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57-480: The Holden Barina is a subcompact automobile sold between 1985 and 2018 by Holden in Oceania . Each of the six generations have been badge-engineered versions of various General Motors vehicles, namely Suzuki Cultus , Opel Corsa , and Daewoo Kalos . Barina is an Australian aboriginal word meaning "summit". The first generation MB Barina was launched on 12 February 1985 as a badge-engineered Suzuki Cultus as

114-644: A coil sprung rear end replacing the leaf springs of the MB, a revised dashboard, headlights, tailgate and lights, and front grille. In the Used Car Safety Ratings undertaken by the Monash University Accident Research Centre, published in 2008, found that the first generation Barina provides a "significantly worse than average" level of occupant safety protection in the event of an accident . In New Zealand,

171-518: A five-door hatchback . In the first year of production a " Roadrunner Pack " special model was offered complete with decals showing the Warner Bros. cartoon character. A high-profile marketing campaign featured the slogan Beep beep Barina , a catchphrase that remains in the consciousness of many Australians in the present. The facelifted ML series was released in September 1986, this included

228-562: A group of younger buyers who otherwise shop for used cars. While fuel prices at the time were increasing, the small cars were planned before fuel prices soared; for example, Honda had announced that it would release a subcompact model as early as 2004. By 2008, sales of subcompact cars had dramatically increased in the wake of a continuing increase of fuel prices. At the same time, sales of pickup trucks and large sport utility vehicles had dropped sharply. By April 2008, sales of Toyota’s subcompact Yaris had increased 46 percent, and Honda’s Fit had

285-695: A higher average transaction price. Models that were no longer sold in the United States by the end of the decade include the Mazda 2 (discontinued after 2014), Scion xD (2016), Toyota Prius C (2017), Ford Fiesta (2019), Smart Fortwo (2019), Fiat 500 (2019), Toyota Yaris (2020), Honda Fit (2020), and Chevrolet Sonic (2020). Clayton, Victoria Clayton is a suburb in Melbourne , Victoria , Australia , 19 km south-east of Melbourne's Central Business District , located within

342-497: A record month with an increase of 54 percent. However, low fuel prices and the added room in SUVs impacted subcompact sales negatively in the late 2010s. During this period, industry executives and analysts said that the subcompact car market was returning to historical norms after an unusual period when manufacturers had expanded small car lineups in anticipation of rising demand fueled by rising fuel prices, which has since eased. In

399-483: A second township where the line crossed Clayton Road. The Post Office opened on 18 November 1887 as Clayton's Road Railway Station and was renamed Clayton in 1891. Clayton's rural lands and relative proximity to Melbourne attracted two institutions at the turn of the century: the Talbot Colony for Epileptics on land later occupied by Monash University , and a Women's Convalescent Home. Apart from that, in 1900

456-482: A second vehicle for use around town, not as a primary car. The Volkswagen Beetle was marketed with advertising pointing out the car's unconventional features as strengths and to get buyers to "think small." Prompted by the British government for exports, Ford was one of the first companies to try and sell inexpensive small cars in volume. From 1948 to 1970, approximately 250,000 economical English Fords were imported to

513-635: Is one of the largest centres of science, technology and research in Australia. It is located in Melbourne's south-eastern suburbs, which contains the highest density of high technology industries in Victoria. Some of the science and technology institutions located in Clayton include: Clayton is also a hub for both local and international businesses, with a long history of local manufacturing. Some of

570-458: Is younger and more male-skewed than the average for the state; the median age is 28 compared to 38 for Victoria, while men and women make up 53.7% and 46.3% of the population respectively, compared to 49.2% and 50.8% for Victoria. The age curve is skewed, with 20-24 year olds and 25-29 year olds each making up approximately one-fifth of the population; for the state as a whole, 6.3% and 7.3% of the population are aged 20-24 and 25-29 respectively. At

627-465: The AMC Gremlin , Chevrolet Vega , and Ford Pinto . The term subcompact originated during the 1960s. However, it came into popular use in the early 1970s, as car manufacturers in the United States began to introduce smaller cars into their line-up. Previously, cars in this size were variously categorized, including "small cars" or "economy cars". Several of these small cars were produced in

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684-679: The Chevrolet Sprint . The second-generation MF Barina was a rebadged second generation Suzuki Cultus , co-developed with GM using the GM M platform and marketed worldwide under nearly a dozen nameplates, prominently as the Suzuki Swift , Pontiac Firefly (Canada) and Geo Metro (Chevrolet's sub-model in the USA). A five-door hatchback was first released in January 1989, and was followed by

