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43-598: 1946 1947–1948 1949 Post- RTC The Kalimantan Physical Revolution ( Indonesian : Revolusi fisik Kalimantan ) was an armed conflict between Indonesian nationalists and pro-Dutch forces in Dutch Borneo in the second half of the 1940s. It began with the end of the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies and the 1945 Proclamation of Indonesian Independence by Sukarno and lasted until

86-567: A constituent state of a federal United States of Indonesia . On 28 January 1949, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 67 , calling for an end to the recent Dutch military offensive against republican forces in Indonesia and demanding the restoration of the republican government. It also urged the resumption of negotiations to find a peaceful settlement between the two sides. Following

129-493: A draft constitution, an economic agreement and agreements on social and military affairs. The Dutch–Indonesian Union would not have any powers: it would be a consultative body with a permanent secretariat, a court of arbitration to settle any legal disputes, and a minimum of two ministerial conferences every year. It would be headed by the Dutch Queen in an entirely symbolic role. The delegations also reached agreement on

172-789: A full-scale Indonesian National Revolution . By mid-1946, both sides were under international pressure to negotiate. The Dutch favoured a federal Indonesian state, and organised the Malino Conference in July ;1946, which led to the establishment of the State of East Indonesia . In November, the Dutch and Indonesian sides reached an agreement at Linggadjati , in which the Netherlands agreed to recognize republican rule over Java , Sumatra and Madura , and that republic would become

215-457: A member of People's Consultative Assembly from 1960 to 1966. He retired from the military in 1963 and his career became focused on politics, as he became a representative in People's Representative Council between 1978 and 1982. During this period, he was also active in the establishment of Lambung Mangkurat University and became its first rector. Basry died on 15 July 1984 due to illness and

258-531: The Panitia Aksi Anti Swapraja (Committee for Anti-Royalty Action) and actively opposed the Dutch puppet state. In Sambas , West Kalimantan , in October 1945, a clash occurred between nationalists wanted to replace flag of the Netherlands with red and white flag on official buildings, and pro-Dutch partisans, later known as "Bloody Sambas" ( Indonesian : Sambas berdarah ). Following

301-663: The Indonesian National Party establish branches across the island and began exporting the ideals of the Indonesian National Awakening there. The military occupation by Japan also fueled nationalist and pro-Asia sentiment, in addition to giving some natives military training which they later used against allied forces. After the Indonesian declaration of Independence in 1945, various militia and armed organizations were formed across

344-762: The Kingdom of the Netherlands , the Republic of Indonesia and the Federal Consultative Assembly , representing various states the Dutch had created in the Indonesian archipelago. Prior to this conference, three other high-level meetings between the Netherlands and Indonesia took place; the Linggadjati Agreement of 1947, Renville Agreement of 1948, and the Roem–Van Roijen Agreement of 1949. The conference ended with

387-686: The Roem–Van Roijen Agreement of 6 July, which effectively endorsed the Security Council resolution, Mohammad Roem said that the Republic of Indonesia—whose leaders were still in exile on Bangka Island —would participate in the Round Table Conference to accelerate the transfer of sovereignty. The Indonesian government, in exile for over six months, returned to the temporary capital at Yogyakarta on 6 July 1949. To ensure commonality of negotiating position between

430-670: The Royal Netherlands East Indies Army and Indonesian nationalist forces. Allied military forces in Borneo were in a strong position after an early conflict in August 1945, and they were able to pacify local nationalist uprisings and impose a blockade to prevent military aid and exchange in personnel from nationalist strongholds in Java and Sumatra . Later, nationalists with connections to Borneo were able to breach

473-512: The cession of sovereignty to the United States of Indonesia . On 17 August 1945, Indonesian nationalist leader Sukarno declared Indonesian independence from Japan. The Dutch, who had been expelled in 1942 by the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies , viewed the Indonesian leadership as Japanese collaborators, and wanted to regain control of their colony. The conflict between the Dutch and Indonesian nationalists developed into

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516-535: The Dutch cabinet was worried it would not be able to ratify the Round Table Agreement in parliament if it conceded this point. Finally, in the early hours of 1 November 1949, a compromise was reached: the status of Western New Guinea would be determined through negotiations between the United States of Indonesia and the Netherlands within a year of the transfer of sovereignty. The conference

559-499: The Dutch colonial administration and the status of Western New Guinea . Negotiations over the internal and external debts of the Dutch East Indies colonial administration were protracted, with each side presenting their own calculations and arguing over whether the United States of Indonesia should be responsible for debts incurred by the Dutch after the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies in 1942. In particular

