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Bandy Playing Rules

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Bando is a team sport – related to field hockey , hurling , shinty , and bandy – which was first recorded in Wales in the eighteenth century.

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61-769: Bandy Playing Rules is the name of the rule book for bandy , edited by the Federation of International Bandy . The rule book is available online. The current book was adopted in September 2013. The rule book and the rules are overseen by the Rules and Referee Committee. The first rules for bandy was developed and written down in the late 19th century in England, by Charles Goodman Tebbutt , and later on in Russia. The two rule books had some differences but were similar enough that

122-757: A ball into the opposing team's goal. The playing surface, called a bandy field or bandy rink, is a sheet of ice which measures 90–110 metres by 45–65 metres, about the size of a football pitch . The field is considerably larger than the ice rinks commonly used for ice hockey . The sport has a common background with association football , ice hockey , shinty , and field hockey . Bandy's origins are debatable, but its first rules were organised and published in England in 1882. Internationally, bandy's strongest nations in both men's and women's competitions have long been Sweden and Russia ; both countries have established professional men's bandy leagues. In Russia , it

183-452: A coach, these positions are not defined or required by the rules of the game. The positions and formations of the players in bandy are virtually the same as the common association football positions and the same terms are used for the different positions of the players. A team usually consists of defenders, midfielders and forwards. The defenders can play in the form of centre-backs, full-backs and sometimes wing-backs, midfielders playing in

244-458: A formation generally defines whether a player has a mostly defensive or attacking role, and whether they tend to play towards one side of the pitch or centrally. A standard adult bandy match consists of two periods of 45 minutes each, known as halves. Each half runs continuously, meaning the clock is not stopped when the ball is out of play; the referee can, however, make allowance for time lost through significant stoppages as described below. There

305-468: A goal to be scored without another player touching the ball. A primary rule is that players (other than the goalkeepers) may not intentionally touch the ball with their heads, hands or arms during play. Although players usually use their sticks to move the ball around, they may use any part of their bodies other than their heads, hands or arms and may use their skates in a limited manner. The rules do not specify any player positions other than goalkeeper, but

366-432: A maximum of 11 players (excluding substitutes), one of whom must be the goalkeeper. A team of fewer than eight players may not start a game. Goalkeepers are the only players allowed to play the ball with their hands or arms, and they are only allowed to do so within the penalty area in front of their own goal. Though there are a variety of positions in which the outfield (non-goalkeeper) players are strategically placed by

427-402: A mean skating velocity of over 16 km/h and the skating velocity can in some cases reach 37 km/h. There are eighteen rules in official play, designed to apply to all levels of bandy, although certain modifications for groups such as juniors, veterans or women are permitted. The rules are often framed in broad terms, which allow flexibility in their application depending on the nature of

488-544: A number of player specialisations have evolved. Broadly, these include three main categories: Players in these positions are referred to as outfield players, to discern them from the single goalkeeper. These positions are further differentiated by which side of the field the player spends most time in. For example, there are central defenders, and left and right midfielders. The ten outfield players may be arranged in these positions in any combination (for example, there may be three defenders, five midfielders, and two forwards), and

549-422: A typical game, players attempt to propel the ball toward their opponents' goal through individual control of the ball, such as by dribbling , passing the ball to a teammate, and taking shots at the goal, which is guarded by the opposing goalkeeper. Opposing players may try to regain control of the ball by intercepting a pass or tackling the opponent who controls the ball. However, physical contact between opponents

610-650: A winter sport in the Fens of East Anglia . Large expanses of ice would form on the flooded meadows or shallow washes in cold winters where fen skating , which has been a tradition dating back to at least medieval times, took place. Bandy's early recorded modernization period can be traced back to 1813. Members of the Bury Fen Bandy Club published rules of the game in 1882, and introduced it into other European countries. A variety of stick and ball games involving ice skating were introduced to North America by

671-492: Is "bandy ball" ( 班迪球 ). In Scottish Gaelic the name is "ice shinty" ( camanachd-deighe ). In old times shinty or shinney were also sometimes used in English for bandy. Because of its similarities with association football, bandy is also nicknamed "winter football" ( Swedish : Vinterns fotboll ). With association football and hockey on ice or bandy both being popular sports in parts of Europe around 1900, bandy