741-475: The City of Monash local government area . Clayton recorded a population of 18,988 at the 2021 census . The main focus for the suburb of Clayton is the shopping strip that runs along Clayton Road. The local railway station, situated at the northern end of the shopping strip bears the name Clayton railway station . In the 2021 census, there were 18,988 people in Clayton, down from 19,358 in 2016. The population

798-686: The Ford Mustang II temporarily downsized from the pony car class to become a subcompact car for its second generation. The Monza with its GM variants Pontiac Sunbird , Buick Skyhawk , Oldsmobile Starfire , and the Mustang II continued until the end of the decade. The Chevrolet Chevette was GM's new entry-level subcompact introduced as a 1976 model. It was an 'Americanized' design from Opel , GM's German subsidiary. Additionally, subcompacts that were imported and marketed through domestic manufacturers' dealer networks as captive imports included

855-575: The Renault Le Car and the Ford Fiesta . In 1977, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) began to use a new vehicle classification system, based on interior volume instead of exterior size. Sedans with up to 100 cubic feet of passenger luggage volume were classified as subcompact. There was not a separate subcompact station wagon class with all up to 130 cubic feet of volume classified as "small." In 1978, Volkswagen began producing

912-715: The Suzuki Cultus (a three-cylinder hatchback, badged as the Chevrolet Sprint) and the Isuzu Gemini (a four-cylinder hatchback/sedan badged as the Chevrolet Spectrum). Subcompact cars were highly popular in the 1990s due to their affordability and fuel efficiency. These cars typically had engines under 1.6 liters and were ideal for city driving. During the 1990s GM offered the Geo brand featuring

969-645: The "Rabbit" version of the Golf — a modern, front-wheel drive design— in Pennsylvania. In 1982, American Motors began manufacturing the U.S. Renault Alliance — a version of the Renault 9 — in Wisconsin. Both models benefiting from European designs, development, and experience. To replace the aging Chevette in the second half of the 1980s, Chevrolet introduced marketed imported front-wheel drive subcompact cars:

1026-404: The 1860s. A township was originally gazetted on Dandenong Road and in 1862 a primary school was opened at the corner of Dandenong Road and Clayton Road, to serve the whole of the Clayton district. This school changed its name to Clayton North Primary School in 1954. The construction of the railway to Dandenong and Gippsland about 1 km south of Dandenong Road in 1878 prompted the start of

1083-606: The 2008 Used Car Safety Ratings the XC Barina was rated as providing a "better than average" level of occupant protection in the event of an accident, with ANCAP rating the model four out of five stars. In December 2005, Holden dropped the Opel-sourced Barina and rebadged the Daewoo Kalos hatchback as the fifth generation TK Barina. In February 2006, a four-door sedan went on sale, the first sedan type for

1140-567: The Australian market. The Barina was given a facelift in November 2016, with design updates given to the interior and exterior. The RS and Sedan models were dropped as part of the facelift. On 14 September 2018, Holden announced that the Barina will be dropped from the line-up. Subcompact car According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) car size class definition,

1197-555: The Barina (also sold as the "Suzuki Swift") was assembled by GMNZ from 1985 until 1989. At least for the ML series, a three-door version was also offered in NZ. From 1986 to 1989, a Holden Barina GTi model was also sold, being a rebadged Suzuki Swift GTi (see Suzuki Cultus ). This vehicle used the G13B engine. General Motors sold this car in other markets as well. In the United States, it was badged as

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1254-535: The Barina nameplate. It is also equipped with a 1.6-litre twin-cam 16-valve F16D3 Daewoo inline-four engine. The decision to use the Daewoo Kalos as a basis for the car was made to ensure Holden remained highly competitive in the fast-growing small car market in Australia, facing fierce competition from other South Korean-sourced models like the Hyundai Getz . The Opel-sourced model sold at a large loss and

1311-510: The MY03 update, the SXi three-door and CD five-door models replaced the base 1.4-litre cars, but slower sales prompted Holden to revert to the unbadged base model names again from mid-2004 (MY04.5), despite a facelift from January 2004 (MY04) that saw a new nose treatment, some steering and suspension modifications, trim changes and a heavily revised 1.4-litre engine in manual-only base model Barinas. In

1368-528: The Series II Holden Captiva with similar headlight and grille designs. The TM series is powered by a 1.6-litre petrol engine with a choice of a five-speed or 6-speed manual as well as a six-speed automatic transmission. The TM Barina is based on the second generation Chevrolet Aveo . In 2015, a limited run Barina X was introduced, based on the CD model (base). Only 700 of them were produced for

