupied by the Imperial Japanese Army . After the Battle of Banjarmasin , control was transferred to the Imperial Japanese Navy . Locals described Japanese rule under

4896-517: Was created in Batavia, and on 1 April 1905, it became the very first municipality ( gemeente ) of the Dutch East Indies . Upon Indonesian independence, it remains as the city within the province of West Java . With the release of the Act Number 1 of 1957, Jakarta became the first provincial-level city in Indonesia. Although Jakarta is now written as a 'province' in Indonesian law products, it

4968-606: Was finally settled when the Sultan of Banjarmasin settled an agreement with the Netherlands in January 1817, effectively confirming Dutch control over the region. A succession crisis between Sultan Adam and Tamjidillah II and a dispute over resource control of coal mines resulted in a war between the sultanate and the Dutch East Indies Company which led to the end of the sultanate in 1863. The war continued until 1905 under an emergency government set up by

5040-703: Was granted city status by the Indonesian government in 1959 under Law Number 27 of 1959. On 7 December 1996, Dirgantara Air Service Flight 5940 crashed to the gas factory after taking off near Syamsudin Noor International Airport , killing around 18 people. On 23 May 1997, the city witnessed a riot caused by friction between supporters of the United Development Party and Golkar . The riot later developed into looting, which targeted Chinese and Christian minorities and several shopping malls. At least 137 people were killed during

5112-397: Was responsible to its parent regency. The term kota administratif was abolished with the implementation of Act Number 22 of 1999, and all kota administratif were either granted full kota (city) status or dissolved and merged with its parent regency. The term kota (city) has been implemented to substitute kotamadya since the post-Suharto era in Indonesia . Kota

5184-531: Was visited by 109,653 domestic tourists and 251 foreign tourists that year. According to Statistics Indonesia, in 2020 there were 113 identified potential tourist spots in the city. Tourism, however, remains a small sector in the city's economy. The finance sector in general has been grew steadily from 2015 to 2019, with an annual growth of around 3%. Basic financial services account for 67% of this sector, followed by pension funds and insurance services with 14.94%. The city accounts for 67.61% of financial activities in

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