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732-401: Is a goalkeeper . Goalkeepers use gloves made specifically for their position and wear them on both hands but do not use any type of stick. The offside rule, which in general is similar to the one used in football, is also employed. A goal cannot be scored from a goal throw, but unlike football, a goal can be scored from a stroke-in or a corner stroke. All free strokes are "direct" and allow

793-410: Is a fluid and fast-moving game, and (with the exception of the goalkeeper ) a player's position in a formation defines their role less rigidly than — for instance — for a rugby player, nor are there episodes in play where players must expressly line up in formation (as in gridiron football ). The bandy games are more similar to association football in this regard. Nevertheless, a player's position in

854-442: Is called "hockey with a puck" ( хоккей с шайбой ) or more frequently just "hockey". If the context makes it clear that bandy is the subject, it as well can be called just "hockey". In Belarusian, Ukrainian and Bulgarian it is also called "hockey with a ball" ( хакей з мячoм , хокей з м'ячем and хокей с топка respectively). In Slovak "bandy hockey" ( bandyhokej ) is the name. In Armenian, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Mongol and Uzbek, bandy

915-531: Is estimated that more than one million people play bandy. The sport also has organised league play and fans in other countries, including Finland , Norway , and Kazakhstan . The premier international bandy competition for men is the Bandy World Championship and for women it is the Women's Bandy World Championship . Organised bandy started in the late nineteenth century, but until 1955, there

976-636: Is in Khorugh , the capital of the Tajik autonomous province of Gorno-Badakhshan . Khorugh is situated 2,200 metres (7,200 feet) above sea level in the Pamir Mountains. Since the 1950s, when the Soviet Union ended its isolation and started to take part in international sports events, there has been a reason to play world championships . The International Bandy Federation was founded in 1955 and

1037-557: Is known as "ball hockey" ( գնդակով հոկեյ , допты хоккей , топтуу хоккей , бөмбөгтэй хоккей and koptokli xokkey respectively). In Finnish the two sports are distinguished as "ice ball" ( jääpallo ) and "ice puck" ( jääkiekko ), as well as in Hungarian ( jéglabda; jégkorong ), although in Hungarian it is more often called "bandy" nowadays. In Estonian bandy is also called "ice ball" ( jääpall ). In Mandarin Chinese it

1098-556: Is limited. Bandy is generally a free-flowing game, with play stopping only when the ball has left the field of play, or when play is stopped by the referee . After a stoppage, play can recommence with a free stroke, a penalty shot or a corner stroke. If the ball has left the field along the sidelines, the referee must decide which team touched the ball last, and award a restart stroke to the opposing team, just like football's throw-in. In terms of rules, bandy has several rules that are similar to football. Each team has 11 players, one of whom

1159-402: Is still the same game with the same rules indoors or outdoors and no changes are made to the rules depending on whether there's a roof overhead or not. Many games, even in the highest leagues, are still played outdoors. In Sweden there are more indoor arenas than in all other countries combined. Bandy is played on ice, using a single round bandy ball . Two teams of 11 players each compete to get

1220-430: Is usually a 15-minute half-time break. The end of the match is known as full-time. The referee is the official timekeeper for the match and may make an allowance for time lost through substitutions, injured players requiring attention, or other stoppages. This added time is commonly referred to as stoppage time or injury-time , and must be reported to the match secretary and the two captains. The referee alone signals

1281-606: The 1800s but failed to organize and develop popular rules codes. However, these stick and ball games became one of the eventual antecedents of the modern sport of ice hockey , whose first rules were codified in Canada in 1875, almost a decade before the rules of modern bandy were established in Britain. The first international bandy match took place in 1891 between Bury Fen and the Haarlemsche Hockey & Bandy Club from

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1342-570: The 1920s to compete in the Olympics. The smaller ice fields needed for ice hockey also made its rinks easier to maintain, especially in countries with short winters. On the other hand, ice hockey was not played in the Soviet Union until the 1950s, when the USSR wanted to compete internationally. The typical European style of ice hockey, with flowing, less physical play, represents a heritage of bandy. The first national bandy league in modern history

1403-404: The 1950s. Later, as the season for each sport increased in time, it was not as easy for the players to engage in both sports, so some clubs came to concentrate on one or the other. Many old clubs still have both sports on their program. Sten-Ove Ramberg is the last Swedish player in both national teams (1978 in bandy, 1979–1984 in football). No clear distinction between bandy and ice hockey