1425-628: The Suzuki-built Metro subcompact. Subcompact cars of the 1990s typically featured a small footprint, lightweight design, and engines with displacements generally under 1.6 liters. They were designed to provide maximum interior space while maintaining a compact exterior, making them ideal for city driving and parking. Several models defined the subcompact car market during the 1990s. Some of the most notable include: The 1990s focused on fuel efficiency and emissions, leading to innovations in fuel injection and aerodynamics. These subcompacts set

1482-595: The U.S. in limited volumes, including the 1930 American Austin (later called the American Bantam) and the 1939 Crosley . From the 1950s onwards, various imported small cars were sold in the U.S., including the Nash Metropolitan , Volkswagen Beetle , and various small British cars. The term subcompact did not yet exist, so the Metropolitan was labeled a "compact or economy car" and marketed as

1539-458: The U.S., because the EPA's name for this smaller category — "minicompact" — is not commonly used by the general public. The prevalence of small cars in the United States increased in the 1960s due to increased imports of cars from Europe and Japan. Widespread use of the term subcompact coincided with the early 1970s increase in subcompact cars built in the United States. Early 1970s subcompacts include

1596-544: The US while over 235,000 went to Canada. Models such as the 1960 Ford Anglia were promoted as "The world's most exciting light car." Due to the increasing popularity of small cars imported from Europe and Japan during the late 1960s, the American manufacturers began releasing competing locally-built models in the early 1970s. The AMC Gremlin was described at its April 1970 introduction as "the first American-built import" and

1653-420: The United States, the segment experienced a 50 percent drop in sales in the first half of 2020 compared to 2019. In Canada, the subcompact share of the car market shrank to 1.6 percent for the year ending 2020, down from 2.4 percent in 2019. As a result, manufacturers stopped offering subcompact models and focused on larger cars instead, including subcompact crossover SUVs which offer higher profit margins and

1710-477: The Victorian and Australian average (4.7%, 2.7%, 2.2% for Victoria; 3.9%, 2%, 1.3% for Australia), while its Anglo-Celtic Australian population is lower. A larger share of the population of Clayton than of the state or country report speaking a non-English language at home. 25.2% in 2016 and 28.3% in 2021 reported English as the only language they spoke at home. In both years, the main non-English language spoken

1767-510: The car to shift higher than 3rd gear. The sixth generation TM series Barina debuted at the 2011 Australian International Motor Show held in Melbourne . The 5 door hatch was released for sale in November 2011 and the sedan was launched in February 2012. The TM Barina has a similar interior design seen on the smaller Barina Spark both sharing the same ice blue LCD gauge cluster and a similar centre stack design. The exterior looks much more like

Holden Barina - Misplaced Pages Continue

1824-742: The choice of Casablanca White, Atlantis Blue, and Mint Green. From November 1997 until late 2000, Holden sold the Barina Cabrio soft top convertible . Only 581 were sold. Based on the Barina City three-door hatchback, the soft top version was built in Spain like the rest of the SB series lineup. However, once imported into Australia, Holden organised for the conversion into cabriolets at Clayton, Victoria through its performance vehicle partner, Holden Special Vehicles (HSV). Separately in mainland Europe,

1881-613: The community consisted of farms, three hotels, two churches, a tennis court and a few shops. Market gardens, fruit growing and a municipal abattoir were the leading industries. The 1960s saw the rapid disappearance of market gardens as urbanisation and industry advanced. At the western edge of Clayton the Oakleigh High School had been opened in 1955 and a second primary school was opened next year at Clayton South . Clayton East Post Office opened in 1958 (and closed 1979). Melbourne's second metropolitan university, Monash,

1938-540: The current and former manufacturers located in Clayton include: The suburb is home to Clayton Football Club, currently competing in the Southern Football League and located at Meade Reserve, Haughton Rd, Clayton. The club was formed in 1908 and after commencing at a ground on the corner of Crawford Rd & Centre Rd, Clarinda, moved to its current ground in 1919. Clayton District Cricket Club also plays at Meade Reserve, Haughton Rd, Clayton. The club

1995-485: The engine, which could fail and split apart due to repeated stress and heat cycles. The ABS system is known for electrical faults and failure of the ABS system to operate if the warning light illuminates. Front tire wear was high in the early 2006 models due to factory suspension camber settings, which were revised by 2008. Automatic transmission TK cars were also the subject of a recall due to internal shift solenoids not allowing