602-467: The Dutch withdrew from most of Indonesia in 1949. It can be considered part of the larger Indonesian National Revolution . After the surrender of the Japanese at the end of World War II , allied forces took control of the Dutch East Indies, including Dutch Borneo. The return of Dutch authorities was rejected by a majority of the native population, resulting in various regional armed conflicts between

645-544: The Indonesian Navy and withdraw his forces behind the Van Mook Line on the island of Java, and instead continued his guerilla campaign. The Dutch sent an ultimatum to his force to surrender and at one time surrounded his grandmother's house to look for him. In September 1949, the Dutch agreed to meet with Basry and his force for negotiation mediated by United Nations envoy. On 1 November 1949, his guerilla force

688-612: The Indonesian delegations were indignant at having to cover what it saw as the costs of Dutch military action against it. Finally, thanks to the intervention of the United States member of the UN Commission on Indonesia, the Indonesian side came to realise that agreeing to pay part of the Dutch debt would be the price they would have to pay for the transfer of sovereignty. On 24 October, the Indonesian delegations agreed that Indonesia would take over approximately ƒ 4.5 billion of Dutch East Indies government debt. The issue of

731-546: The Indonesian government was purchasing its sovereignty. Hasan Basry Hasan Basry was born in town of Kandangan , Zuider en Oosterafdeeling van Borneo residency , Dutch East Indies on 17 June 1923. He was at first educated at a Hollandsh Inlandsche School (a Dutch language school for native Indonesians), but later choose to pursue an Islamic education at a madrasa in his hometown. He then enrolled in an Islamic boarding school in Ponorogo , East Java . He

774-556: The Round Table Conference would be held in The Hague . Negotiations, which took place from 23 August to 2 November 1949, were assisted by the United Nations Commission for Indonesia . The Dutch, Republic of Indonesia and Federal Consultative Assembly delegations reached agreement resulting in a number of documents, namely a Charter of Transfer of Sovereignty—to come into immediate effect—a statute of union,

817-415: The agreement on 14 December. Sovereignty was transferred to the United States of Indonesia on 27 December. The unresolved status of Western New Guinea would lead to the 12-year dispute . Political parties in Netherlands considered Indonesia dissolving the United States of Indonesia in 1950 into the original Republic of Indonesia as a pretense to not negotiate further on status of New Guinea which

860-552: The archipelago. While nationalist sentiment was widespread between common people and grassroot movements, it was unpopular within aristocrats, especially in Kutai , East Kalimantan where royals there established a Dutch-supported East Kalimantan state. (There was also a Dutch puppet state in West Kalimantan led by Syarif Hamid II of Pontianak .) This later caused tensions between royals and people of Kutai, some of whom formed

903-756: The clash, several other engagements also occurred within inland regions in Landak and Melawi . Nationalist opposition to the Dutch was severely impeded by the Dutch military strength and the blockade which cut off nationalists from their counterparts in Java. In South Kalimantan , armed opposition was led by Hasan Basry in Meratus Mountains , with smaller conflicts occurring in Kotabaru and Tanah Laut . Anti-royalty and anti-Dutch sentiment were thought to be driven by influence of Communist Party of Indonesia in

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946-494: The conflict was resolved in 1962, Indonesia restarted payment of around ƒ.620 million. By 1965, 36 installments of unknown amounts had been made. The remainder was paid from 1976 in 30 installments with 1% annual interest rate until the last payment was made in 2002. Some journalists characterize the aftermath of the Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference as 'the price of independence,' suggesting that

989-722: The growing influence of Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI) in Kalimantan. On 22 August 1960, he issued a decree banning PKI activities in South Kalimantan, which later would be followed by commanders of South Sulawesi and South Sumatra . The event, known as Three Souths Affair ( Peristiwa Tiga Selatan ) angered Sukarno , who demanded the letter to be retracted. Basry ignored Sukarno's demand, which caused rising tension between Indonesian Army and PKI, later culminated in subsequent purge of communist . Basry became Deputy of Territorial Commando of Kalimantan in 1961 and also

1032-407: The inclusion or not of Western New Guinea almost resulted in the talks becoming deadlocked. The Indonesian delegations took the view that Indonesia should comprise the entire territory of Dutch East Indies. The Dutch refused to compromise, claiming Western New Guinea had no ethnic ties with the rest of the archipelago. Despite Dutch public opinion supporting transfer of Western New Guinea to Indonesia,

1075-439: The military blockade to provide information on revolutionary events in Java and Sumatra, declaring Kalimantan an inseparable part of the new Indonesian republic in the Kalimantan proclamation. Borneo was home to several native sultanates such as Sultanate of Banjar , Kutai , and Sultanate of Bulungan . Prior to 18th and 19th century, the Dutch began to intervene in internal matters of native sultanates, resulting conflict between