1464-416: The 1980s and increasingly since the turn of the millennium, more and more indoor arenas for bandy have been built (often as joint arenas to be used also for football or speed skating). The use of indoor arenas makes the effects of the weather on a game virtually insignificant, something which earlier always have been a factor to consider for the teams and the audiences. However, unlike some other sports, bandy

1525-623: The Netherlands (a club which after a couple of club fusions now is named HC Bloemendaal ). The same year, the National Bandy Association was established in England as a governing body for the sport in England. National governing federations for bandy were also founded in the 1890s in the Netherlands and Russia and in the following decade in Finland, Sweden, and Norway. The match later dubbed "the original bandy match",

1586-401: The Netherlands each had sports or pastimes, such as bando , which can be seen as forerunners of the present sport. The mid-eighteenth-century Devonshire Dialogue collection lists Bandy as "a game, like that of Golf, in which the adverse parties endeavour to beat a ball (generally a knob or gnarl from the trunk of a tree,) opposite ways... the stick with which the game is played is crook'd at

1647-406: The ball into the other team's goal using bandy sticks , thereby scoring a goal. The team that has scored more goals at the end of the game is the winner. If both teams have scored an equal number of goals, then, with some exceptions, the game is a draw . The game is designed to be played on a rectangular sheet of ice, called a bandy field , which is the same size as a football (soccer) field. In

1708-413: The ball; He is, we know it, and must allow it, The fastest man of all Let cricket players blame, And seek to slight our fame, Their bat and wicket can never lick it, This ancient manly game Bando is believed to be the first mass spectator sport of Glamorgan and Wales, and in 1817 a match between Margam and Newton Nottage attracted over 3,000 spectators. The sport remained popular throughout

1769-410: The centre, attacking or defensive, and forwards in the form of centre forward, second strikers and sometimes a winger. Sometimes one player is also taking up the role of a libero. Any number of players may be replaced by substitutes during the course of the game. Substitutions can be performed without notifying the referee and can be performed while the ball is in play. However, the substitute must leave

1830-532: The century with notable personalities known to play the sport including preacher John Elias and future prime minister , David Lloyd George . The sport continued to be played until the second half of the nineteenth century, but was beginning to be replaced by other sports. The game survived in the Aberavon area until the death of Theodore Talbot, the captain of the Margam Bando Boys in 1876. Talbot,

1891-499: The contrary appears true with bando. Once a challenge of a game was made between villages, wagers were normally set which demanded an agreed set of rules, including the number of players, normally between 20 and 30 and the size of the playing area. Matthews records a playing area of 200 yards , with the goal markers at each end set ten yards apart. Despite a set of rules, the game was still open to violent play with players often using their bando sticks to strike their opponents. One of

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1952-466: The end of the match. Bando (sport) A bando game is played on a large level field between teams of up to thirty players each of them equipped with a bando : a curve-ended stick resembling that used in field hockey . Although no formal rules are known, the objective of the game was to strike a ball between two marks which served as goals at either end of the pitch. Popular in Glamorgan in

2013-430: The end". The sport's first published set of organized rules was codified in 1882 in England by Charles Goodman Tebbutt of the Bury Fen Bandy Club . When the international federation was founded in 1955, it came about after a compromise between Russian and English rules, in which more of the English rules prevailed. Since association football was already popular in England, the codified bandy rules took after much of

2074-516: The exact same rules as men, but the women's game is played separately. Women have been playing bandy since the sport was originally developed. Although there were several attempts in the early part of the nineteenth century to organise bandy leagues for women's teams, regular leagues only started in the 1970s in Sweden and Finland and then later in the 1980s in Norway and the Soviet Union. Starting in

2135-423: The first world championships were played in 1957 with the Soviet Union and then Russia (as its successor country in 1993) almost consistently in a top position in the sport of bandy alongside Sweden. Finland has won once, in 2004. In a similar fashion, Russia, along with Sweden, has emerged as one of the two dominant women's bandy nations internationally in the Women's Bandy World Championship . Women's bandy uses

2196-459: The football rules. Like association football, games are normally two 45 minute halves and there are 11 players per side. Players sticks are curved like large field hockey sticks and the bandy ball is roughly the size of a tennis ball with a cork core and hard plastic coating. Bandy balls were originally usually red but are now either orange or more commonly cerise . Bandy as an ice skating sport first developed in Britain. English bandy developed as