2052-424: The entire MH series run. The equivalent Suzuki had the amber lenses. The MH Barina, which was released in September 1991, featured an improved interior, upgraded suspension, new front and rear bumpers and revised tail-lamp clusters. Like the previous generation, the second generation Barina provides a "worse than average" level of safety according to the 2008 Used Car Safety Ratings. The third generation SB Barina

2109-688: The first U.S. built subcompact car. Also introduced in 1970 were the Chevrolet Vega and Ford Pinto . Plans for the subcompact AMC Gremlin pre-dated Vega and Pinto by several years because of AMC's strategy to recognize emerging market opportunities ahead of the competition. Sales of American-built "low weight cars" (including subcompacts) accounted for more than 30% of total car sales in 1972 and 1973, despite inventory shortages for several models. The Gremlin, Pinto and Vega were all rear-wheel drive and available with four-cylinder engines (the Pinto

2166-537: The introduction of a three-door "GS" hatchback in September 1990. An ordering mix-up meant that (right hand drive) NZ versions – now imported assembled from Japan – received the North American Geo tail lamp cluster with red flashing direction indicators rather than the Suzuki style cluster with amber flasher sent to Australia. Luckily for GM NZ, NZ law still allowed amber or red so the red lenses remained for

2223-508: The local community was formerly a part of the now defunct City of Oakleigh local council, in 1995 the municipality became the south-western corner for the City of Monash . A large new building at the corner of Cooke Street and Centre Road was opened in April 2008. It houses the Clayton branch of the [1] Monash Public Library Service, a swimming pool, gym, counselling services, health and child care services, theatre and meeting rooms. Clayton

2280-591: The main matric curriculum, however, it was only up to 5th form (year 11). To complete Matric students mainly transferred to the Oakleigh High School for the last year of studies. At its peak attendance would have been over 1000 male pupils. It was closed sometime in the 1980s. The only piece of land left from where the school once stood, is now titled Fregon reserve. In 1971 the Catholic bishops of Victoria and Tasmania purchased land adjacent to Monash University to house their seminary , Corpus Christi College . The seminary

2337-463: The question. Hinduism and Buddhism were more common compared to the general population; 7.3% and 6.7% of Clayton residents reported being Hindu or Buddhist respectively, compared to 2.3% and 3.1% of Victorians, and 1.9% and 2.4% of Australians. 13.9% reported being Catholic, compared to 23.2% of Victorians. The area was first occupied for farming in the 1850s and was originally named after a property, "Clayton Vale", owned by lawyer John Hughes Clayton in

Holden Barina - Misplaced Pages Continue

2394-516: The range and suspension upgrades to improve ride and handling. These models can be identified by their half body coloured bumpers, three-bar grille, and updated trim and badging. During 1997, Holden released the special edition Lambada. Limited to 500 cars, the Lambada 3-door hatchback added a sunroof, 14 inch alloys, body coloured bumpers, and power steering over the City it was based on. Holden offered

2451-757: The same concept was sold from 1995 as the Opel Corsa Twister, converted by R&R Kupfer in the Dutch city of Dordrecht . A small number were exported to the United Kingdom between 1998 and 1999 for sale with Vauxhall Corsa branding. The final cars were built in 2000, but sales continued into 2001 until the XC model arrived. In the 2008 Used Car Safety Ratings, the SB Barina was assessed as providing an "average" protection. The fourth-generation XC Barina

2508-483: The stage for modern small cars, emphasizing efficiency and reliability. Because of consumer demand for fuel-efficient cars during the mid- to late-2000s, sales of subcompact cars made them the fastest growing market category in the U.S. In 2006, three major subcompact models were introduced to the market, the Toyota Yaris , Honda Fit , and Nissan Versa . These models were released by their manufacturers to aim at

2565-631: The subcompact category sits between the "minicompact" and " compact " categories. The EPA definition of a subcompact is a passenger car with a combined interior and cargo volume of 85–99 cubic feet (2,410–2,800 L). Current examples of subcompact cars are the Nissan Versa and Mitsubishi Mirage . The smaller cars in the A-segment/city car category (such as the Chevrolet Spark and Smart Fortwo) are sometimes called subcompacts in

2622-509: The time the census was taken, 27.2% of the population reported being born in Australia, compared to 65% of the Victorian population and 66.9% of the Australian population. 16.4% reported their country of birth as India, while 14.7% reported it as mainland China . In the 2016 census, 24.7% of Clayton reported being born in Australia, while 27.4% reported being born in China and 10% in India. Clayton