1118-593: The negotiations) sent a military force led by Major General Soehardjo to peacefully observe the state of affairs in Banjarmasin , where the Dutch KNIL forces were still mobilized. Yet the guerilla actions, strikes, targeted killings of KNIL soldiers, and theft of supplies from the Dutch side continued in late 1949. As the Republican position was strengthened, Basry attempted to impose military discipline over

1161-550: The organization regrouped and formed Benteng Indonesia (lit: Indonesian Fortress). Basry received a message from the Indonesian Navy command in Mojokerto to form a battalion under what would be known as ALRI 4th Division in Kalimantan. Thus he reorganized Benteng Indonesia as a more disciplined unit under the Indonesian Navy. Not long after Basry spread message of the independence proclamation, widespread revolt appeared in Kalimantan and Republican militias briefly captured

1204-646: The plane and one allegedly deserted, leaving only 12 on the ground. The group engaged against Dutch troops close to village of Pahandut, today Palangka Raya city . The group was ambushed on 23 November, leaving three killed while the rest fled until the entirety of the group was captured on 7 December. They were jailed in Banjarmasin before released in the aftermath of Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference . On 17 May 1949, Hasan Basry declared Kalimantan as integral part of Indonesian Republic and opposed any act to grant it independence from Indonesia. The proclamation

1247-530: The proclamation, the conflict in Kalimantan continued to take place. The Dutch did not recognize the proclamation and made a military push to limit the actual reach of Basry's claim to establishing a new Indonesian territory on Kalimantan soil. Starting in the late summer, while the Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference was being negotiated in The Hague , Indonesian defense ministers Mohammad Hatta (replaced by Hamengkubuwono IX during

1290-602: The region, A. A. Hamidhan to print and distribute pamphlets regarding proclamation of Indonesian independence to other towns and cities in Kalimantan such as Kandangan and Amuntai . On 5 May 1946, he joined an Indonesian paramilitary group named Laskar Syaifullah . However, the organization was disbanded in September of that year after the mass arrest of its members by the Netherlands Indies Civil Administration . Former members of

1333-560: The region, which was exceptionally strong in South and East Kalimantan. The Indonesian Navy, which had been founded in 1946, also sent secret emissaries to establish communication with nationlists in Kalimantan, to give them support and to attempt to bring them under their command. However, those armed elements did not have the power to displace the Dutch, who forced an agreement for the United States of Indonesia in 1946 in which Dutch puppet states in Borneo and elsewhere would be equal partners to

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1376-547: The remaining guerilla forces, some of whom had even conducted raids on Republican positions. However, the end of the military conflict came not as a result of military defeat of Dutch forces, but because the Netherlands were forced to cede sovereignty to Indonesia at the negotiating table in December 1949. Several monuments and statues exist in Kalimantan to commemorate the conflict and 17 May Proclamation. 17th May Stadium

1419-595: The republic and the federal delegates, from 31 July until 2 August, Inter-Indonesian Conferences were in Yogyakarta between all component authorities of the future United States of Indonesia . The delegates agreed on the basic principles and outline for the Federal Constitution of 1949 . Following preliminary discussions sponsored by the UN Commission for Indonesia in Jakarta, it was decided

1462-497: The republic of Indonesia. In October 1947, newly formed Indonesian Airforce (AURI) conducted its first ever airborne operation led by Tjilik Riwut in what today is Central Kalimantan using a Douglas DC-3 aircraft disguised as civilian plane. The group, named MN/1001 (Muhammad Noor 1001), consist of only 14 personnel, mostly Kalimantan-born. The goal was to break Dutch-imposed blockade and send back several Kalimantan-born nationalist back from Java. Only 13 personnel were deployed from

1505-468: The town of Marabahan. Basry's force controlled most of Kalimantan countryside while Dutch control were limited to cities and towns. Basry was disappointed by agreements made by the Republican government with the Dutch, such as the Linggadjati Agreement and later the Renville Agreement which he saw as maintaining Dutch hegemony in Kalimantan. Therefore, he refused to obey his commanders in

1548-464: The two. The most notable was Banjarmasin War , resulting in Dutch authorities eliminating most of royal institutions and declaring the sultanate cease to exist after 1863. Dutch control over the island remained weak and mostly handed over local authorities and royals that are supporting Dutch colonial establishment. Indonesian nationalism, which only arose in Java in the 1910s, was unheard of in Borneo until