2257-426: The game can be seen as being the same. At the time, the rules of ice hockey were also more similar with the bandy rules than they are today. The English rules of bandy were adopted in Sweden, Finland and Norway, where bandy survived while it died out in England and continental Europe in the early 20th century. In the 1930s, Sweden, Finland and Norway started to cooperate on the development of the rules, so they would be

2318-426: The game. A game is officiated by a referee, the authority and enforcer of the rules, whose decisions are final. The referee may have one or two assistant referees. A secretary outside of the field often takes care of the match protocol. The Bandy Playing Rules can be found on the official website of the Federation of International Bandy , and are overseen by the Rules and Referee Committee. Each team consists of

2379-423: The ice before the teammate enters it. A team can bring at the most four substitutes to the game, five if one of these is an extra goalkeeper. Formation in bandy describes how the players in a team generally position themselves on the rink and is often comparable to the formation in association football . The team's manager(s) define the team's formation while tactics are usually their prerogative as well. Bandy

2440-615: The ice, as the game was played on frozen lakes back then. An 1899 photo of two players demonstrating the game shows the sticks being held single-handed. Historically, bandy was a popular sport in England and in some central and western European countries until the First World War , and from 1901 to 1926 it was played in the Scandinavian Nordic Games , the first international multi-sport event focused on winter sports . The sport's English name comes from

2501-417: The late eighteenth century, and in 1797 a traveller en route from Cowbridge to Pyle noted "the extraordinary barrenness" of the locality in ash and elm trees, hard woods ideal for bando bats, and came across hordes of people hastening to the sea shore to watch a game of bando. Whereas the sticks were made of hard wood, the ball, known as a "colby", was normally of yew , box or crabapple . The sport

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2562-458: The more notable teams of the time were the "Margam Bando Boys" , a team who played on Aberavon Beach . The team are celebrated in a macaronic ballad, "The Margam Bando Boys", written in the earlier part of the nineteenth century. "Margam Bando Boys", (first three verses) Due praises I'll bestow And all the world shall know That Margam valour shall keep its colour When Kenfig's waters flow Our master, straight and tall Is foremost with

2623-417: The nineteenth century, the sport all but vanished by the end of the century. Now a minority sport, the game is still played in parts of Wales (are there any references to this? I'm not aware of any except for a spoof article here: http://www.thejudge.me.uk/TVR/TVR_gal_ATC_TC_02.htm ) where it has become an Easter tradition. Bando is believed to have common origins with bandy . The game was first recorded in

2684-510: The number of participating athletes, the FIB has claimed bandy is the world's second-most participated winter sport after ice hockey , but it is not recorded how many of these participants are male and how many are female. The earliest origin of the sport is debated. Though many Russians see their old countrymen as the creators of the sport – reflected by the unofficial title for bandy, "Russian hockey" (русский хоккей) – Russia, England, Wales, and

2745-414: The number of players in each position determines the style of the team's play; more forwards and fewer defenders would create a more aggressive and offensive-minded game, while the reverse would create a slower, more defensive style of play. While players may spend most of the game in a specific position, there are few restrictions on player movement, and players can switch positions at any time. The layout of

2806-422: The players on the pitch is called the team's formation , and defining the team's formation and tactics is usually the prerogative of the team's manager(s). Formation in bandy is often comparable to the formation in association football . Shouldering is allowed in checking situations and body contact therefore does occur, but body checking and fighting are illegal. Bandy is a swift game. Elite players have

2867-460: The same in all three countries. The demonstration of bandy at the 1952 Winter Olympics made Soviet Union interested in joining the international exchange and the three Nordic countries were invited to a friendly tournament 1954 in Moscow. By 1955 the four countries had agreed upon a common set of rules and International Bandy Federation was created, which since then has been the governing body for

2928-602: The same time as modern ice hockey rules were formalized in British North America (present-day Canada), bandy rules were decided upon in Europe. A cross between English and Russian bandy rules eventually developed with the football-inspired English rules ( cf the passage above about bandy and Association football) becoming dominant, together with the Russian low-border along most of the two sidelines, an addition to

2989-474: The same time as the bandy tournament at the 1913 Nordic Games . However, this European Championship tournament likely never happened, or is a conflation of titles, since no contemporary sources have been found. Still, in 2014, a Four Nation Bandy tournament was held in Davos, Switzerland , as a centenary celebration of the alleged 1913 European Bandy Championships. The highest altitude where bandy has been played