2679-447: The updated Barina's specification. Safety-wise, side-impact air bags have been included as standard fitment. As a result of this, and structural improvements including a high-strength steel reinforced B-pillar , ANCAP rated the car four out of five stars, up from two. Common issues with the TK throughout the model run were Holden's use of an unusual all-plastic thermostat housing design on

2736-547: The worst in recorded history. As a result, Denny Mooney , the managing director of Holden, was forced to publicly defend the perceived poor reputation of the TK Barina. The updated TK Barina hatchback was released in August 2008. It has been facelifted with a bolder grille, new headlamps and tail lamps, along with the same interior seen on the sedan model introduced in 2006. Power windows and electric mirrors were standardised in

2793-476: Was 24.3% and 29.2% respectively. A larger share of Clayton residents reported being employed as "professionals" than the general Australian population (28.3% vs 24%), but fewer reported being "managers" (6.4% vs 13.7%). The median weekly incomes for individuals and households were AU$ 594 and AU$ 1,494 respectively, compared to AU$ 803 and AU$ 1,759 for Victoria. 39.4% of Clayton residents in 2021 reported having no religious affiliation, and another 8.9% did not answer

2850-406: Was Mandarin; other prominent languages in 2021 were Greek, Hindi, Gujarati, and Cantonese. Large shares of the Clayton population report being higher education students: 71.7% in 2016 and 54.4% in 2021. Amongst the suburb's population as a whole, 34% in 2016 and 42.3% in 2021 reported having a bachelor's degree or higher. The proportion holding such a degree for Victoria as a whole in those years

2907-699: Was also available with a V6 engine, and the Gremlin was also available with I6 and V8 engines). The Pontiac Astre , the Canadian-originated re-badged Vega variant was released in the U.S. in September 1974. Due to falling sales of the larger pony cars (such as the Chevrolet Camaro and first-generation Ford Mustang) in the mid-1970s, the Vega-based Chevrolet Monza was introduced as an upscale subcompact and

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2964-481: Was at the time one of only two areas in Greater Melbourne where Australia was not the most common place of birth, with the Melbourne central business district being the other. 32.2% of the population in the 2021 census reported their ethnicity as Chinese, while 9.3% reported it as Indian, 8.6% as English, 7% as Australian, and 4.5% as Greek. Clayton's Chinese, Indian, and Greek populations are higher than

3021-478: Was based on the Opel Corsa B and imported from Spain. It was released in April 1994 and was offered as a three- or five-door hatchback . Engine choices were a 1.2 and 1.4-litre four-cylinder engine. A 1.6-litre engine was also offered for the sporty range topping GSi. The third generation Barina was available in the following models: In August 1997, there was an update featuring multipoint fuel injection across

3078-649: Was moved to Carlton in 1999, and the site now serves as a conference centre. Numerous factories, including Volkswagen (later became the Datsun / Nissan plant), Wilke Printing, Robert Bosch GmbH and Repco were opened after the Second World War . Clayton South and Westall are closer to the sandbelt areas, with the Spring Valley Golf Club, The Grange Reserve and Heatherton Park. Sanitary landfill sites occupy former sand quarries. While

3135-483: Was opened at Clayton in 1961. Monash is now Australia's largest university. Primary schools at Westall and Clayton West opened in 1961 and 1962, and high schools at Westall and Monash ( Clayton North ) in 1963 and 1965. In the early sixties Clayton Technical School was opened (Mr Warby inaugural Principal) at the northern end of Browns Rd Clayton, and had pupils attend from wide and far. It had a Science wing and Woodwork and Metalwork workshops, as well as providing studies of

3192-572: Was released in April 2001, based on the Opel Corsa C platform. It was available to the Australian market in Barina 3 Door and Barina 5 Door models with a Z14XE 1.4-litre 16-valve engine. In September of that year an SRi model with a new Z18XE 1.8-litre engine and the 3-door 1.4-litre SXi joined the line-up. The Barina was awarded the Wheels Car of the Year award for 2001. Limited edition Equipe models were released in April 2002. In January 2003 for

3249-434: Was sold to build up a presence in the entry-level new car market in Australia. The Holden Barina was sold in single specification, starting at A$ 12,990 for the 3-door, which was later changed to A$ 13,490. The Daewoo-sourced Holden Barina scored a lower two out of five star ANCAP rating than its European-built, Opel-based predecessor. Criticism was focused on the 2006 Barina TK sedan because of these crash test results, one of

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