1591-410: The withdrawal of Dutch troops "within the shortest possible time," and for the United States of Indonesia to grant most favoured nation status to the Netherlands. In addition, there would be no discrimination against Dutch nationals or companies and the republic agreed to take over trade agreements negotiated by the Dutch East Indies . However the two major areas of disagreement were over the debts of

1634-750: Was an active member of native Borneoan youth organizations in Surabaya , where he was exposed to the ideals of Indonesian nationalism. On 30 October 1945, not long after the Indonesian Declaration of Independence and early in the Indonesian National Revolution , Hasan Basry sneaked back into Kalimantan aboard the ship Bintang Tulen together with several other young militants ( Indonesian : pemuda ) from Kalimas Port in Surabaya . Upon arriving in Banjarmasin , he contacted another Indonesian nationalist figure in

1677-607: Was incorporated into Lambung Mangkurat Division of the Indonesian Army and he was given the rank of lieutenant colonel . After the war, he continued his education at Al-Azhar University in Egypt , and later The American University in Cairo from 1951 to 1955. In 1956, he became commander of 21st Infantry Regiment of Indonesian Army under South Kalimantan 4th Territorial Command. Basry was an anti-communist figure and disliked

1720-443: Was named after the proclamation. A folk song titled Kampung Batuah created by local artist Anang Ardiansyah contains lyrics about the event. Dutch%E2%80%93Indonesian Round Table Conference The Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference ( Dutch : Nederlands-Indonesische rondetafelconferentie ; Indonesian : Konferensi Meja Bundar ) was held in The Hague from 23 August to 2 November 1949, between representatives of

1763-587: Was officially closed in the Dutch parliament building on 2 November. The Dutch parliament debated the agreement, and the upper and lower houses ratified it on 21 December 1949 by the two-thirds majority needed. Despite criticism in particular of the Indonesian assumption of Dutch government debt and the unresolved status of Western New Guinea, the Indonesian legislature, the Central Indonesian National Committee , ratified

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1806-408: Was promised to be completed in 1950, voiding the Round Table Agreement, according to the Indonesian side. In response, Indonesia nationalized Dutch companies and assets, and stopped paying the above-mentioned debt. By around 1956, the remaining (not-recognized) debt of Indonesia was around ƒ 600 million. This means that in the period of 1950-1956 ƒ 3.8 billion had already been paid. After

1849-1506: Was read on Kandangan and later printed and circulated around Banjarmasin and Pontianak . Prior to declaration, Dutch authorities send an ultimatum to Hasan Basry and his followers to surrender. Indonesian version : “PROKLAMASI“ MERDEKA, DENGAN INI KAMI RAKYAT INDONESIA DI KALIMANTAN SELATAN, MEMPERMAKLUMKAN BERDIRINYA PEMERINTAHAN GUBERNUR TENTARA DARI “ALRI” MELINGKUNGI SELURUH DAERAH KALIMANTAN SELATAN MENJADI BAGIAN DARI REPUBLIK INDONESIA, UNTUK MEMENUHI ISI PROKLAMASI 17 AGUSTUS 1945 YANG DITANDATANGANI OLEH PRESIDEN SOEKARNO DAN WAKIL PRESIDEN MOHAMMAD HATTA. HAL-HAL YANG BERSANGKUTAN DENGAN PEMINDAHAN KEKUASAAN AKAN DIPERTAHANKAN DAN KALAU PERLU DIPERJUANGKAN SAMPAI TETES DARAH YANG PENGHABISAN. TETAP MERDEKA ! KANDANGAN,17 MEI. ATAS NAMA RAKYAT INDONESIA DI KALIMANTAN SELATAN GUBERNUR TENTARA HASSAN BASRY English version: "PROCLAMATION" MERDEKA (FREEDOM), WITH THIS WE PEOPLE OF INDONESIA IN SOUTH KALIMANTAN REGION REQUEST THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A MILITARY GOVERNOR UNDER THE INDONESIAN NAVY, INCLUDING ALL THE SOUTH KALIMANTAN REGION, TO BE PART OF THE INDONESIAN REPUBLIC, TO MEET THE CONTENT OF 1945 INDEPENDENCE PROCLAMATION SIGNED BY PRESIDENT SOEKARNO AND VICE PRESIDENT MOHAMMAD HATTA. CONCERNING THE TRANSFER OF POWER WILL BE MAINTAINED AND IF NEED TO BE STRUGGLED TO A DROP OF BLOOD THAT DRIVES. STAY INDEPENDENT! KANDANGAN, 17 MAY IN THE NAME OF THE INDONESIAN PEOPLE IN SOUTH KALIMANTAN MILITARY GOVERNOR HASAN BASRY After

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