3050-579: The son of Christopher Rice Mansel Talbot and heir to the Margam Estate was a supporter of the sport, and his death coincided with the coming of the Mansel, Avon Vale and Taibach tinworks. The employees turned to a new sport spreading through south Wales, rugby union , with Aberavon Rugby Football Club forming in 1876. Now a minority sport, the game survives as an amateur game in parts of Wales, and some small-scale attempts have been made to revive

3111-552: The sport which has maintained its presence since the 1950s. Before Canadians introduced ice hockey into Europe in the early twentieth century, " hockey " was another name for bandy, and still is in parts of Russia and Kazakhstan. Both bandy and ice hockey were played in Europe during the twentieth century, especially in Sweden, Finland, and Norway. Ice hockey became more popular than bandy in most of Europe, mostly because it had become an Olympic sport, while bandy had not. Athletes in Europe who had played bandy switched to ice hockey in

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3172-500: The sport, although it changed its name to Federation of International Bandy in the first decade of the 3rd millennium. Mostly the English rules prevailed, the most noteworthy exception being the 15 cm high border along the sidelines from the Soviet rule book. Bandy Bandy is a winter sport and ball sport played by two teams wearing ice skates on a large ice surface (either indoors or outdoors) while using sticks to direct

3233-431: The turn of the century 1900, the sport is literally called "bandy or hockey on the ice". Since the early twentieth century, the term bandy is usually preferred to prevent confusion with ice hockey . The sport is known as bandy in many languages, with a few exceptions. In Russia, bandy is called "Russian hockey" ( русский хоккей ) or more frequently, and officially, "hockey with a ball" ( хоккей с мячом ) while ice hockey

3294-462: The verb "to bandy", from the Middle French bander ("to strike back and forth"), and originally referred to a seventeenth-century Irish game similar to field hockey. The curved stick was also called a "bandy". The etymological connection to the similarly named Welsh hockey game of bando is not clear. An old name for bandy is hockey on the ice ; in the first rule books from England at

3355-432: The year. Some examples are Nottingham Forest Football and Bandy Club in England (today known just as Nottingham Forest F.C. ) and Norwegian Strømsgodset IF and Mjøndalen IF , with both having an active bandy section. In Sweden, most football clubs that were active during the first half of the 20th century also played bandy. Swedish player Orvar Bergmark earned silver medals in the world championships of both sports in

3416-520: Was actually held in 1875 at The Crystal Palace in London. However, at the time, the game was called "hockey on the ice", probably as it was considered an ice variant of field hockey . An early maker of bandy sticks was the firm of Gray's, Cambridge. One such stick, now in the collections of the Museum of Cambridge , has a length of rope twisted round the handle to rescue any player who might fall through

3477-404: Was highly influenced by football and taking after its main rules: having a field approximately the same size, having the same number of players on each team and having the same game time (2×45 minutes). It is natural that bandy got the nickname 'winter football'. It was common for sports clubs to have both a bandy and a football section, with athletes playing both sports but at different times of

3538-480: Was made before the 1920s. As bandy in a way can be seen as a precursor to ice hockey , bandy has influenced the development and history of ice hockey, mainly in European and former Soviet countries. While modern ice hockey was created in Canada, a variety of games which bore a closer resemblance to bandy were initially played there after British soldiers introduced the game of bandy in the late nineteenth century. At

3599-598: Was no established international governing body for the sport. The international governing body for bandy today is the Federation of International Bandy (FIB) which formed in February 1955. In 2001, bandy was recognized as a sport by the International Olympic Committee (IOC). Both traditional eleven-a-side bandy and rink bandy (which is played on a smaller rink) are recognized by the IOC. Based on

3660-404: Was often played between local villages, with fierce rivalries in the west of Glamorgan between Baglan , Aberavon and Margam and in mid Glamorgan between Pyle , Kenfig and Llangynwyd . Edward Matthews of Ewenni records that no-one above the age of twelve-month would be seen without a bando stick. Although many pre-industrial games are recorded to be lawless affairs with haphazard rules,

3721-719: Was started in Sweden in 1902. Bandy was played at the Nordic Games in both Stockholm and Kristiania (present day Oslo ) in 1901, 1903, 1905, 1909, 1913 , 1917, 1922 and 1926, and between Swedish, Finnish and Russian teams at similar games in Helsinki in 1907. Bandy appeared as a sport in all eight editions of the Nordic Games from 1901 to 1926. Some sources describe a 1913 European Bandy Championships as having been held in February 1913, in St. Moritz, Switzerland , at

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